Masana tarihi na Larabawa ne suka fara magana game da Vikings a Spain. A cikin shekara ta 844, tsakanin ƙarshen Yuli da farkon Agusta, an yi amfani da shi Yankin Iberiya, ya shaida zuwan jiragen ruwa da yawa, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro a tarihin mashigin Nordic. Wannan taron ya nuna farkon zamanin mamayewa da kwasar ganima a ciki España ta masu tsoro vikings.
The Viking Age in España
Tsakanin ƙarni na tara zuwa na goma Vikings suka mamaye Spain. A wannan lokacin, ya kasance tare a cikin Iberian Peninsula Al Andalus da kuma tsohuwar masarautun Kirista. Da farko, Normans sun sami, a kan hanyarsu, rawanin Pamplona y asturias, da kuma wani ɓangare na yankin na Daular Carolingian, da alamar Hispanic.
Daga baya, a cikin balaguron gaba, za su kai ga Masarautar Leon. Tsakanin mamayewar farko da na ƙarshe na Vikings a Spain, fiye da shekaru ɗari za su shuɗe. A tsawon wannan lokaci, babu wani gagarumin sauyi da aka samu a yankin, saboda kasancewar daular Granada, cibiyar Musulunci ta karshe, za ta dawwama har zuwa shekaru na karshe na karni na sha biyar.
Hare-hare kan España
Vikings sun yi tafiya don mamayewa España a lokuta uku na tarihi: na farko, ko "shiga kai tsaye" inda suka sadaukar da kansu wajen neman bayanai da cinikin bayi; Bayan haka an sami mamaya guda biyu a jere a karni na tara, zuwa ga musulmin Spain, da kuma karni na goma, zuwa ga kiristoci Spain, sai mataki na uku na sulhu.
Iyakar bakin tekun Atlantika
Masu bincike na Scandinavia sun yi balaguron farko zuwa España a shekara ta 844. An kai hari a kan Yankin Iberiya Suna isa bakin tekun Atlantika, sannan suka tashi zuwa kogin Guadalquivir.
Manyan jiragen ruwa na Viking, wadanda suka shiga kudancin Faransa a kan kogin Garonne, sun yi nasarar isa gabar tekun Cantabria bayan wata hadari mai hadari.
An ga jiragen ruwan Viking guda ɗari waɗanda suka haɗa da jiragen ruwa masu ban tsoro a ranar XNUMX ga Agusta a bakin tekun Gijón. Vikings sun sake mai da ruwa suka tafi, ba tare da haifar da wani abin takaici ba.
Wasu kwanaki daga baya, Scandinavia za su sadaukar da kansu ga ganima a cikin kewaye La Coruña. A ƙarshe, wannan mamayewa ya ƙare saboda sojojin Ramiro I of Asturia kayar da Vikings, waɗanda aka tilasta musu komawa cikin jiragen ruwa kuma su bar.
Wannan shi ne labarin da ya zo a cikin labarin "Castilian Annals seconds", kuma aka sani da Complutense Annals, waɗannan rubuce-rubucen tattara bayanai ne, kuma sun rubuta wannan mamayewa kamar yadda suka fahimta a zamanin Viking España.
Manufar mamayewar Viking
Bayan gajeriyar arangama a La Coruña, masu binciken sun sami abin da suke so a ciki Lisboa. Garin ne babba, kuma sun yi masa kawanya tsawon kwanaki goma sha uku tsakanin watan Agusta zuwa Satumba, wannan ya kasance har sai da sojojin musulmi suka zo fatattakar su. A wannan lokacin Vikings sun tafi don ketare bakin tekun Iberian zuwa kudu, suna isa gabar Tekun Cádiz.
gudanar da nasara CádizSuka haura kogin Guadalquivir, suna wawashe duk garuruwan da suka samu a kan hanyarsu, tare da kashe duk mutanen yankin don kada su sanar da su. Bayan haka, a cikin yakin na cabtalSun yi galaba a kan musulmi.
