Nau'in Dabbobi: Rarraba Su da Misalai

Ilimin halitta ya kasu kashi biyar dauloli, daya daga cikinsu ita ce daular dabbobi, dabba ita ce wacce ke tafiya a duniya kamar yadda mutane ke tafiya kuma ana iya rarraba su ko raba su. nau'in dabbobi, Ci gaba da karantawa don ƙarin sani game da su.

Mulkin dabbobi

Dukansu halittu ne waɗanda ba za su iya haɗa abincinsu ba ko tunani a cikin yanayi masu wahala.

Bukatar neman abinci ya sanya ikon motsawa yana da matukar mahimmanci ga waɗannan kwayoyin halitta, don haka dabbobi sun haɓaka jerin abubuwan da aka tsara don sauƙaƙe motsi da ƙarfi ta yadda kwarangwal ɗinsu na ciki da na waje ya zama tallafi da tsari don farauta da rayuwa. .

Har ma ya sanya waɗannan dabbobin suka samo asali a cikin shekaru kuma sababbin tsarin sun bayyana a cikinsu, irin su fahimta da hankali. A cikin daular dabbobi kuma ana iya ganin yadda haifuwarsu a wasu lokuta ke faruwa ta jima'i ko ta jima'i.

Kwayoyin

Kwayoyin su ne ainihin raka'a na duk mai rai, kamar yadda kuka sani, sel na iya zama eukaryotic ko prokaryotic.

Abubuwan da ke cikin tantanin halitta da ke kafawa menene dabbobin Su ne:

• A tsakiya
• Cytoplasm
• plasma membrane

Duk da haka, akwai wani sanannen tantanin halitta a cikin dabba, shi ne neuron wanda ya ƙware shi kaɗai kuma ya keɓanta a cikin tsarin juyayi na dabbobi.

dabbobin kyallen takarda

Kwayoyin don haɓaka tasirin su suna haɗuwa da juna, suna haifar da kyallen takarda, kowanne daga cikinsu yana yin aiki, daidaitawa tare da kowane nau'in kyallen takarda wanda ya zama jikin dabba. An bambanta waɗannan zuwa nau'ikan kyallen jikin dabbobi guda huɗu da abubuwan da suka samo asali huɗu daga gare su, gwargwadon yanayin halittarsu da yanayin halittar su:

• Jijiya kyallen takarda: An kafa ta ne da wasu sel da suka kware wajen tafiyar da motsin jin tsoro, wato ta hanyar neurons da neuroglia, masu kula da ba da tallafi da abinci mai gina jiki a gare su, jijiyoyi suna samuwa ta hanyar soma, wanda shine yankin. inda tsakiya tare da rassan dendrite waɗanda ke aiwatar da haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta.
• Epithelial nama: Ita ce wacce ke rufe saman jikin ta waje da kuma kogon ciki na kwayoyin halitta masu yawa, yana kunshe da sel masu yawan gaske, wadanda za a iya rarraba su a matsayin epithelial mai sauki ko madaidaicin epithelial.
• Naman tsoka: An halicce shi da ikon yin kwangila, an yi shi da ƙwayoyin spindle, fibers, wanda aka kafa ta sunadaran da ke da karfin kwangila, myosin da actin. An bambanta waɗannan zuwa nau'ikan ƙwayoyin tsoka guda uku:

1. kwarangwal,
2. Ciwon zuciya
3. M

• Nama mai haɗuwa: Ana ganin wannan nama fiye da kowane abu a cikin dabbobin kashin baya, yana da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, suna nutsewa a cikin wani abu mai yawa na ciki, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma kewaye da matrix.
• adipose nama: Wani abin da ya samo asali ne na nama mai haɗawa, wanda ya ƙunshi sel mai arziki a cikin kitse, yana da ajiyar kuɗi, tallafi da cika nama, misali, a cikin glandar mammary.
• Nama na cartilaginous: Yana samuwa ne ta hanyar sel waɗanda ke ɓoye matrix mai wuya da ƙwayoyin collagen, ba shi da tasoshin ko jijiyoyi kuma shine kayan tallafi na sassan amfrayo na vertebrates.
• Saƙa kashi: Shi ne babban kwarangwal na kashin baya, kwayoyin kasusuwan kasusuwa ana kiran su osteocytes, wannan nama yana da matukar tasiri ta hanyar jini da yawa da ke shayar da shi ta wasu tashoshi.
• Naman jini: An yi shi da jini da kuma plasma, wanda ke samuwa a cikin dakatarwar nau'in kwayoyin halitta daban-daban kamar ja da farin jini, da platelets.

