Lokacin da ake magana akan manyan dabbobi a doron ƙasa, an saba nunawa ga sanannun kwari, wasu suna nunawa kamar butterflies da ladybugs, wasu kuma suna da haɗari kamar kwari da sauro. Amma idan kana son ƙarin sani game da shi, ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin akan nau'ikan kwari da halayensu waɗanda zasu yi muku amfani sosai.
Nau'in Kwari bisa ga Ilimin Halitta
Kwarin wani rukuni ne na arthropods wanda ke da harsashi mai wuyar waje da aka yi da wani abu mai suna chitin, suna da halayen kansu waɗanda ke da sha'awar koyo, tun da su ne mafi yawan dabbobi a duniya.
Gabaɗaya, jikinsu ya kasu kashi uku: na farko, wanda shine kai, akwai idanuwansu, eriya 2, bakin baki da kwakwalwa; a na biyun, wanda ya yi daidai da thorax, yana da fuka-fuki da ƙafafu shida, sai kashi na uku, wato ciki, inda sauran gaɓoɓin ciki suke.
Daga cikin kwarin fiye da miliyan guda da aka gano har zuwa yau, kuma sanin cewa da yawa daga cikin wadannan nau’o’in sun yi nasarar rayuwa tsawon shekaru miliyoyi, an karkasa su zuwa nau’ukan umarni iri-iri bisa ga yanayin halittarsu, wato kamanninsu na zahiri, wanda daga cikinsu. Manyan sun yi dalla-dalla a kasa:
Odonata (Order Odonata)
A cikin wannan rukuni akwai masu tallan tallan albarkatu saboda fuka-fukan su guda huɗu waɗanda ba za su iya tanƙwara ba, su kuma suna da ƙafafu huɗu don kama abin da za su ci, manyan idanuwa don ganin kansu ba tare da wata alama ba kuma an ce suna da. siffar da ba ta cika ba . Ana samun su a ko'ina cikin duniya, amma musamman a cikin koguna da koguna na nahiyar Turai.
A cikin wannan nau'in akwai:
- Damselflies (mai ƙarƙashin Zygoptera)
- Dragonflies (Infraorder Anisoptera)
A cikin na farko, ana ba da bambanci tsakanin namiji da mace ta launin launinsu na karfe na farko da launin ruwan kasa ja ga na baya, ana yin su ta hanyar tashi. Suna cin abinci ne akan sauran kwari kamar kwari, sauro, kudan zuma, kudan zuma da malam buɗe ido, da sauransu.
Yayin da na karshen suke da manya-manyan idanu masu fuskoki da yawa, duwawunsu a kwance sun fi fadi kuma suna da wata jijiya daban da ta farko. Suna ciyar da tsutsar sauro, wasu kwari masu ruwa da tsaki, tsutsotsi, da kuma kananan kasusuwan ruwa kamar su tadpoles da kananan kifi, gaba daya suna bin abin da suka gani a cikin jirgin.
Orthoptera (Orthoptera Order)
Galibin jikinsu na silindiri koren kore ne ko launin ruwan kasa, galibi suna zaune ne a wurare masu zafi, amma kuma suna zaune a cikin hamada, dazuzzuka da sauran wurare, musamman a Kudancin Amurka, Kudancin Asiya da Turai.
Wasu suna da hangen nesa mai sauƙi yayin da wasu ke da hangen nesa, ƙwanƙwaran eriyansu na iya bambanta daga dogon zuwa gajere. Suna da fikafikai guda biyu madaidaici da aka sama a kan thorax, inda aka bambanta bangaren gaba ko tegmina ta kasancewar tsayi da kunkuntar fiye da fikafikan baya. Bugu da ƙari, ƙafafu masu tsayi suna ba su damar yin tsalle.
Akan gano su da sauri saboda galibin wannan tsari yana fitar da wani sauti na musamman da ake kira stridulation, musamman a lokutan zafi na shekara, duk da haka, wasu sun dogara ne akan karɓar sauti a cikin gashin kai, da kuma gaɓar murya mai suna. organ. na Johnston, dake cikin eriya.
