Kummandla omkhulu wezilwanyana kukho iqela lezilwanyana ezikhethekileyo kodwa ezinomtsalane ngokumangalisayo ezibizwa ngokuba ziZirhubuluzi ebezikho kwakudala ngaphambi kokufika komntu, zisebenza njengemiqondiso yezikumkani, iimfundiso, iimuvi, imisebenzi yoncwadi kunye neentanda-bulumko. Enyanisweni, enye yazo ibonakala ngaphakathi kwesicatshulwa seBhayibhile, ngokufutshane, akukho ndawo ukuba le ntlobo ayizange ithathelwe.
Zinjani izirhubuluzi?
Izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zibizwa ngokuba liqela elikhulu lezilwanyana ezine-vertebrate ezinemilenze emine, enegazi elibandayo, eyona nto ibalaseleyo kukuba nesikhumba esigqunywe ngamaxolo akhiwe yikeratin. Kuzo kukho iindidi ezimangalisayo zeentlobo, ubukhulu becala kwiindawo zokuhlala ezifudumeleyo, igama labo liphefumlelwe yindlela yokuhamba; ngokwe-etymologically, livela kwi-Latin reptile, elithetha "iyarhuqa"
Ezi zilwanyana ziye zahamba emhlabeni iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu aneshumi elinesibhozo lezigidi, ibe yeyona nto iphilayo ngexesha leMesozoic, elibandakanya iJurassic, iCretaceous kunye neTriassic, ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba yi-dinosaur. Ziyafana ngokwembono yendalo kwiintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini; ezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo zisuka kwezinye iindidi zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo.
Kuluntu oluthile kunye neenkcubeko zabantu, izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zinenkangeleko enomtsalane, kunye nokoyikeka kancinci, mhlawumbi ngenxa yembonakalo yazo eyahlukeneyo, yasentsomini kunye nenkalipho, zithetha endaweni yabazingeli abakhulu abanje ngeenyoka, iingwenya kunye neengwenya. . Inani elikhulu lezi zidalwa ziphilayo, ngokwento efundwayo kwaye ixelwe, zinamandla obumnyama, aphenjelelwa ngumlingo omnyama, eyona meko ifanelekileyo yinyoka echazwe kwizibhalo zeBhayibhile kwiGenesis.
I-Reptile Evolution
Ezi ntlobo zibalaseleyo zavela kwi-reptiliomorphs, eliqela leetetrapods, ezinenkangeleko kunye nobuchule bezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, ekuphuhliseni ixesha leCarboniferous, kunye neentlobo ezininzi ezivela ngexesha leMesozoic. Ukufika ekupheleni kweli nqanaba, amaqela aliqela kubo atshabalala phakathi kwexesha leCretaceous kunye neTertiary, kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo.
Nantsi ividiyo efundisa abantwana malunga neZirhubuluzi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX5gL-sgr80
Iimpawu zeSirhubuluzi
Kolu lungelelwano lwezimvo, izirhubuluzi ziye zakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nobomi emhlabeni, nangona kunjalo, ezinye zazo azizange ziwashiye amanzi okanye zibuyele kuwo ukuze zizingele kwaye zifumane ukutya. Ngamanye amazwi, kuthetha ukuba abanye babo banemiphunga, intliziyo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo yokujikeleza kwegazi ebanika ithuba lokugcina amanzi ixesha elide ngexesha lokuntywila kwabo. Zinomqolo okhuselayo wezikali, ezinobumba obunzima kunye nokumelana; batshiswa lilanga.
Uninzi lwezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo namhlanje zikwimilenze emine, nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye ezingenziyo, iinyoka ziyimeko ecacileyo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindidi ezinoqokobhe oluqinileyo olufakwe kwi-skeleton, njengoko kunjalo ngofudo. Kuyenzeka ukuba bonwabele ukujoja okugqwesileyo kunye novakalelo olukhulu lokuchukumisa (iinyoka) abathi ngalo babambe ukungcangcazela komphezulu.
Zitya ntoni izirhubuluzi?
Ngenxa yokuba inani elibalulekileyo lezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zizilwanyana ezizingelayo, zibizwa ngokuba yi-carnivores enenkqubo yokwetyisa elula, ngokubhekiselele kuyo inyama ekulula ukuyihlula kwaye idibanise.