Tsarin dabbobi da na'urori

Kamar mutane, dabbobi suna da gabobin hankali masu ɗanɗano, ji, wari, gani da taɓawa. Tsarin dabbobi ya kasu zuwa uku, wadanda gabobin suka samar da su, wadannan tsarin su ne:

• Tsarin kwarangwal: An haɓaka wannan tsarin tsawon shekaru, galibi a cikin wasu nau'ikan da ke haɓakawa, wannan yana ba da tallafi da daidaitawa ga kyallen jikin jiki.
• Tsarin tsoka: Tare da kwarangwal, yana ba da tallafi da gyarawa ga jikin dabbobi.
• Tsarin ciki: Ita ce ke da alhakin aikawa da karban sakonni tsakanin gabobin jiki daban-daban, ta yadda za su yi aiki cikin tsari tare da bayar da amsa nan take ga abin da zai kara kuzari.

Lokacin da duk tsarin ke cikin tsari mai kyau, ana ba da na'urorin dabbobi wuri, daga cikinsu akwai:

• Tsarin narkewar abinci: Yana da alhakin rushe abinci zuwa sassa masu sauƙi, ta yadda za a iya haɗa su kuma a gudanar da su zuwa dukkan kwayoyin halitta, dangane da nau'in abinci, na'urori na musamman na iya bayyana a cikinsu, misali, amfanin gona, gizzard, ceca na hanji, da dai sauransu. Tsarin narkewar abinci na dabbobi yana buƙatar taimakon gabobin da yawa don aikin sa.
• Tsarin cirewa: Yana da alhakin kawar da sharar gida daga metabolism.
• Na'urar numfashi: Kasancewa daban-daban a kowane nau'in dabba, ita ce mai ɗaukar iskar oxygen zuwa jikin dabbar da gabobinta, kuma yana da aikin fitar da ita ta hanyar carbon dioxide. A wasu dabbobi, numfashi yana iya kasancewa ta fata, a wasu kuma dole ne su kasance suna da gabobin da ke yin wannan aikin, yayin da a cikin dabbobin ruwa ta hanyar gill ne.
• Tsarin jini: Yana da alhakin rarraba kayan abinci na narkewa da oxygen zuwa dukkanin kwayoyin halitta, yana da nau'i na veins, arteries, capillaries da zuciya.

iri da Rarraba dabbobi

Rarraba dabbobi na iya bambanta bisa ga su:

• tsarin kashin baya: Rarraba mafi amfani.

1. Vertebrates
2. Invertebrates

• Abincin:

1. Herbivores: Suna ciyar da tsire-tsire.
2. Masu cin nama: Suna cin nama.
3. Omnivores: Suna ciyar da tsire-tsire ko nama.

• Sake bugun:

1. Ovoviviparous: Haihuwa ta hanyar ƙwai ne da ke cikin jikin mahaifiyar har sai sun shirya don ƙyanƙyashe.
2. Oviparous: Suna yin ƙwai a waje suna jiran haihuwa.
3. Viviparous: Dabbobin da ke samuwa a cikin mahaifa kuma suna haifar da tsarin haihuwa na uwa.

• abubuwan more rayuwa:

1. Ƙasa
2. Na cikin ruwa
3. Yawo

• Halin dabi'a.

Kamar yadda akwai nau'in nau'in dabba iri-iri a duniyarmu, ya zama dole a san cewa Taxonomic rarrabuwa na dabbobi Sashen ilmin halitta ne ke da alhakin ba da sunan ga nau'in. Kamar sauran halittu, ana rarraba dabbobi bisa ga nau'i da nau'i.

Ana iya rarraba dabbobi bisa ga tsarin kashin bayansu a:

• Vertebrates
• Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Su ne dabbobin da ke da kashin baya, daga cikin su irin dabbobi Daga cikin wannan rarrabuwa akwai masu amphibians waɗanda su ne farkon halittu masu kashin baya waɗanda suka rayu a Duniya. A halin yanzu, vertebrates suna wakiltar ƙananan kaso na dabbobi yayin da suke girma, kwarangwal ɗin su ma yana tasowa, jikinsu yana da tsayin daka kuma suna da kashin baya kuma mafi yawan lokaci kwakwalwa yana kare shi da kwanyar.

Ana iya raba vertebrates zuwa kifi, amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa.

1. kwarangwal na tsuntsaye yana da haske sosai don haka zasu iya tashi.
2. Kifin ya fi sauƙi kuma yana ba su damar motsawa cikin ruwa.
3. Masu hawan kashin baya masu kafa hudu suna shaka ta huhunsu da kuma fatar jikinsu mai danshi, suna dogara ne da ruwa a kalla don haifuwa, yayin da dabbobi masu rarrafe ke sanya ƙwai, wanda ke ba su damar rayuwa a cikin bushes.
4. Godiya ga kwarangwal, dabbobi masu shayarwa suna tafiya daidai da kafafunsu.

Kifi

Sunan kifi baya nufin kowane nau'in haraji a cikin duniyar dabba, tunda kifi ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dubu ashirin waɗanda aka haɗa su, ba tare da muƙamuƙi da muƙamuƙi ba.