A ci gaba da hanyarsu ta zuwa kogin, Vikings dubu huɗu ko makamancin haka suka isa Isbiliya, Sevilla, don kwanakin ƙarshe na Satumba. Mazaunan SevillaA firgice suka gudu Karmona, wannan ruwayar ta samo asali ne daga mawallafin tarihin Andalus Ibnul Qutiyya, wanda ke nuna hakan a cikin rubutunsa "Tarihin mamaye Andalus".
Bayan 'yan makonni, wata runduna ta zo daga Cordova, na mazaje wajen dubu goma sha shida, aiko Abdurraman II. Wannan shi ne sarkin Cordova, kuma ya sa ya jagoranci wannan runduna Musa bin Musa al-Qasi, wanda ya shahara kuma ana girmama shi a lokacin.
Amincewa da Al Andalus
Vikings in España Suka sauka a wani sansani dandamali, kuma suka rabu gida hudu. Wata kungiya da ta kunshi mazaje 200 ta kai farmaki Gudura; na biyu, an kai hari Benilaiz; na gaba ya kai hari Mafarin Waka; kuma na karshe ya kai hari Cordova.
Babban sojojin na Musa bin Musa, kawar da rukuni na farko a cikin hare-haren Gudura kuma ya dauki kagara dandamali, Mutanen Scandinavia dubu sun mutu a wurin. Musulmai sun kama tare da kashe wasu Vikings dari hudu bayan wadannan fadace-fadacen.
Yawancin an fille kawunansu, kuma "Kawukan su sun rataye daga dabino na Seville". An binne wata ƙungiya da rai, an tone kawunansu, don a tattake su da dawakai. A gefe guda kuma, sun kona jiragen ruwa na Viking guda talatin.
'Yan Scandinavia da suka yi nasarar tserewa, sun amince da sutura, abinci da kuma samun damar komawa bakin teku, a madadin mayar da mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma ganimar da suka yi. An zalunce su, waɗannan waɗanda suka tsira sun gudu suka ƙetare Tekun Bahar Rum, suna lalata ƙasashen Rumawa har sai da suka isa Iskandariyya.
Wasu fursunoni ba a kashe su ba, wadanda suka koma Musulunci, kuma wadannan Vikings a España wai sun zauna a gonaki. Bayan harin. Abdurraman II, sake tantancewa da ƙarfafa Seville, don inganta tsaro, da gina jiragen ruwa don kare gabar tekun Al Andalus.
An kuma shigar da tsarin sadarwa a kan doki don samun damar faɗakarwa da sauri lokacin da mahara suka iso. Idan kuna sha'awar koyo game da gaskatawar tatsuniyoyi na wasu al'adu, muna gayyatar ku ku karanta itace nymphs.
Björn Ragnarsson's Expedition
A karo na biyu an ga Vikings a ciki España, an ba da umarnin balaguro Bjorn Ragnarsson, wanda aka sani da Side Iron. Dan Ragnar Lotbrok, wanda ya ɗauki jiragen ruwa kusan ɗari, kuma tare da wannan runduna sun nufi yankin Iberian Peninsula.
A shekara ta 858, rundunar sojojin Bjorn ya tashi daga bakin kofa Tashi, zuwa Santiago de Compostela, da isowarsu suka sanya wa wannan birni katangare. Duk da cewa Kiristoci suna ba su haraji don su bar, Vikings sun ci gaba da kewaye.
Daga asturias, sarki Ordono I, aika sojoji, umarni da kirga Peter Theon, wannan ya ci nasara a kan maharan, kuma daga cikin jiragen ruwa na Viking da suka hada da jiragen ruwa dari, 62 kawai sun sami nasarar tserewa.