Inkqubo yokwetyisa iqhutywa ngokucothayo kunezilwanyana ezanyisayo, ezichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo imetabolism yazo ngexesha lokufumana ukuphumla, ukuba nobunzima bokuhlafuna ukutya okutyiweyo, ukukwazi ukugcina ubukho bazo iinyanga kunye nobukhulu obukhulu bokuzingela.
Kwimeko yeentlobo ze-herbivorous, kwelinye icala, zineziphene ezifanayo ekuhlafuneni, ngokubhekiselele kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo ezidliwayo, nangona, ukwazi ukuba ezi mva zinezinyo kunye nezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, ziyakwazi ukudlula ematyeni azo, abizwa ngokuba yi-gastroliths, obonelela ngokuphucuka kokugaya, ukuhlamba ezi kwisisu, ukuququzelela ukuchithwa kwemifuno. Ezinye iintlobo zisebenzisa le nkqubo yokucwiliswa kunye ne-ballast (iifudu zolwandle, iinyoka, iingwenya).
Iintlobo zeZirhubuluzi ezikhoyo ehlabathini
Kuze kube ngoku, zonke izinto ezikhethekileyo ezichazwe kwizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo azikholeleki, kunye nenkcazo yokusebenza kweenkqubo zabo zokugaya kunye nokuphefumla, nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba uhlobo ngalunye banokusebenza ngokuhlukileyo, ngokutsho kwe-niche apho bahlala khona. , kunye nokutya elibanika kona. Ngale nto, kubalulekile ukwazi iindidi ezine zezirhubuluzi ezaziwayo, ezi zezi:
Ufudo (Igama lesayensi iimpundu): Ziyintlobo ezinokuthi ziphile zombini elwandle nasemhlabeni, ezinegobolondo eqinile, ehlanganiswe kwi-endoskeleton ngokwayo kwaye igcina i-torso yayo nakuphi na ukuhlaselwa. Zinomlomo oneempondo emlonyeni kunye nomsila oncitshisiweyo ngobukhulu, ezi zi-quadrupeds.
amacikilishe anezikali (Igama lesayensi i-squamata): Kweli qela kukho iinyoka namacikilishe, angenayo imilenze okanye inamacala amane, ngokulandelelana kwawo, anemizimba emide egqunywe ngamaxolo ashinyeneyo kunye nokurhabaxa, nto leyo ewakhuselayo ekutshisweni lilanga aze awancede afihle.
Iingwenya kunye neengwenya (Igama lesayensi ingwenya): Zizilwanyana ezifumana ukutya kwazo emanzini, kodwa zihlala emhlabeni. Zithathwa njengezinye zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zoyikwa kakhulu ezifumaneka kumazwekazi aseMelika naseAfrika, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yomhlathi wabo omkhulu onamazinyo kunye nemizimba eyomeleleyo enezihlunu.
tuataras (Igama lenzululwazi rhynchocephalia): Zihambelana neseti yeefosili ezinobomi, ngoku, zineqela elithile, elibizwa ngokuba Sphenodon, eziziindidi ezintathu zomthonyama zaseOceania, kanye ezisuka eNew Zealand. Zizirhubuluzi ezimalunga neesentimitha ezingamashumi asixhenxe ubude, zizizalwane ezisondele kakhulu kwiidinosaurs, ngokwembono yendaleko.
Zizala njani izirhubuluzi?
Indlela izirhubuluzi ezizala ngayo kukwabelana ngesondo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kufuneka kubekho ukuchumisa kwendoda ngaphakathi kwimazi ngokudityaniswa, apho ukuchumisa kwenzeka nge-gametes.
Ngenxa yoko, kule nto, imazi ibeka amaqanda ayo, ubukhulu becala kwindlwane eyinyamekela kakhulu, okanye ikwazi ukufihlwa kumarhamncwa aselunxwemeni. Ngaloo ndlela, inzala izalwa, ifana nabazali babo, kodwa incinci.