Jikinsu yana lulluɓe da ma'auni kuma suna shaƙa ta cikin gill, suna da wata gabo mai daidaita ruwa kuma ana amfani da su don shawagi, nutsewa, don samar da sauti ko ɗaukar sauti, layin gefe suna aiki azaman sashin jiki don ɗaukar raƙuman ruwa kuma suna da tsarin ji, wanda za a iya cewa wari ne.

Suna motsawa ta hanyar motsa kansu ta hanyar motsin jiki marasa motsi kuma suna taimakawa ta hanyar caudal fin, wanda shine wutsiya, da kuma amfani da sauran fin don daidaita iyo.

Yawancin nau'in kifaye masu cin nama ne, masu farauta akan sauran kifaye, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa, duk da haka, suna iya ciyar da ciyayi na ruwa ko plankton. Akwai nau'ikan kifi guda uku:

1. Kifin cyclostome, su ne kifi marasa jaw tare da haɗin haɗin gwiwa da kwarangwal na cartilaginous, misali, lamprey.
2. chondrichthyan kifi, su ne kifaye da kwarangwal na gungu wanda ba ya gushewa, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan 600 waɗanda aka rarraba su azaman elasmobranchs waɗanda suka haɗa da sharks da ray da chimeras waɗanda suka haɗa da wani nau'in kifin guda 25.
3. Kifin osteichthyan, kifaye ne masu kwarangwal, an cuɗe ma'auninsu an naɗe su da leda, suna da ɗigo huɗu ko biyar, suna da ƙamshi mai tasowa sosai, gabobin ji na musamman da idanu na gefe, waɗanda ba su da ma'auni, kamar ulu. , numfashi ta fatar jikinsu , wasu suna da huhun masu aiki. Wannan nau'in kifaye suna da oviparous da hadi na waje kamar kunkuru.

Ambiyawa

Amphibians sun yi mulkin duniya na tsawon shekaru miliyan hamsin, har sai da dabbobi masu rarrafe suka zo tare da gudun hijira.

Amphibians suna da kwanyar kwanyar da ke hade da kashin farko na kashin baya, kasusuwan muƙamuƙi suna da hakora, suna da fata maras ma'auni, ko da yaushe suna da ɗanɗano saboda ɓoyewar mucosa na glandan epithelial, a wasu nau'in suna iya ganin gland mai guba.

Matsalolin tsutsa na faruwa ne a cikin ruwa yayin da manya ke tsira daga tsarin biyu, na ruwa da na kasa, wannan yana nufin idan sun girma sukan yi huhu ko numfashi ta cikin fatar jikinsu, tsarin jininsu ya fi na kifi aiki, tunda suna da zuciya. tare da haɗin gwiwa biyu da ventricle ɗaya.

Amphibians suna da gabobin hankali, su ne kawai dabbobin da har yanzu suke da wannan siffa ta kifi, wanda tadpoles ke tasowa, sashin ji yana samuwa ta kunnen ciki da tsakiyar kunne, idanu suna iya fahimtar launuka kuma suna da siffa mai kyau. fatar ido suka ci gaba.

Haihuwar 'yan amfibiya ko da yaushe jima'i ne, wasu nau'ikan, ta yadda ƙwayayen su ba su da lafiya, sun ɓullo da sifofi na musamman don jigilar su a baki, cikin ciki ko a wasu folds na fata.

Amphibians su ne kawai dabbar da ya zuwa yanzu ke ci gaba da tafiya ta hanyar metamorphosis, don zama manya, yawancin waɗannan dabbobin suna da oviparous, suna da tsarin kariya dangane da nau'in nau'in nau'in, wasu kuma suna da guba, wasu na iya canzawa. masu launi, wasu na iya zubar da wani sashi na jikinsu don kare kansu.

dabbobi masu rarrafe

Su ne na farko da amai da aka saba da rayuwar ƙasa, sun ƙunshi kusan jinsin mutum dubu shida tare da rarraba yanki mai yawa a duniyar tãli.

Ko da yake ana samun mafi girman maida hankali a cikin wurare masu zafi kuma a wuraren sanyi ba su da yawa, an raba su zuwa nau'i uku:

• Kunkuru: Ana siffanta su da tsarin carapace ko harsashi wanda ya lullube yawancin jikinsu kuma yana kare su.
• Macizan: Suna cikin qungiyoyin qyashe kamar kadangaru.
• Kada: Tare da caiman akwai rukunin crocodiles.

Fatar dabbobi masu rarrafe ta bushe, ana nuna shi ta hanyar haɓaka ma'aunin ƙaho, waɗanda galibi suna da girma sosai da alama, da cikin macizai, koyaushe suna canza fata. Baki babba ne, haƙora kuwa suna da haƙora iri ɗaya, sai dai kunkuru waɗanda ba su da su, harshensu na iya zama mai raɗaɗi da cokali mai yatsu, kusan ba ya motsi ko tsayi kuma mai mannewa.

