An samo burbushin burbushin ne daga duk wani abu mai rai, ra'ayi ko alamun duk wani abu mai rai daga shekarun da suka wuce, misalan sun hada da kasusuwa, harsashi, exoskeletons, dabba ko tambarin dutsen microbial, abubuwa amber, gashi, itacen da aka ƙera, mai, gawayi da ragowar DNA. Haɗu a cikin wannan post ɗin Nau'in Burbushin halittu!
Menene burbushin halittu?
Da farko, kalmar burbushin yana da ma'ana mai faɗi, yana nufin duk abin da ya fito daga ƙasa, wannan kalmar a yau ta ƙunshi duk shaidar da tsofaffin kwayoyin halitta suka bari waɗanda suka rayu kuma galibi ana kiyaye su ta hanyar lalata, don haka akwai kwarangwal na dinosaur , haka nan. kamar ganye ko sawun sawu.
An fi adana burbushin a cikin duwatsun farar ƙasa da yashi mai yashi, amma suna da wuya, tsarin burbushin yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, kuma yuwuwar adana ganye ɗaya ya yi kadan.
Paleontology ita ce nazarin burbushin halittu, tana nazarin shekarun su, hanyar samuwa da ma'anar juyin halitta, ana daukar samfurori a matsayin kasusuwa idan sun wuce shekaru 10,000, mafi tsufa burbushin sun kasance kimanin shekaru biliyan 3,48 da shekaru biliyan 4,1.
Binciken da aka yi a karni na sha tara cewa burbushin halittu daban-daban suna da alaƙa da wasu Nau'in Dutse, wanda ya haifar da imani da kasusuwan kasusuwan a lokacin nazarin halittu da kuma shekaru daban-daban na burbushin halittu daban-daban.
Ayyukan
Halayen burbushin sun dogara ne da nau'in burbushin. Mold burbushin ra'ayi ne da aka yi a cikin wani yanki (sau da yawa dutsen sedimentary), burbushin burbushin burbushin burbushin halittu kamar burbushin burbushin halittu ne saboda abin burgewa ne.
Duk da haka, burbushin burbushin ba ya wakiltar kwayar halitta da kanta, a maimakon haka burbushin burbushin halittu yana wakiltar rayuwar yau da kullun na kwayoyin halitta kamar sawun sawu, gida ko burrows, burbushin da aka jefa burbushin burbushin halittu ne wadanda suka cika da ajiya don samar da tsari mai girma uku.
Menene burbushin halittu?
Kasusuwan kasusuwa suna da matukar amfani wajen nazarin tarihin tectonic, lokacin da aka samu burbushin wani nau’in nau’in halitta a nahiyoyin zamani da dama, hakan ya ba da wata kwakkwarar nuni da cewa a baya wadannan nahiyoyin sun hade.
Har ila yau, ana amfani da burbushin halittu don kwanan wata dutsen da ke kwance, wasu nau'o'in da ke da yalwar rarraba a duniya da kuma ɗan gajeren rayuwa (misali, ammonites) sune mafi kyawun alamomi don gano wasu lokutan yanayi.
Nau'in burbushin halittu nawa ne?
Kasusuwan burbushin halittu da suka rage kafin tarihi ko kuma wasu shaidun da ke nuni da yadda duniya ta kasance kamar miliyoyi ko ma biliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata, a shekarar 2017, masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa kasusuwa mafi dadewa, da aka samu a wani dutse a yammacin Ostiraliya, ya nuna cewa. rayuwa ta wanzu a Duniya fiye da shekaru biliyan 3.500 da suka wuce.
burbushin jiki
Gabaɗayan burbushin jikin su duka ragowar abubuwan halitta ne, da kuma kyawu masu laushi irin su kwari da aka yi a cikin ruwan itacen da aka ƙera don saita amber.
Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa nama mai laushi kamar fata, tsokoki, da gabobin jiki suna rushewa bayan mutuwa, suna barin harsashi kawai ko tsarin kashi; Dabbobin da ke da kwarangwal kwarangwal, kamar kwari da jatantanwa, ba su da yuwuwar mutuwa. , Misalai biyu na burbushin jiki, kasusuwa da hakora, sune nau'ikan burbushin halittu da suka fi yawa.
gano burbushin halittu
Burbushin burbushin ya kasance yana kwance musamman a cikin waƙa da burrows, amma kuma ya ƙunshi coprolites (kasusuwan burbushin halittu) da ragowar ragowar lokacin ciyarwa, burbushin burbushin yana da mahimmanci musamman yayin da suke ɗauke da tushen bayanai waɗanda ba'a iyakance ga dabbobi masu ƙarfi waɗanda zasu iya. a sauƙaƙa burbushin halittu da nuna halayen dabbobi.