Inkqubo yokuphefumla ye-reptile
Imingxuma emiphungeni yezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo inesponji kwaye inesithuba esingakumbi esifumanekayo sokujikeleza simahla kweegesi, ngokuchaseneyo nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Kuchazwa ukuba inxalenye enkulu yezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo azikwazi ukuhamba phakathi kweegesi ngesikhumba, njengoko ii-amphibians ezinolusu olumanzi zingenza. Iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zinezihlunu ezijikeleze iimbambo, ezivumela ukwanda kwesithuba sesifuba sokuphefumla. Ukuba oku akuzange kwenzeke, yonke inkqubo yayiza kuwa ngexesha lokukhupha umoya.
Kule nkalo, kuyaziwa ukuba iindidi ngeendidi zeengwenya nazo zinemiphetho eluswini lwazo, ezigcina umlomo wahlukileyo kwimingxuma yeempumlo, ngaloo ndlela zivumela ukuphefumla logama nje umlomo wayo uvulekile. Ngokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kweegesi zabo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ezi ntlobo zinemiphunga emibini efanelekileyo, nangona kubonakala ukuba inyoka inakho kuphela ubukho babo.Moya
Inkqubo yokujikeleza kwezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo
Ezi ntlobo zinenkqubo yokujikeleza enamandla yokusebenza ngokuphindwe kabini okanye ebizwa ngokuba yi-double circuit. Kuchazwa ukuba enye yemigudu ihambisa kwaye ithatha igazi kwimibhobho yemiphunga, ngelixa enye ihambisa kwaye igcine igazi kuwo wonke umzimba. Intliziyo yolu hlobo ine-atria ezimbini kunye ne-ventricle enye okanye ezimbini, nangona uninzi lwazo lune-ventricle enye.
Le nkqubo ihlukanisa igazi elineoksijini kwigazi eline-deoxygenated ngelixa intliziyo ilimpompa. Ii-alligators kunye neengwenya zineentliziyo eziphambili kunye nezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kweqela elikhoyo lezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, namhlanje, ngokutsho ukuba zenziwe ngee-atria ezimbini kunye neeventricles ezimbini, ilungiselelo lokuba izilwanyana kunye neentaka nazo.
inkqubo yokukhupha izirhubuluzi
Umchamo usuka kwizintso, nangona kwezinye iimeko zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, olu lwelo luhanjiswa ngemibhobho eya ngqo kwindawo yokuphuma, njengaleyo yezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Kucacile ukuba i-urinary bladder iqokelela umchamo ngaphambi kokuxoshwa kwayo nge-cloaca. Le nkunkuma yezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ine-ammonia okanye i-uric acid, ukuba yizo zihlala emanzini, ezo ezibeka inkunkuma yazo, zithathwa njengetyhefu kwaye ziyingozi, ukuba yimeko yeengwenya kunye neengwenya.
Ezi zilwanyana zikhankanywe ngasentla zisela isixa esikhulu samanzi, kwaye oku kunciphisa i-ammonia equlethwe kumchamo, ivumela ukuba ikhutshwe ngokulula. Kwelinye icala, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezirhubuluzi, ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezihlala emhlabeni, aziyifaki i-ammonia ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa endaweni yoko ziyiguqule ibe yi-compound ebizwa ngokuba yi-uric acid. Oku kuvela ukuba neqondo eliphantsi kakhulu letyhefu kunekhompawundi yangaphambili, enenzuzo kubo kuba akunzima ukuyihlambulula.
Ubushushu bomzimba
Amandla abanawo okulawula ubushushu bomzimba wabo wangaphakathi amele inzuzo enkulu kwizilwanyana ezishukumayo, ngakumbi zibhekisa kwizirhubuluzi ze-ectothermic. Ezi zidalwa ziphilayo zithatha ithuba lokuziphatha kwazo ukuze zibe nolawulo kubushushu bomzimba wazo. Ukuba into abayifunayo kukufumana ubushushu, bahlala ixesha elininzi imini yonke bezichanabe elangeni, kwelinye icala, ukuba bafuna ukufudumala bafudukela kwindawo enomthunzi, bazikhusele emingxunyeni okanye emingxunyeni. qubha.
Siyakumema ukuba ujonge la manqaku alandelayo anika umdla:
- Izilwanyana zasekhaya
- Izilwanyana zasehlathini
- Izilwanyana ezidla inyama