Ciki, tsarin zubar da ciki da kuma al'aura suna kaiwa zuwa waje ta hanyar wani bututu na yau da kullum, wanda ake kira cloaca, zuciya yana da haɗin gwiwa guda biyu da ventricle, kusan rabu biyu ta hanyar da ba ta cika ba. Haɗuwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe na ciki ne, waɗannan nau'in nau'in oviparous ne, suna sa ƙwai a ƙasa kuma suna iya bambanta tsakanin ƙwai 6 zuwa 200 a kowane lokacin haihuwa.

Wadannan dabbobin ana kiran su da dabbobi masu jin sanyi, wannan ya faru ne saboda ba sa daidaita yanayin zafin jiki ta hanyar metabolism, amma dole ne a koyaushe su koma ga yanayin zafi na waje, saboda haka suna buƙatar zama a wurare masu dumi, inda za su iya daidaita yanayin zafin jiki. sauƙi. An saba ganinsu a kwance a rana domin su tanadi makamashin da suke amfani da su wajen farauta da narkar da abin da suka gani.

Ba kamar sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe ba, maciji ne kawai wanda ba shi da ƙafafu da zamewa tare da ƙasa, motsinsa yana raguwa lokacin da jikinsa ba ya da nauyi sosai. Idan jikinsu ya yi nauyi sai su yi motsi da motsi mai siffar armashi, gudun macijin ya kai kilomita goma sha uku a cikin sa’a guda, ba shi da kunnuwa ko fatar ido, jikinsa dogo ne kuma sirara, wanda ya hada da kashin baya dari da dari uku. .

Ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'i mai hatsari, tunda daya cikin nau'in maciji guda uku yana da guba kuma hanya daya tilo da zai iya shafar sauran dabbobi ko ma mutum shi ne ya ciji dafin da yake da halaye daban-daban dangane da nau'in maciji.

Aves

Su ne kashin bayansa oviparous, ana siffanta su da yadda jiki ya dace da tashi, don aiwatar da wannan aikin an rikitar da gabacinsu zuwa fuka-fuki kuma jikin yana lullube da gashin tsuntsu.

Suna kula da yanayin zafin jiki tsakanin centigrade arba'in da ɗaya zuwa arba'in da biyu, godiya ga tsarin jini da na numfashi sun haɓaka tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Fuka-fukan fuka-fukai da baki mai katsi sune mafi fitattun siffofi.

Fuka-fukan sune sabbin abubuwa waɗanda suka ƙunshi rigakafin tsakiyar tsakiyar da daidaitaccen abu, plumage koyaushe yana canzawa kuma a cikin lokacin shekara ko lokacin haifuwa. Bakin ya ƙunshi ƙwaya biyu kuma ya bambanta bisa ga yadda tsuntsu yake ciyarwa.

Kasusuwan kwarangwal na tsuntsaye yana da haske, karami kuma mai kauri, kasusuwan suna da siffa da rashin ciwon kasusuwa da wuraren da yake, cike da iska, sternum yana da girma sosai kuma yana samar da sashin gaba na keel, welded clavicles form. na hali V-kasusuwan tsuntsaye.

An gyara ƙafafu don tashi tun lokacin da suke yin tafiya kuma a matsayin kayan saukarwa, musculature na tsuntsaye yana da karfi sosai kuma suna maida hankali a tsakiyar jiki. Duk tsuntsaye suna da harshe, esophagus yawanci ya fi girma kuma ana kiransa amfanin gona don adana abinci.

Ciki yana kunshe da sashin glandular da ke narkar da abinci da bangaren tsoka da ke nika shi. An rage huhu yayin da cibiyar sadarwa ta Bronchial ta haifar da buhunan iska da ke tara iska a cikin su lokacin da suke tashi. Tsarin jini ya ƙunshi zuciya mai haɗin gwiwa biyu da ventricles biyu.

Tsarin fitar da fitsari ya kunshi koda, kwakwalwa ta fi na dabbobi masu rarrafe girma, kuma cibiyoyin hangen nesa sun fi girma kuma sun fi nagartaccen tsari. Duk tsuntsayen oviparous ne kuma na'urorin haihuwa na maza sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyi biyu da mace na ovaries biyu, hadi yana cikin ciki.

Akwai tsuntsayen da ke cikin ruwa da suke ciyar da wani bangare mai kyau na rayuwarsu a cikin teku, saboda haka ne kafafun su ke kwance, duk da haka, akwai tsuntsayen da ba za su iya tashi ba, irin su penguins, wadanda galibi suna zama a cikin yankunan da ke karkashin kasa don kare kansu daga mafarauta da sauran su. hadari. An ce tsuntsayen teku ne, yayin da suke gangarowa daga manyan tudu kuma suna nutsewa don kama abinci, penguins na iya nutsewa su nutse cikin zurfi don kama kifin da suka samu yayin da suke karkashin ruwa.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa

Dabbobi masu shayarwa rukuni ne na kashin baya waɗanda a halin yanzu sun sami babban bambancin nau'i, wannan ya ba su damar zama wurare da yawa tare da halaye daban-daban.