Da yawa burbushin burbushin sun yi zamani fiye da burbushin jikin dabbobin da aka yi imanin sun yi su, duk da haka ainihin sakamakon burbushin burbushin ga masu yin su ba zai yiwu ba, burbushin na iya, alal misali, ba da shaidar farko ta zahiri ta bayyanar da matsakaici. hadaddun dabbobi (kwatankwacin tsutsotsin ƙasa).
macrofossils
Macrofossils suna riƙe da halittun da aka adana waɗanda za a iya gani ba tare da buƙatar na'urar hangen nesa ba, macrofossils na shuka sun haɗa da ganye, allura, cones, da ragowar kara, kuma ana iya amfani da su don gano nau'ikan tsire-tsire da suka taɓa girma a yankin.
Irin waɗannan bayanan macrofossil na botanical suna ba da cikakkiyar dacewa ga pollen da bayanan faunal waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don sake gina yanayin ƙasa na prehistoric, macrofossils na algae (misali, launin ruwan kasa algae, letus na teku, da manyan stromatolites) ana ƙara amfani da su. muhallin halittu.
Dabbobi macrofossils sun hada da hakora, kwanyar, da kasusuwa na vertebrates, da kuma ragowar invertebrate kamar harsashi, gwaje-gwaje, faunal sulke, da exoskeletons, burbushin dung (watau, coprolites) suma macrofossils ne.
microfossils
Microfossils su ne ƙananan ragowar ƙwayoyin cuta, protists, fungi, dabbobi da shuke-shuke, microfossils wani rukuni ne daban-daban na burbushin halittu da aka sani a matsayin hanya guda ɗaya, saboda dole ne a sarrafa samfurin dutse ta wasu hanyoyi don cire su kuma dole ne a yi amfani da microscopes don nazarin su. .
Saboda haka, microfossils, sabanin sauran Nau'in Burbushin halittu, ba a hada su ne gwargwadon alakar su da juna ba, sai dai saboda karancin girmansu gaba daya da hanyoyin nazarinsu, misali, burbushin kwayoyin cuta, foraminifera, diatoms, bawo ko kwarangwal na kananan invertebrates, pollen, da kananan kasusuwa. da hakora na manyan kasusuwa, da sauransu, ana iya kiran su microfossils.
Ta yaya ake samar da burbushin halittu?
Kasusuwan burbushin suna samuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma galibi suna samuwa ne a lokacin da shuka ko dabba suka mutu a cikin ruwa mai ruwa kuma aka binne shi a cikin laka da daskarewa, kyallen takarda suna saurin rushewa suna barin kasusuwa masu tauri ko bawo, bayan lokaci, laka tana taruwa a sama. taurare cikin dutse.
Yayin da kasusuwan da aka kulle su ke bazuwa, ma'adanai suna fitar da su ta hanyar maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ta tantanin halitta a wani tsari da ake kira "petrification", a madadin haka, kasusuwan na iya rubewa gaba daya barin simintin kwayoyin halitta, ragon da aka bari a baya na iya cika da ma'adanai kuma su yi Kwafin dutse na kwayoyin halitta.
Gabobin ciki masu taushi, tsokoki, da fata suna rushewa da sauri kuma ba safai ake kiyaye su ba, amma kasusuwan dabbobi da harsashi ne ƙwararrun ƴan takarar burbushin halittu. Burbushin halittu na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban:
Ma'adanai
Ma'adanai a hankali suna maye gurbin sassan jiki har sai abin da ya rage shine burbushin da aka yi da wani ma'adinai mai ƙarfi, wannan nau'i ne na musamman na simintin gyaran kafa da kuma samar da mold, idan simintin ya yi daidai jiki zai iya aiki a matsayin tsakiya don hado ma'adanai kamar siderite, wanda ya haifar da shi. nodule a kusa da shi.
Molds da Molds
Samfurin da gyare-gyaren su ne wasu Nau'in Burbushin halittu jiki, mold wani ra'ayi ne wanda harsashi na kwarangwal mai wuyar gaske ya bari a cikin dutsen da ke kewaye, kamar kasusuwan dinosaur da aka binne a ƙarƙashin yawancin yadudduka na laka, ƙwayar na iya zama na ciki ko na waje.
Akwai wani nau'i na ciki a kasan harsashi wanda yake barin saman dutsen da aka samu lokacin da yashi ko laka ya cika cikin cikin harsashi, wani nau'in na'ura na waje yana kan wajen harsashi, duk lokacin da harsashi ko kashi ya karye. nesa da dutse, barin wani waje m a baya.