Zagayowar rayuwarsu na iya wuce shekara guda, haifuwarsu ita ce jima'i, suna da oviparous tare da ci gaban da ke faruwa a matakai uku, wato: kwai, nymph da babba. Ko da yake yawancin suna da wuraren zama na duniya, wasu na ruwa ne, galibi suna ciyar da tsire-tsire yayin da wasu kuma ƴan dabba ne, wato suma suna cin ganima.
Orthoptera sun haɗa da:
- Ciyawar
- Kiriket
- lobsters
- ciyawa
- halaye
Termites (Order Isoptera)
Irin wannan nau'in kwari, wanda kuma ake kira tururuwa, na iya auna tsakanin 2,5 zuwa 18 mm, suna da jiki masu laushi, masu tauna baki da gajeren eriya. Suna tafiya ta hanyar cikakken tsarin canji wanda ya haɗa da matakin pupal. Yawancin suna zaune ne a Kudancin Amirka, Afirka da Ostiraliya, musamman a wurare masu zafi da kuma savanna, inda suke zama yankuna fiye da miliyan guda, wadanda suka hada da sarauniya da kuma rukuni uku na ma'aikata, sojoji da masu haɓakawa.
Wasu isoptera suna cin itace ko tsire-tsire, amma wasu suna cin fungi da ke tsiro a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yawancin ana la'akari da kwari masu lalata kayan daki, bishiyoyi da gine-ginen katako. Ana siffanta su da yawa da bambancinsu a yankunan Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Ostiraliya, musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi. Daga cikin wadanda aka fi sani akwai:
- Dampwood (Kalotermes flavicollis)
- Canarian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis)
- Tushen Chile (Noetermes chilensis)
Hemiptera (Order Hemiptera)
Suna nuna bakin da ke ba shi damar hudawa da tsotsar ruwa. Suna da canjin da bai cika ba wanda bai haɗa da chrysalis ba, bugu da kari eriya na ɗan ɗan tsayi idan aka kwatanta da girman kwarin, wanda zai iya zama na ƙasa ko na ruwa. Gabaɗaya suna da ciyawa amma kuma suna cin sauran kwari kuma suna tsotse jinin mutane da dabbobi, suna mai da su cututtukan cututtuka.
An siffanta su da samun daɗaɗɗen jiki mai launuka a cikin inuwar ja da baki. Siffar kai tana da sauyi sosai kuma koyaushe tana kwance. Suna da manyan gabobin gani da ocelli biyu ko uku a wasu lokuta, ban da sanya firikwensin su kasu kashi biyar.
Amma qafafu, ba a ganinsu sosai, sai dai a cikin maharbi masu kauri; a cikin wadannan lokuta, femur yana da hakori kuma tibia yana rufe da shi don kama abincinsa. Yawancin waɗannan kwari suna haifar da ɓoye mai ƙamshi.
Nau'in kwari ne na ciyawa, yanayin da ke sa su cutar da aikin noma, tunda tsire-tsire suna raunana ta hanyar cutar da chlorophyll tare da gubarsu kuma a wasu lokuta suna iya zama cututtukan cututtuka.
- Cicadas, Mealybugs da Aphids (Homoptera)
- bug baki (triatoma infestans)
- Bug garkuwa (Carpocoris fuscispinus)
Lepidoptera (Order Lepidoptera)
Waɗannan su ne wasu nau'ikan kwari masu fuka-fuki huɗu waɗanda, tare da sauran jikin, an rufe su da ma'auni, waɗanda aka gyara su. Suna da cikakkiyar canji, wato, suna da holometabolous, suna wucewa ta matakan kwai, nymph, chrysalis da manya. Atlas butterflies suna zaune a dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na Asiya, kuma siliki daga manyan tsutsansu yana da daraja sosai.
Yawancin nau'ikan butterflies da moths ayan ɗaukar murfin, kuma suna amfani da peculiarities na zahiri don ɓoyewa daga kowane maƙiyi, simulating ganye, rassan da haushin bushes. A cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu, akwai nau'in nau'in ocelli a kan fuka-fuki waɗanda ke kwaikwayi idanu kuma, ta hanyar kwaikwayi yiwuwar wurin kai, suna rikitar da maharan da ke jagorantar harinsu a wannan yanki, don haka ba su da rauni.