An rarraba dabbobi masu shayarwa zuwa rukuni biyu, prototheria da theria. halaye na dabba Dabbobi masu shayarwa na iya bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan dabbobi, fata ta ƙunshi epidermis wanda ke rufe da gashi da dermis.

Wani nau'in halittar da dabbobi masu shayarwa ke da su shine matattarar yatsu, farata, kusoshi, kofato da ƙahoni. Jikinsa ya kasu kashi uku: kai, gangar jiki da wutsiya, wuyansa yana da girma sosai sai dai wasu dabbobi, ana haihuwar gabobi hudu daga gangar jikin, gaba daya suna kare kafafu da yatsu biyar.

Ko da yake wannan makirci na iya bambanta dangane da motsin da dabbar ke bukata, abubuwan da suka saba da dabbobi masu shayarwa shine muƙamuƙi, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi ɗaya. Na'urar jin ku ta ƙunshi cartilages guda uku waɗanda ke da alhakin watsa sauti zuwa kunnen ciki. Kulawa da ciyar da matasa ta hanyar madarar da glandan mammary ke samarwa.

Ƙarfin kula da zafin jiki shine saboda gaskiyar cewa jikinsa yana rufe da gashi, haifuwarsa yana da viviparous, wato, 'ya'yansa an haife su cikakke, ta hanyar tsarin haihuwa. Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da kwakwalwa.

Hakoransa sun kunshi hakora masu girma da siffofi iri-iri, harshe yana da hadadden tsokar tsoka da ke ba shi motsi mai yawa, ciki yana samuwa a cikin mafi yawansu kogo guda, hanji ya bambanta da tsayi, ya danganta da nau'in abinci. tsarin numfashi yana kunshe da tsarin da yawa da ke isa ga huhu inda suke reshe zuwa bronchioles.

Suna da zagayawa guda biyu na jini kuma ana raba zuciya a cikin gidajen abinci biyu da ventricles biyu, suna da koda guda biyu waɗanda ta cikin su suna fitar da fitsari zuwa mafitsara kuma suna fita ta cikin urethra. Yana da ƙwalƙwalwar ƙwalƙwalwar ci gaba kuma mai rikitarwa wacce ke ci gaba a cikin kashin baya.

Suna da cortex na cerebral wanda ke kula da ayyukan azanci da motsa jiki, wanda a cikinsa akwai mafi girman ikon tunani na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Tsarin haihuwa na maza yana da ƙwai biyu, mata suna da ovaries guda biyu, suna fitar da ovaries ta hanyar ducts, hadi ko da yaushe yana cikin ciki kuma ana yin jima'i, mace tana karɓar jima'i ne kawai a lokacin zafi da ta fito. .

misalan dabbobi masu kaifi

• KifiHaɗawa: Seahorse, anchovies, eel, catfish, herring, da sauransu.
• Aves: jimina, rhea, partridges, penguins, pelicans, gannets, sauran agwagwaye.
• dabbobi masu rarrafe: kadangaru, iguanas, hawainiya, macizai, kadangaru, kada, algators, da sauransu.
• Dabbobi masu shayarwa: Platypuses, marsupials, anteaters, dawakai, beraye, Zomo, lemur, da sauransu.
• Ambiyawa: Kwadi, salamander, tururuwa, ungozoma da sauran su.

Invertebrates

Dukkansu dabbobi ne da ba su da kashin baya, an kasa su zuwa:

• Arthropods
• ba arthropods

Ko da yake da yawa ba su da kyan gani, wasu na iya kaiwa ga girman girma, kamar yadda ake yi na katuwar squid, wanda tsawonsa ya kai kusan mita ashirin, duk da cewa ba zai yi kama da haka ba.

Invertebrates kuma suna da idanu, kai, kafafu da wutsiya, su ne ci-gaba invertebrates, duk da haka sauki invertebrates kamar soso ba su bi da wannan doka, suna da sauki jiki duka a waje da kuma ciki.

Nau'in dabbobin da ba arthropod ba

Ana kiran su ba su-arhoropod ba, kusan nau'ikan guda shida waɗanda manyan halayensu na yau da kullun shine bambanta da arthopods, waɗannan dabbobin sune:

• Sponges
• Cnidarians
• Tsutsotsi
• Mollusks
• Annelids
• Echinoderms

Sponges

Su ne invertebrates na ruwa da aka yi la'akari da su suna da ƙungiya mafi sauƙi, duk da kasancewar su kwayoyin halitta masu yawa na gaskiya, ba su da bambance-bambancen gabobin da na musamman. An shirya jikin soso a cikin tsarin tashoshi da ɗakunan ciki, suna ciyarwa ta hanyar tace kayan abinci da ruwa ke jigilar su.

Choanocytes su ne sel da aka ba da alama a cikin soso wanda ke haifar da kiyaye ruwa akai-akai a cikin jiki, godiya ga motsin da flagella ya ɓullo da shi, ruwan yana shiga ta cikin pores da yawa kuma yana zagawa ta hanyar tsarin tashoshi da ɗakunan, har sai ya isa ga tsakiyar rami kuma a ƙarshe fita ta cikin osculum.

Haka kuma su ke da alhakin shigar da barbashi da ake samu a cikin ruwa, za mu iya cewa wadannan barbashi su ne kwayoyin cuta, algae da wasu sharar kwayoyin halitta, wadanda suke shiga cikin wani kwayar halitta ta musamman inda ake narkar da su sannan a fitar da kayayyakin narkewar abinci a waje.

Sponges na iya haifuwa ta hanyar jima'i ta hanyar bullowa da jima'i ta ƙwai, an rarraba su zuwa rukuni uku:

• calcareous
• hexactinellides
• demosponges

Gabaɗaya suna zaune a yankunan bakin teku da na benthic, wasu ana iya samun su a zurfin zurfi, kasancewar soso ba a san shi ba tun zamanin da, Aristotle yayi magana game da soso a kusa da shekara ta 350 BC, yana bayyana su a matsayin dabbobin ruwa waɗanda aka baiwa babban damar sake farfadowa. .

Cnidarians

Su halittun ruwa ne wadanda suke da jeri-nauyi iri-iri daidai gwargwado, suna da gabobin da aka taru a cikin tsarin, kuma sun zo cikin nau'i biyu: polyps da jellyfish.

An kafa polyp na al'ada zuwa ga ma'auni ta tushe ko ƙafa, a cikin tsakiyar kambi na baya shine bakin, kewaye da yawancin tentacles, wanda bi da bi yana rufe da ƙwayoyin cuta. Polyps yawanci suna zama mazauna ta hanyar wani nau'in haifuwar jima'i da ake kira budding.

Jellyfish nau'i ne na kyauta, masu ninkaya, masu tafi da gidanka da masu zaman kansu, mazaunan ruwa mai yawa, suna da siffar kararrawa kuma suna da abubuwa iri ɗaya kamar polyps amma an sanya su juye, saman waje ana kiransa laima.

Duka jikin polyps da jellyfish suna da rami na tsakiya da ake kira cavity na gastrovascular, wanda aka haɗa zuwa waje ta hanyar buɗewa guda ɗaya, wanda ke aiki azaman duka baki da dubura.

Katangar jikin da ke da iyaka da wannan rami na tsakiya yana da nau'i uku, epidermis, a ƙarƙashinsa wani nau'i na nau'in haɗin gwiwa da kuma mesoglea wanda ke rufe kogon gastrovascular, akwai wani nau'i na epithelial wanda ake kira gastrodermis a ƙarƙashin epidermis. Waɗannan dabbobin suna da jijiyoyi da ƙwayoyin tsoka waɗanda ke ba da izinin raguwa da motsi.

Ana iya rarraba su zuwa rukuni uku:

• Hydrozoa
• scyphozoa
• Anthozoans

Hakanan ana iya ganin su a cikin ruwa mai dadi, irin su hydra, wanda ke da ikon ɓoyewa daga sel na epidermis, wani membrane da ake kira perisarcoma, wanda ke aiki daga skeletally.

Jellyfish na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin nau'i biyu na rikitarwa, mafi sauƙi shine hydromedusae, waɗanda yawanci ƙananan ƙananan kuma suna da ramin gastrovascular wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, yayin da scyphomedusae medusa yana da rami na septate.

Mollusks

Jikin molluscs yana lulluɓe da wani nau'i na musamman da ake kira mantle, wanda ke samar da nau'i biyu na gefe wanda ke kewaye da kuma kewaye da jiki a cikin layi daya. Yawancin molluscs suna numfasawa ta cikin gills, amma wasu, kamar katantanwa na ƙasa, suna da huhu; pharynx yana da kwayar cutar da ake kira radula.

Tsarin jijiyoyi yana haɓaka sosai kuma ya kai ga mafi girman rikitarwa na duk invertebrates a cikin cephalopods, tsarin jijiyoyin jini a buɗe kuma jininsa yana ɗauke da hemocyanin wanda za'a iya bayyana shi azaman pigment na numfashi.

Molluscs an kasu kashi bakwai bisa ga halaye na ƙafa da harsashi kuma bisa ga ci gaban tsarin jin tsoro, mafi mahimmanci sune:

• Gastropods tare da kawuna da ƙafafu masu haɓaka sosai da kuma nau'in jijiyoyi masu kama da juna suna da ƙasa da ruwa.
• Bivalves tare da harsashi da aka samar da bawuloli biyu masu fa'ida da kai mai atrophied, waɗannan na ruwa ne.

Cephalopods tare da ƙafa sun canza zuwa makamai da yawa waɗanda ke kewaye da kai, harsashi na iya zama atrophied, suna cikin ruwa.

Molluscs suna da jiki mai laushi, mara rabo wanda za'a iya bambanta sassa uku a cikinsa, da yawa ko žasa da bambance-bambancen kai, wani nau'i na visceral wanda ake samun yawancin gabobin, da ƙafar tsoka.

Sun saba da kusan dukkanin yanayin rayuwa, suna zaune a yankunan kasa, a cikin ruwa mai dadi da kuma cikin ruwa, girmansu ya bambanta daga ƴan milimita zuwa mita da yawa, yawancinsu suna da kariya daga jikinsu da harsashi, ko da yake wani lokacin wannan yana iya zama. na ciki, akwai nau'ikan molluscs guda biyu:

1. Monoplacóforos sune mafi tsufa molluscs kuma suna da harsashi da aka kafa ta yanki guda.
2. Polyplacophores suna da harsashi da aka yi da faranti guda takwas, wanda ke rufe dukkan jiki.

Katantanwa suna da taushin jiki kuma idan aka fuskanci duk wata barazanar da za su ja da baya a cikin kwansu, inda suke amintacce, harsashin katantanwa wani nau'i ne na katantanwa exoskeleton wanda baya ga yin kariya kuma yana zama tallafi, yayin da katantan ke girma. harsashi yana tsiro dashi.

A cikin dorinar ruwa, makamai suna cike da tsotsa, wanda galibi suna amfani da su don kama ganima, kuma suna ganin yana da matukar amfani wajen manne da duwatsu da tafiya tare da bakin teku. Don jawo hankalin mata, maza na wasu nau'in jinsin suna sanya kansu ta yadda manyan masu tsotsa a gindin tentacles suna nunawa.

Nau'in dabbobin arthropod

Arthropods sune nau'in halittu masu yawa a cikin duniyar dabbobi, tare da fiye da 80% na duk nau'ikan da aka sani, arthropods na yanzu sun kasu kashi uku, dukkansu suna da haɗin gwiwa a kowane bangare na jikinsu, godiya ga abin da suke da sauƙi. ana iya gane su, tare da annelids su ne kawai dabbobin da ke da rabe-raben jiki da kayan haɗin gwiwa.

Ƙarfinsu na daidaitawa da muhalli ya ba su damar mamaye duk wuraren zama a duniya. Nau'in arthropods sune:

• Kwarin
• crustaceans
• arachnids

Jikin arthropods ya ƙunshi sassa masu haɗin gwiwa kuma an haɗa su zuwa yankuna ko sassa uku:

1. Shugaban
2. Kirji
3. Abdomen

A cikin kowane bangare akwai nau'i-nau'i biyu na appendages, ban da ganglia na tsarin juyayi, arthropods suna da ingantaccen tsarin kwayoyin halitta, tsarin narkewa yana da rikitarwa kuma ana iya bambanta shiyya guda uku a ciki:

1. A baya
2. intermedia
3. Na baya

Tsarin jini yana buɗewa, wato, jini da ruwan jini na jini suna haɗuwa kuma suna haifar da hemolymph, numfashi na iya zama cutaneous, reshe ko tracheal, tsarin juyayi yana da hyponeuric, wato, yana samuwa a cikin ventral zuwa fili na narkewa , an yi sama. na nau'i-nau'i masu yawa na ganglia kamar yadda akwai sassa.

Arthropods suna da masu karɓa, masu taɓawa, na gani, sunadarai da kwayoyin halitta. Dangane da haifuwarsu, ba su da jima'i, wani lokaci ana ganin bambancin namiji da mace sosai, hadi a yawanci a ciki ne don cimma hakan sai a ba su wasu nau'ikan abubuwan da suka shafi kwarya-kwarya.

Ci gaban Embryonic yana da wuyar gaske, mutumin da kawai ya ƙyanƙyashe daga kwai dole ne ya bi ta matakai da yawa kafin samun bayyanar babba, a wasu lokuta canje-canjen suna ci gaba da ci gaba, wasu kuma suna da sauri da zurfi, ana iya kiran wannan metamorphosis.

Insectos

Azuzuwan kwari sune mafi girma kuma mafi bambance-bambancen rukunin dabbobi kuma sun haɗa da invertebrates kawai masu iya tashi, sama da nau'in kwari sama da miliyan an san kuma akwai sauran da yawa da za a gano.

Sun dace da duk yanayin ƙasa da ruwa mai tsabta, za su iya rayuwa a ƙarƙashin matsanancin yanayi, wanda sauran nau'ikan dabbobi ba za su jure ba, ba su nan a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa, babban bambancin kwari ya faru ne saboda girman girman su da cin nasara. matsakaicin iska, godiya ga fikafikan da ke ba shi damar tashi.

A cikin jikin kwari an bambanta sassa uku:

1.  Shugaban
2. Kashin baya
3. Ciki

Amma game da haifuwa, suna yin jima'i daban-daban kuma dimorphism na jima'i tsakanin maza da mata ya kasance akai-akai, hadi yana cikin ciki ta hanyar dome. Waɗannan nau'ikan dabbobi suna da halaye kamar:

• A kai yana da eriya guda biyu, baki da na'urar tauna, a matsayin gabobin gani yawanci suna da idanu ocelli uku ko biyu.
• Ƙirar ta ƙunshi sassa uku kuma suna da ƙafafu guda biyu da fikafikai biyu a gefe.
• An raba ciki zuwa kashi goma sha ɗaya da kuma kashi na ƙarshe da ake kira telsón, yana numfashi ta hanyar tracheae kuma yana fita ta cikin tubes na narkewa.

Haihuwa jima'i ne kuma a wasu lokuta na jima'i, nau'ikan haɓakawa daga kwai zuwa babba sune:

•  ametabolusmetamorphosis ba ya faruwa.
• heterometabolus, shine lokacin da aka sami tsaka-tsaki tsakanin kwai, babba da mai.
•  MetabolismWannan shine lokacin da metamorphosis ke faruwa.

Crustaceans

Crustaceans suna da nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-na-ruwa, ko da yake wasu sun dace da rayuwa a kasa,ana iya ganin yankuna uku a jikinsu:

1.  cephalic
2. Thoracic
3. Abdominal

Biyu na farko sukan haɗu kuma suna samar da cephalothorax, wanda aka rufe da harsashi, suna da kayan aiki na musamman: tauna, numfashi, haihuwa, da sauransu.

An kasu ajin crustaceans zuwa manyan kungiyoyi hudu:

• copepods: Su kanana crustaceans ne da ke da matukar muhimmanci a duniyar ruwa, akwai kuma nau’o’in nau’o’in nau’o’in kifaye da dama da ke damun kifi.
• barnacles: Suna zaune a makale da duwatsu, itace ko wasu filaye.
• amphipods: Suna auna 'yan milimita kuma suna da yawa a tsakanin algae da zurfin zurfin teku.
• decapods: Su ne mafi ɓullo da crustaceans kuma mafi yawa, suna da nau'i-nau'i na ƙafafu na tafiya, rukuni ya haɗa da prawns, crayfish, lobster da crabs.

Arachnids

Babban halayensa shine kasancewar appendages masu siffar pincer ko ƙugiya da ke cikin bakin, wanda ake kira chelicerae, jiki ya kasu kashi biyu, cephalothorax da ciki, a wasu lokuta ana iya ganin kashi na uku, wanda zai zama wutsiya, wannan. kawai a yanayin kunama.

Arachnids suna da nau'i-nau'i nau'i-nau'i guda shida, wanda hudu daga cikinsu locomotors ne, ɗayan biyu sune chelicerae kuma ɗayan biyu suna da ayyuka na tactile, kusan dukkansu mafarauta ne waɗanda ke iya kamawa da hana ganimarsu, waɗanda suke murƙushewa da sha ruwansu. Suna shaka ta gills ko huhu, wasu kuma ta hanyar trachea mai kama da na kwari.

Ana fitar da fitar da shi ta cikin bututun narkewa, suna gabatar da dimorphism na jima'i kuma galibi suna oviparous, kunamai sun zama mafi girman tsarin arachnid na archaic, jikin yana rufe da harsashi, pedipalps suna haɓaka sosai kuma suna da pincers a ƙarshen. Wutsiya sirara ce kuma kunkuntar kuma a karshensa wani sinadari ne mai guba, wanda suke farauta.

Hotunan kunama suna kama da ƙananan kunama, waɗanda ba su fi santimita ɗari ba, ko da yake ba su da wutsiya da kuma rowa. Solifuges ko gizo-gizo na rana suna da jiki wanda aka lulluɓe da gashi, suna da ƙafafu takwas da farata waɗanda ke fitowa daga fuskarsu.

Araneids sun hada da gizo-gizo, yawanci suna da idanu tsakanin shida zuwa takwas, guda biyu ne suka samar da su kuma suna da ikon yin allurar guba, ciki yana da glandan siliki da ke samar da siliki, mites, a ƙarshe, ƙanana ne kuma jikinsu ba ya rabu, wasu kuma. rai libre da sauran su da yawa parasites kamar kaska. Su dabbobi ne na ƙasa kuma an rufe jikinsu da exoskeleton, gabaɗaya su masu cin nama ne.

Arachnids sun samo asali ne fiye da shekaru miliyan 500 da suka wuce kuma suna cikin ruwa, sun tsaya tsayin daka don girman girman su a cikin nau'in burbushin halittu, akwai samfurori na tsawon fiye da mita uku, ba tare da shakka mafi girma na arthropods da suka wanzu ba.

misalan dabbobi masu rarrafe

• Sponges: Calciesponges, vitreous, wanka, coralline.
• Cnidarians: Jellyfish Mane na zaki, murjani, akwatin jellyfish, gorgonians.
• Tsutsotsi: Ina da shi
• MollusksHaɗuwa: Katantanwa, clams, kawa, squid, dorinar ruwa.
• Annelids: tsutsotsi na ruwa, tsutsotsin ƙasa, leech.
• EchinodermsHaɗin kai: kifin tauraro, cucumbers na teku, urchins na teku.