An san samfuran molds na molds, wanda zai iya faruwa a zahiri lokacin da sararin samaniya na iya samar da ƙira daga molds roba ko filastik don ƙarin koyo game da burbushin halittu.
Sauyawa
Sauyawa yana faruwa a lokacin da aka maye gurbin harsashi, kashi ko sauran nama da wani ma'adinai, a wasu lokuta ma'adinin ma'adinai na farko yana faruwa a hankali kuma a kan irin wannan ƙananan sikelin cewa ana kiyaye sifofin microstructural, duk da cikakkiyar asarar kayan farawa.
An ce za a sake yin rufin a lokacin da tarin kwarangwal guda ɗaya ke nan, amma a cikin nau'i na crystalline banda aragonite don ƙididdigewa.
Matsawa
Burbushin matsi, irin su burbushin fern, ana samun su ne ta hanyar rage sinadarai na hadaddun kwayoyin halitta da suka hada da kyallen jikin jiki, a wannan yanayin burbushin ya kunshi kayan farawa ne, duk da cewa a yanayin da aka canza na geochemically, wannan sinadari mai canzawa shine bayyanar cututtuka na diagenesis. .
Tarkon kiyayewa
Saboda shekarunsa, wani abin da ba zato ba tsammani ga canza kyallen jikin jiki ta hanyar sinadarai rage hadaddun kwayoyin halitta a lokacin lalata shine gano kyallen kyallen takarda a cikin burbushin dinosaur, gami da tasoshin jini, da kuma keɓewar furotin da shaidar gutsuttsura a cikin Tsarin DNA, da alama babu alaƙa tsakanin shekarun ilimin ƙasa da ingancin kiyayewa a wannan lokacin.
Menene za mu iya koya daga burbushin halittu?
Tarin burbushin ya samo asali ne tun a kalla farkon tarihi, burbushin su kansu an san su da binciken burbushin halittu, burbushin yana daya daga cikin tushen bayanan farko da ke karkashin binciken juyin halitta kuma ya ci gaba da zama abin ban mamaki ga tarihin rayuwa A Duniya. , Masana burbushin halittu sun yi gwaji tare da tarihin burbushin halittu don fahimtar tsarin juyin halitta da kuma juyin halittar jinsinsu.
Tsarin halittu
Rubutun burbushin halittu da jerin faunal sune tushen kimiyyar biostratigraphy ko kasusuwan kasusuwan kasusuwan kasusuwa da aka haɗa, a cikin shekaru 150 na farko, ilimin geology, biostratigraphy da superposition sune kawai hanya don tantance shekarun dangi na duwatsu, an ɓullo da tsarin lokaci na geologic. dangane da shekarun dangin dutse, kamar yadda masana burbushin halittu na farko suka bayyana.
Juyin Halitta
Ta hanyar amfani da burbushin halittu da aka gano, masana burbushin halittu sun sake gina misalan sauye-sauyen juyin halitta a cikin tsari da aiki, alal misali, kasan muƙamuƙin dabbobi masu rarrafe yana ɗauke da ƙasusuwa da yawa, amma na dabbobi masu shayarwa ɗaya kawai, sauran ƙasusuwan da ke cikin muƙamuƙi masu rarrafe sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙasusuwa yanzu da aka samu a ciki. kunnen shayarwa.
DNA burbushin halittu
Har zuwa kwanan nan, maidowa da nazarin bayanan kwayoyin halitta da aka sanya su a cikin tsoffin jerin DNA daga burbushin halittu na Pleistocene ba zai yiwu ba, ci gaban kwanan nan a cikin ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta ya ba da kayan aikin fasaha don samun tsoffin jerin DNA daga burbushin Quaternary da aka kiyaye da kuma buɗe damar yin nazarin kwayoyin halitta kai tsaye. canje-canje a cikin nau'in burbushin halittu don magance tambayoyi daban-daban na ilmin halitta da ilmin burbushin halittu.
Nazarin tsohuwar DNA wanda ya ƙunshi kayan burbushin Pleistocene da lalata da adana tsohuwar DNA a cikin adibas na Quaternary an sake duba su.
Yaya ake tattara burbushin halittu?
Tarin burbushin wani lokaci a ma’anar da ba na kimiya ba, farautar burbushi tarin burbushin halittu ne don bincike, sha’awa, ko don riba, tattara burbushin halittu, a matsayin al’adar sha’awa, ita ce mafarin ilmin burbushin halittu na zamani kuma da yawa har yanzu suna tattara burbushin da nazarin burbushin a matsayin masu sha’awar sha’awa. , ƙwararru da masu sha'awar sha'awa suna tattara burbushin halittu don ƙimar kimiyyarsu.
misalan burbushin halittu
Hanyoyi daban-daban da ake adana kwayoyin halitta suna ba burbushin siffofi daban-daban, bari mu bincika wasu misalan yadda burbushin zai iya samuwa.