Bayan wannan shan kashi da aka yi wa Vikings a ƙasashen Kirista, jiragen ruwan Scandinavia sun nufi kudu. Sun yi ƙoƙari su sauka a bakin tekun Portugal, amma sun kasa, sun rasa jiragen ruwa guda biyu a can, sauran sittin sun isa Algeciras. A cikin wannan gari sun yi wa ganima, tare da rusa masallacin.
Nan suka fita suka shiga Arewacin Afirka, wannan kafin ya mamaye tsibiran Baleares y Orihuela, isowa bakin kogi Lafiya. Sun koma bakin tekun Faransa don lokacin sanyi, sannan suka nufi Italia.
Kama sarkin Pamplona
Wani lokaci daga baya, dan Ragnar zai koma ƙasashen Spain. Jiragen ruwa na bjon ragnarsson suka haura kogin Ebro, kai har zuwa Pamplona. Can suka kama sarki Garcia Iniguez na Pamplona, wanda ya biya fansa tsabar zinare 70000 don ya sami ’yancinsa.
Vikings in España, da wuya a yi amfani da abin da ake kira harajin Danish, wanda ya ƙunshi cajin kuɗi don wucewa ba satar gari. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka rubuta shine ceton sarkin Pamplona. Wannan al'ada bayan lokaci ya zama ruwan dare a wasu masarautu kuma sojojin Viking sun lalata su.
Bayan wannan nasarar, wannan guguwar ta biyu ta Vikings a ciki Spain, ya fuskanci koma baya sosai. Ketare Tekun Gibraltar don komawa gida, Bjorn ya sadu da rundunar sarkin Cordovan.
A cikin wannan rikici, Vikings sun yi asarar kusan jiragen ruwa 40. Jiragen da suka tsere sun zo gida a cikin 862, tare da dukiya mai yawa. Don ƙarin koyo game da wasu al'adun mayaka masu ban sha'awa, bi hanyar haɗin da ke ƙasa mayan Legends.
mataki na karshe
Mamaye na gaba da na ƙarshe na Vikings a cikin España, ya fara a shekara ta 966. Wannan ya bambanta da na baya, a cikin wannan an yi yunkurin mamayewa da dama. Ana ganin ƙaramin jirgin ruwan Viking a ciki Alcácer yi Sal, a bangarorin Lisboa, yana da jiragen ruwa ashirin da takwas kacal.
Sun yi karo da sojojin gida kuma 'yan Scandinavia sun yi nasara, sun kama fursunoni masu yawa. Nan da nan, an fara farautar su ta teku daga Seville kuma an kwato wasu daga cikin fursunonin. Wannan nasarar ta haifar da mummunan rauni ga halin Viking.
Bayan shekaru biyu, shugaba Gundraed ya haura tekun da jiragen ruwa 100 don mamayewa Santiago de Compostela. Dakarun tsaron na karkashin jagorancin Bishop sinando, an ci nasara a ciki fornels kuma suka rasa kwamandansu. Shekaru uku masu zuwa an shafe su ana ganima, ta Vikings, ba tare da wata adawa ba.
A cikin 971, Masarautar asturias fuskantar su. Bishop ne ya jagoranci sojojin rudesindo kuma don ƙidaya Gonzalo Sanchez, Wannan sojojin sun yi nasara a kan Vikings a cikin babban yaki, suna kashewa Gundraed.
Bayan 'yan watanni, wani babban jirgin ruwa ya nufi wajen Lisboa, da nufin mamayewa don neman arziki. Abin da ba su yi la’akari da shi ba shi ne, shekarun da aka kwashe ana wawashewa da mamaya sun bar koyon sana’o’in hannu sosai a cikin mutanen Andalus, wadanda suka shiga cikin rundunar sojojin kasar. Atlántico da kuma Rum kuma ya fita don saduwa da Vikings.
Ta wannan hanyar ƙoƙari na ƙarshe na Vikings na ci gaba da ɓarna tsibirin Iberiya, don haka rufe lokacin tashin hankali da satar dukiyar jama'a wanda ya haifar da babban tasiri ga al'adun biyu.