Wasu daga cikin nau'ikansa sune kwari na amfanin gona da asu, ulu mai lalata, Jawo da gashin fuka-fukai. Hakanan akwai nau'ikan m kamar su silkworm (bamx Mori), zaren da wannan masana'anta ana fitar da shi daga murfin sa.
- Atlas malam buɗe ido (atlas)
- sarki malam buɗe ido (Thysania agrippina)
- Kwanyar sphinx asu (Acherontia atropos)
Beetles (Order Coleoptera)
Siffa da girman beetles sun ɗan bambanta da juna, kusan dukkaninsu suna da jikin sulke, exoskeleton nasu yana da wuya. Wata siffa kuma ita ce ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwan haɗin bakinsa don cizo da taunawa. Akwai masu cin tsiro da mafarauta masu kama kananan dabbobi kamar kifi da sauran kwari.
Daga cikin waxanda aka tara a cikin wannan rarrabuwa akwai:
- Barewa mai tashi (Lucanus cervus)
- Ladybugs (Coccinellidae)
Ladybugs suna da kyawawan launuka masu kyau, wasu ja ko rawaya masu baƙar fata, akwai kuma wasu baƙi amma masu ja ko rawaya, halayen da ke ba su kariya ta musamman daga tsuntsaye waɗanda gabaɗaya ba sa cin karo da su saboda suna da ɗanɗano. Wadannan kananan dabbobi suna da amfani saboda suna cin aphids da sauran kwari da ke lalata yawancin tsire-tsire don amfanin ɗan adam.
Diptera (Order Diptera)
Ba kamar sauran kwari ba, na wannan rukunin suna da fuka-fuki 2 kawai, amma ƙafafu shida kamar sauran. Suna da gabobi da ake kira haltare o rockers, waɗanda ba a yi amfani da su don tashi ba, amma don daidaitawa yayin da suke tashi a cikin dukan wuraren zama na duniya.
Wadanda ke cikin wannan nau'in suna da kai mai zagaye, oval, triangular, elongated kai, a tsakanin sauran sifofi, wadanda suka hada da eriya, matsakaicin ocelli 3, tsotsa ko tsotsa baki, da idanu masu hade da zasu iya mamayewa a lokuta da yawa. kusan duk wannan sashin jiki.
Su kwari ne na holometabolous tare da cikakken metamorphosis wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi matakai huɗu: kwai, tsutsa, pupa da babba. Adadin ƙwai a kowane kama zai iya bambanta daga kaɗan zuwa dubbai. Amma game da abincin su, yawancin suna ciyar da kwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa, yayin da wasu tsiraru masu cin nama ne da kuma ciyawa.
Daga cikin sanannun Diptera, an ambaci waɗannan:
- Tiger sauro (Aedes albopicus)
- Tsetse tashi (genus Glossina)
Ana ganin ƙudaje masu haɗari ne saboda ƙwayoyin cuta da suke ɗauka daga wani wuri zuwa wani, tun da yake suna jin daɗin ƙafafu a duk lokacin da suka sauka akan ruɓaɓɓen abinci ko kuma ta hanyar ruwan 'ya'yan itace da suke ɓoye daga cikinsa. Wani fasalin fasalin shine suna iya jin warin abubuwa tare da eriya 2.
A nasu bangaren, sauro ma na da hadari saboda cizon su da kuma yaduwar cututtuka irin su zazzabin cizon sauro da cizon sauro.
Hymenoptera (Order Hymenoptera)
Suna da sassan baki masu lasa ko tsotsar abinci mai ruwa, da kuma fuka-fuki nau'i biyu na membranous. Yawancin ba su da lahani, amma a wasu lokuta ƙudan zuma da ƙudan zuma suna harba da ɗigon su waɗanda ke yin allurar dafin don kariya lokacin da aka kai musu hari.
Daga cikin nau'o'in kwari da ke akwai, na wannan tsari suna da tururuwa da ƙudan zuma a matsayin mafi girman wakilcin su saboda an san su da matsayi mai girma kamar yadda duk suke aiki tare a cikin mulkin mallaka da wata sarauniya.