Luzia
Sunan lokacin kwarangwal na Upper Paleolithic a cikin wata mace Paleoindiya da aka gano a cikin wani kogo a Brazil, an gano kwarangwal mai shekaru 11500 a cikin kogon Belo Horizonte, Brazil, a cikin 1974 ta masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Annette Laming-Amperer. Lakabin "Lucia" yana girmama burbushin Australopithecus "Lucy".
Triceratops
Triceratops ya kasance babban dinosaur daga cikin Zamanin Mesozoic, wanda ya kai tsayin mita goma da tsayin mita hudu kuma ya auna ton goma sha biyu, kuma don kare girman girmansa, triceratops yana da ƙahonin mita biyu da kaifi mai kaifi, kamar aku, wanda palpably yana da babban ƙarfin cizo, Burbushin halittu "fuskar ƙahoni uku," kamar yadda ake fassara sunanta na Latin sau da yawa, tun daga shekaru miliyan uku na ƙarshe na lokacin Cretaceous.
Archeopteryx lithographica
Tsuntsaye ne wanda ya wanzu tun kimanin shekaru miliyan ɗari da hamsin da suka gabata a zamanin Jurassic, saboda haka, mutane da yawa suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin tsuntsu mafi tsufa.
Archeopteryx yana raba halaye na dinosaur theropod da tsuntsayen zamani, saboda haka, ana tsammanin burbushin rikon kwarya ne tsakanin tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe, wanda ya fi kusanci da kananan dinosaur din din din din fiye da tsuntsayen zamani.
Duk da haka, tarihin juyin halitta na Archeopteryx bai taba zama mai sauƙi ba, ya kasance yana da rikici sosai a baya, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na yawancin muhawarar kimiyya game da asali da juyin halittar tsuntsaye.
Gondwanagaricites magnificus
Ya ƙunshi naman gwari mafi dadewa a yau da kuma naman gwari na farko na naman gwari daga tsohuwar supercontinent Gondwana, yana da tsayi kusan inci biyu da inci biyu kuma yana girma shekaru miliyan ɗari da goma sha biyar da suka gabata (farkon zamanin Cretaceous) a yankin arewa maso gabas daga Brazil.
diploria strigosa
Yana da ingantaccen tsari da fallasa burbushin burbushin halittu na Pleistocene, wanda ya ƙunshi maras gado ko mara kyau ga gado, mara kyau, rarrabuwar kawuna, ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara, ƙanƙara mai ƙazamin burbushin halittu (grained da grading), wanda ke wakiltar ajiyar ruwa mai zurfi a cikin faci da reefs.
Cockburn Town memba na reef facies duwatsu kwanan wata zuwa taron matakin teku (Early Late Pleistocene), kwanan wata murjani a kan burbushin halittu na Cockburn Town a cikin shekaru daga 114 zuwa 127 ka.
Trilobite Ellipsocephalus hoffii
Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in Bohemian Cambrian shine Ellipsocephalus hoffii, wanda aka fara bayyana shi kuma aka kwatanta shi a cikin 1823, trilobite ne mai sauƙi mai sauƙi tare da cephalon mai matsakaici, cikakke exoskeletons na wannan trilobite suna da yawa a cikin wani lokaci na Jince Fm, trilobites a nan. ana adana su azaman gyare-gyare na ciki, galibi ana samun tabo da launin ruwan limonite, a cikin shale mai launin kore-launin toka.
Burbushin karya ko kuma pseudofossils
Kasusuwan burbushin halittu abubuwa ne na halitta wadanda suke kama da burbushin halittu amma ba burbushin halittu ba, wasu hadarurruka da ma'adanai galibi ana kuskurensu da burbushin halittu.
Abin takaici wasu burbushin ba a kiyaye su da kyau kuma wasu abubuwan da muke kira burbushin halittu ba burbushin halittu ba ne kwata-kwata, sha’awar burbushin halittu da abin da suke wakilta na iya sa mu “gani” abin da muke so mu gani maimakon abin da yake a zahiri.
Wasu daga cikin fadace-fadacen da suka fi daukar hankali a kimiyyance sun kasance kan tantance abubuwan da wasu ke ganin burbushin halittu ne na gaske, wasu kuma na karya ne.Misalan burbushin burbushin sun gargade mu da yin taka tsantsan musamman idan ana maganar rashin siffanta su. abubuwan da, duk da da'awar daban-daban, maiyuwa ko ba za su zama ainihin burbushin halittu ba.