Mazaunan Viking a cikin España
Duk da komai, Vikings sun kasa bugawa España a cikin girmansa kamar Ingila o Francia. Sun kasa kafa yankuna, kuma ba su sami damar shiga cikin al'adun Mutanen Espanya ba.
Akwai ra'ayoyin da ke tabbatar da cewa babu ƙauyukan Viking a ciki España. Duk da haka, a wani wuri Galicia, sun gano gawarwakin kayan tarihi masu kama da sansanonin wucin gadi, waɗanda Scandinavia suka girka a lokacin da suke kutsawa cikin ƙasashen waje.
Wannan yuwuwar matsugunin Scandinavian yana cikin Dutsen Dutsen, kusa da bakin teku San Romana Vicedo Lugo. Har yanzu masu bincike na ci gaba da tonawa da kuma nazarin wurin. Har ya zuwa yanzu shi kadai aka samu, amma hakan bai hana an samu kari ba.
A farkon wannan binciken, an yi hasashe cewa wannan rukunin yanar gizon zai iya zama katanga, amma duk abin da ke da alama yana nuna cewa wurin zama na Norman na wucin gadi ne, irin wanda aka samu a Ingila. Wanda ya ƙunshi tudun da aka ɗaga da shi tare da bango da tudu.
Babban makasudin balaguron Viking shi ne kwasar ganima da kame bayi, lokacin da suke tafiya ba wai da nufin zama ba ne, ba manoma ba. Wannan shi ne watakila dalilin da ya sa ba a sami wani babban samfuri na nassi na Vikings 'tsayawa a España.
Kamar yadda al'adar ke zuwa, konewa da washe, da wuya Vikings su shigo España, za su shagaltu da gina gine-gine masu rikitarwa da dorewa.
Shaidar ƙauyuka VIking a Spain
Dole ne a tuna cewa kasancewar sauran wuraren Viking a ciki España. A cikin sauran tsibirin, ba shakka, ana iya samun ƙarin su.
Akwai labarin wasu wuraren da za su iya zama, amma da yake gine-gine ne da aka tsara don dawwama na ɗan lokaci, dawwamarsu da kiyayewa a kan lokaci ba zai yuwu ba, ya kamata a lura cewa sun kasance suna gina matsuguni a cikin kwanaki huɗu ko biyar.
Wani al'amari da ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi ne geographical onomastics, yana da daraja nazarin etymology na dace sunayen wurin. A yankin na lardin Lugo, akwai tudu da yawa a ƙasa, kuma ana kiran su "tabbas", Wannan kalma an san ta fito ne daga harshen Nordic, a cikinta zaka iya ganin kamanni da kalmar Motte & Bailey, wanda ake amfani da shi don nuni ga kagaran da ke kan tuddai.
Gabaɗaya, duk bayanan bibliographic da ke wanzu akan Vikings a cikin España, kuma mafi daidai a ciki Galicia, an yi shi ne da tsofaffin ayyuka, tare da tsarin bangaranci, cike da sabani, da kuma kwatanci zuwa ga allahntaka.
Wannan ya sa yana da matukar wahala a tabbatar da ratsawar mutanen Scandinavia ta cikin yankin Iberian, tunda bayanan ba su da isassun goyan bayan tarihi don tabbatarwa. Ayyuka ne daga karni na XNUMX, wanda a cikin al'adar al'ada ya gabatar da gaskiyar tare da hangen nesa wanda ya bambanta da ra'ayoyin da aka samar da bincike na baya-bayan nan akan duniyar Viking a arewacin kasar. Turai.
A kowane hali, suna gabatar da bayanai masu ban sha'awa da mahimmanci don samun damar yada labarin, yadda kasancewar Vikings a ciki ya kasance. España, kuma a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen gano wasu ƙauyuka. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da Vikings, muna gayyatar ku ku karanta alamomin viking.