(1814) uLeonidas eThermopylae. UJacques Louis David [Ingqokelela yeGalari/Corbis]
Ayilodabi eli, koko Ibali apho iqaqobana lamadoda labamba umkhosi omkhulu kakhulu kangangeentsuku ezintathu ukuze lisindise iGrisi.
Imeko ngaphambi kweMfazwe yaseThermopylae
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane VI BC sikwixesha apho uBukhosi bamaPersi bubandakanya indawo ebanzi kakhulu: imimandla ephakathi koLwandle iAegean noMlambo i-Indus, kwakunye neYiputa ePhezulu noLwandle lweAran.
Imvukelo yaseIonia yaqala, xa izixeko zamaGrike zaseAsia Minor zavukela igunya likaKumkani uDariyo. unyana wakhe ukumkani UXerxes ugqiba kwelokuba aphindezele uyise aze aye eAthene ngentwasahlobo yowama-480 BC. C. ngowona mkhosi mkhulu idityaniswe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kunye nenqanawa enomtsalane.
Xa iindaba zifikelela kwasparta, uLeonidas, omnye wookumkani babo, unquma ukunikela ngobomi bakhe kunye nobo bamadoda akhe bamba umkhosi ohlaselayo kwi-Thermopylae pass, indawo yokungena ngokwendalo eGrisi.
Isigqibo seSpartans esiqala imfazwe yaseThermopylae
Izixeko zamaGrike ezagqiba kwelokuba zijongane nomkhosi kaXerxes, zadibana kwitempile kaPoseidon eKorinte zaza zenza isifungo esasiya kuba sisiqalo sento eyayiza kwaziwa ngokuba I-Hellenic League. Kwakubonakala kusengqiqweni ukulinda amaPersi kwenye yeendledlana zeentaba ekwakufuneka benyuke baze ngaloo ndlela bakwazi ukujamelana nawo nethuba elithile lokoyisa.
Le yindlela uLeonidas awayalela ngayo, nangona kunjalo wazifumana ejongene nomqobo. Izixeko azizange zifune ukuphazamisa imibhiyozo ye-carneous enikezelwe kuThixo uApollo Carneo, ngoko babengayi kuba nanxaxheba. Ukumkani waseSpartan, ubuncinci, wakwazi ukufumana a ixesha elikhethekileyo lokuthabatha umlindi wakhe kunye naye: amadoda angama-300.
Kuthiwa i UOracle waseDelphi waprofeta wathi omnye wookumkani baseSparta kwakuza kufuneka afe ukuba wayefuna ukunqanda amaPersi ukuba angawuhluthi lo mmandla.. Emva koko, uLeonidas waqinisekisa ukuba nguye onelungelo lokuba ngukumkani onyuliweyo. Wazimisela: yena namadoda akhe angamakhulu amathathu, baya kuqubisana nabo.
Umbutho wokuchasa
Ukuhlalutya imihlaba uXerxes nomkhosi wakhe awayefanele bawele kuyo, kwabonakala oko eyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokujongana namaPersi iya kuba yipaseji yeThermopylae. Indawo eyenziwe ngumwonyo omalunga ne-1300 yeemitha kunye nobubanzi obuphakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-20 yeemitha. nto leyo eya kuba luncedo xa ujongene nomkhosi omkhulu. Ngoko umkhosi ohlaselayo wawungenakusasazeka.
Kule meko enenzuzo, kufuneka yongezwe ukuba kwakukho iliwa kwelinye icala kunye nentaba enkulu kwelinye, eyayiza kunceda ukuthintela umlindi ongasemva ekufikeleleni. bomkhosi kaLeonidas ukuba babalalele.
Emva kokuba icebo liyilwe, lahlala liqokelela amadoda angama-300 awayeza kukhapha uLeonidas ekufuneni uzuko lwanaphakade.
Unyulo lwamadoda angama-300
Abalindi beeKumkani baseSpartan Laliquka amadoda angama-300 akhethwe ngocoselelo, asusela kwiminyaka yobudala Ama-20 nama-29 eminyaka ubudala kwaye kwafuneka babonakalise ukubaluleka kwabo kukhuphiswano oluqathation. Kwakufuneka babe nesibindi, babonakalise ubuchule bokusebenzisa izixhobo baze babe namandla.
Ngaphandle kwako konke oku, i-300 eyayiza kuthatha inxaxheba kwidabi lase-Thermopylae yayinophawu olunye ngakumbi: babeqonda ukuba abayi kuphumelela kwaye babeya ngqo ekufeni kwabo. Kwasebuncinaneni, abantu baseSparta bafundiswa ukuba akukho nto ilihlazo ngaphezu kokugqalwa njengegwala kwaye oko kuya kwenzeka ukuba ubuye uphila kwidabi elilahlekileyo. Abo basindileyo kumadabi awaphulukana nawo babekhethwa baza bagatywa ubomi babo bonke.
Ngenxa yokuba lo mkhosi wawusendleleni eya ekufeni, uLeonidas Wakhetha kuphela loo madoda anomntwana omnye oyinkwenkwe ukuba aqhubele phambili umnombo wawo.
Ukubhekisa kwidabi laseThermopylae
Ekhatshwa li-1.000 le-perioecs kunye ne-1.000 lee-helots ezingezizo ukulwa, uLeonidas namadoda akhe baqalisa umngcelele. Kuqala bawela iPeloponnese apho amagorha angama-4.000 angaphezulu adityanisiwe kwaye kancinci kancinci ekungeneni kwawo eThermopylae amanye amadoda angama-2.000 ngaphezulu aza kuzimanya. Bebonke, amadoda amalunga nama-7.000 200.000 ahamba noLeonidas ekwakufuneka ajamelane nomkhosi ophantse ube ngama-XNUMX XNUMX. Yayingayi kuba ngumsebenzi olula.
Bafika eThermopylae, bamisa iinkampu ukuze balinde amajoni kaXerxes. bemlindile ukumkani UXerxes wathumela umyalezo kuLeonidas efuna ukuba anikezele ngezixhobo zakhe. ULeonidas wathi makaye kubo..
Idabi liyaqala
UXerxes waqala ngokuqalisa imikhosi ukuya kumaGrike kunye Kwabonakala ukuba abantu baseSparta babengayi kunikezela ngokulula. Amadoda awileyo kaXerxes athatyathelw’ indawo ngabanye nabanye. Kule nto yayibonakala ukuba ukumkani wayenamajoni amaninzi kodwa ambalwa kuwo ayengamajoni aqeqeshwe kakuhle njengabo babehamba noLeonidas.
Isiqwenga semuvi: 300
Ekugqibeleni, yayiza kuba ngumlindi kaKumkani uAhaswerosi “abangasekhoyo” ababeza kuza edabini. Ubude obukhulu bemikhonto yamaGrike buya kubanika inzuzo. Edinwe eyimfe kwidabi lasemhlabeni, uXerxes wayalela ama-Athene nama-Aeginetan ukuba ahlasele iCape Artemisius ngenjongo yokuhla ngasemva kwamaGrike.
Kwathi nje ngaphambi kokuba kuqale imfazwe, Iinqanawa zika-Xerxes zonakaliswe kakhulu sisiphango kwaye babengekakulungeli ukuphumeza olo hlaselo, kuko okukhokelele edabini elingenamphumeleli ocacileyo.
Ngaloo mzuzu usuku lwesibini lokulwa lwaphela.
Usuku lokugqibela lweMfazwe yaseThermopylae
Xa uAhaswerosi wayesele ephelelwe lithemba. ummi wasemaphandleni wayengcatsha abantu bakhe aze axelele ukumkani indlela yokurhangqa umkhosi kaLeonidas.
Ekuqonda oku, ukumkani ULeonidas wabhenca kuwo onke amadoda awayephantsi kwesandla sakhe ukuba aza kutshabalala kungekudala yaye akukho namnye owayenyanzelekile ukuba ahlale apho ukuze alinde elo kamva. Kukho abo bacinga ukuba esi sigqibo sikwanokuba licebo eliya kuvumela la madoda ukuba alungiselele idabi elizayo kwizixeko zawo ukuze abakhusele.
Kunye nokumkani waseSpartan kwasala amadoda akhe angama-3, ubuncinane abo babesaphila, ababengabona babebaninzi, nabo babeya kuhlala iiheloti, iiperiecos kunye namaqhawe e-boeotian.
Kwakusekuseni ngosuku lwesithathu lwedabi eThermopylae.
UHerodotus, umbhali wembali ongumGrike, usixelela ukuba njani Xa lo mzuzu wafikayo kwaye bazifumanisa berhangqwe ngumkhosi ka-Xerxes, amadoda kaLeonidas awatsala onke amandla awayewashiyile. Naxa yaphulwe imikhonto, baqhubeka besilwa ngamakrele abo. Kubushushu bedabi uLeonidas wayeza kuwa.
Ngelo xesha idabi latshintsha, ekujoliswe kulo yayingumzimba kakumkani. AmaGrike akwazi ukuyityhalela ngasemva imikhosi kaXerxes ukuya kutsho kwizihlandlo ezine ukuze ayithintele ekumke kuyo.
Xa kungekho namnye kumadoda kaLeonidas owayesele emile, uXerxes wehla waya edabini. waza wayalela ukuba ayinqumle intloko kaLeonidas, ayibeke entongeni.
Isiqwenga semuvi 300
Emva kwemfazwe yaseThermopylae.
Iqela laseSpartans laya eThermopylae xa imikhosi yasePersi sele ihambile kwaye Bagqiba kwelokuba bangcwabe amathambo kaLeonidas kanye apho.
Emva kwexesha, amathambo akhe aya kudluliselwa kwisixeko sakhe ukuze ahloniphe uLeonidas ngomngcwabo karhulumente. Engcwabeni lakhe kwabekwa isityholo esinegama lakhe nelamadoda akhe angama-300.
ULeonidas wayeza kunqulwa njengegorha elingcwele, owalwa imfazwe ekhuthazayo kwaye ngenxa yoko, kunyaka kamva, babeza kuwatshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo amaPersi kumazwe amaGrike.