Akwai bambancin abin da suke ci, alal misali, kudan zuma da kudan zuma suna ciyar da ’ya’yan itacen fulawa da pollen, akwai kuma masu cin nama da na ciyawa da qwari da ma qwari da ma wasu da suke cin ruwan jikin wasu nau’in.
Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan sune:
- Kudan Asiya (Zaži)
- maginin tukwane (Eumeninae)
- ruwan pollen (Masarina)
Kudan zuma na da matukar muhimmanci domin ana amfani da zumar da ake nomawa don amfanin dan Adam kuma yadda suke iya gurbata amfanin gona daban-daban shima yana ba su muhimmanci sosai, domin suna iya habaka noman amfanin gona da yawa masu matukar amfani ga tattalin arziki.
A daya bangaren kuma, akwai wasu kwari da ke lalata tsiron da aka noma, daga cikinsu akwai tururuwa masu yankan ganye da sauran tururuwa masu cin iri, saiwoyi da ganye. Haka kuma, akwai kuma calcids, waxanda su ne na ciki parasitic wasps na daban-daban nau'in kwari, kamar aphids da mealy kwari, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar tattalin arziki ga amfanin gona kamar citrus da kofi.
Nau'in Kwari marasa fuka
Marasa fuka-fuki ba su da fuka-fuki kuma ba su bi ta hanyar canji ba, tunda zuriya daga haihuwa suna riƙe kamannin lokacin da suka girma. Suna tafiya a ƙasa, ƙanana ne kuma suna da bakin da ya dace da taunawa ko cizo, daga cikin mafi ban mamaki akwai tururuwa da tururuwa.
An rarraba su a cikin:
springtails: Suna da sashin tsalle kamar bazara a cikin cikin su, wanda ke ba su damar tsalle zuwa ƙasa ko cikin ruwa. Wani lokaci sukan mamaye wuraren tafkuna da tafkuna kuma suna iya rayuwa cikin dusar ƙanƙara.
- dusar ƙanƙara fleas
proturs: Ƙananan kwari. Ba tare da eriya ba, tare da sauƙaƙe idanu da bututun nika. Ba su da metamorphosis. Suna zama a cikin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, a cikin kogo da ƙarƙashin duwatsu.
- aceretmon
Dipluri: Basu da idanu. Suna da eriya ta wayar hannu da bayyananne. Suna da ƙananan girma. Ciki mai sassa 11 yana ƙarewa cikin tweezers. Suna zaune a ƙarƙashin duwatsu da ganye.
- Katajapix (7mm)
- Koren ƙuma (5mm)
Thysanides: kwari masu tauna bakin baki. Suna ciyar da tsire-tsire kuma suna lalata tufafi, littattafai, kukis, da dai sauransu. Suna da idanu masu haɗaka, doguwar eriya masu haɗin gwiwa da filament guda uku a ƙarshen ciki, kuma jikinsu yana rufe da ƙananan sikeli na azurfa.
- Silverfish ko Lepisma
- kayan lefe
- thermobes
- kashe gobara
- Forbycines ko asu kifi
Tunani na Karshe
Yana da kyau mu yi nuni da cewa, gaba xaya, an saba yin magana ne kan hanyoyin kariya da wasu qwari suke yi wa wasu dabbobi, waxanda suke samu saboda kamanninsu da ke sa su zama masu haxari ko kuma suna da xanxano, haka lamarin yake. na tsuntsayen da ba sa damun tsuntsaye, malam buɗe ido masu kama da malam buɗe ido mai ɗanɗano mara kyau. Wani misali kuma shi ne, saboda kamanceceniyar kudan zuma da bumblebee, tsuntsaye ko ƙwanƙwasa waɗanda na baya suka soke sun gwammace kada su yi sha’awar wannan malam buɗe ido.
Hakazalika, godiya ga launukan da kwari ke da shi, yana ba su damar haɗuwa tare da muhallinsu kuma ta haka ne su guje wa haɗari, wannan yana faruwa tare da wadanda suke da siffar ganye ko rassan, a cikin wasu lokuta masu dacewa da abin da ake kira mimicry.
Muna fatan cewa duk bayanan da aka bayar ta wannan labarin akan nau'ikan kwari da Halayensu sun kasance masu son ku. Idan kuna son sanin wasu batutuwa masu ban sha'awa, kuna iya karanta game da: