Wannan labarin zai nuna bayanai game da kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don hango abubuwan da ke cikin nesa, masu wuyar gani da ido tsirara, wanda ake kira. madubin hangen nesa. Daga cikinsu muna iya ganin nau'ikan da suke da su, da halayensu, da yadda suka ƙirƙira shi da dai sauransu.
Menene Telescope?
Kayan aikin gani ne da ake amfani da shi don ganin wani abu mai nisa daki-daki, wanda ba a iya gani da ido kawai, lokacin da ake samun makamashin lantarki, kamar haske.
Kayan aiki ne na asali a fannin ilimin taurari, tare da juyin halitta da haɓaka kayan aikin ya sami damar fahimtar sararin samaniya.
babban ƙirƙira
Tarihi ya nuna cewa wannan kayan aikin shine Kirkirar Hans Lipperdhey wanda wani Bajamushe ne mai yin gilashin ido da Galileo Galilei a shekara ta 1608.
A wani bincike da wani masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta mai suna Nick Pelling ya yi ba da dadewa ba da aka buga a wata mujalla ta asali ta Tarihi a yau, an ba Juan Roget daga Girona wannan ƙirƙira a shekara ta 1590, bisa ga binciken da Zacharias Janssen ya yi ya yi koyi da shi. a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1608 (wannan ya biyo bayan shigar da Lipperchey) wanda ke son yin haƙƙin mallaka.
Kwanaki kafin, daidai ranar 14 ga Oktoba, Yakubu Metius ya yi ƙoƙarin yin haƙƙin mallaka. Duk wannan ya ɗauki hankalin Nick Pelling, wanda ya dogara da kansa a kan wasu tambayoyi da José María Simón de Guileuma (1886-1965) ya yi, yana nuna cewa marubucin gaskiya Juan Roget ne.
A cikin ƙasashe daban-daban an yi kuskuren cewa wanda ya ƙirƙira shine Kirista Huygens ɗan asalin Holland, wanda aka haife shi shekaru da yawa bayan haka.
Lokacin da Galileo Galilei ya sami labarin wannan ƙirƙira, ya so ya yi ɗaya. A shekara ta 1609 ya gabatar da na'urar hangen nesa ta farko da aka yi rajista. An gode wa Galileo don bincike da yawa a fannin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci shi ne wanda ya yi a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1610, lokacin da ya hango watanni hudu na Jupiter suna jujjuyawa a cikin wani haske mai haske. Birita kewayen duniya.
Tun da aka kirkiro shi suka kira shi "Lens na leƙen asiri", wani masanin lissafi daga Girka mai suna Giovanni Demisiani ya sanya masa sunan "madubin hangen nesa” A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1611, a wurin cin abinci a birnin Roma inda suka karrama Galilei, dukan baƙin sun sami darajar ganin tauraron dan adam na Jupiter ta kayan aikin da babban masanin sararin samaniya ya ɗauka.
Daga cikin Nau'in Na'urar hangen nesa su ne:
- The Refractors: masu amfani da tabarau.
- Masu Tunani: Suna amfani da madubi mai siffa mai maƙarƙashiya wanda ke maye gurbin ainihin ruwan tabarau.
- Masu sake dubawa: yana da madubi mai murɗawa da ruwan tabarau mai gyara wanda ke manne da madubi na biyu.
The Reflecting Telescope. Isaac Newton ne ya ƙirƙira shi a shekara ta 1688 kuma ya kasance babban ci gaba ta fuskar na'urorin hangen nesa na wancan lokacin lokacin da ya inganta kuskuren chromatic wanda ke kwatanta na'urar hangen nesa.
Dole ne a gane cewa, ta hanyar wannan kayan aiki, Galileo Galilei ya sami damar ganin Planet Jupiter, tauraron dan adam, wata da taurari a karon farko. Mutumin ya iya kawar da shakku daban-daban game da gawawwakin sararin samaniya da aka samu a sararin samaniya.
Siffofin Telescope
Abun da ke da mahimmanci a cikin wannan kayan aiki shine diamita wanda ke ɗauke da "hannun tabarau".
Wadanda masu son yin amfani da su kayan aiki ne da ke kusa da (76 zuwa 150 mm a diamita) ruwan tabarau na goyan bayan kallon taurari da abubuwa daban-daban da aka samu a cikin Universe (nebulae, clusters da sauran taurari).
Lens wanda ya fi girma (200mm a diamita) a cikinsu ana iya ganin kyawawan tauraron dan adam, wasu fasalulluka na taurari, nebulae, gungu masu yawa da taurari masu haske.
Halaye, na'urorin haɗi da sigogi waɗanda dole ne na'urar hangen nesa ya kasance da ita don ingantaccen amfani:
- Nisan nesa: ita ce nisan da abin da na'urar hangen nesa ke da shi, an san shi da hanyar da ta tashi daga babban ruwan tabarau zuwa mayar da hankali ko kuma a tsakiyar da aka sanya ido.
- Maƙasudin Diamita: ma'aunin babban madubi ko ruwan tabarau na kayan aiki.
- Ocular: ƙananan kayan aikin auna yana a wurin mayar da hankali na na'urar hangen nesa, yana ba da damar inganta hotuna.
- ruwan tabarau na Barlow: ruwan tabarau wanda ke ninka mayar da hankali da biyu ko uku, lokacin da aka ga abu a sarari.
- tace: Karamin kayan haɗi ne wanda ke da aikin ɓoye hoton tauraro ko wani abu mai haske, komai ya dogara da launi da kayan aiki, yana barin hoton ya inganta. Matsayinsa a cikin na'urar hangen nesa yana gaban guntun ido, wanda ake amfani dashi akai-akai ana kiransa Lunar (kore - bluish, yana inganta bambanci idan an ga tauraron dan adam), ɗayan shine hasken rana, yana da ikon ragewa. hasken Rana don kada ganin mai kallo ya ji rauni.
- Matsakaicin Matsayi: shine quotient tsakanin "hanyar mai da hankali" (mm) da diamita (mm). (f/rabo)”.
- Iyakance Girma: shine iyawar da a ka'idar za a iya gani tare da periscope, a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Don lissafta shi akwai dabara: inda "D" shine nisa da aka auna da santimita, daga gilashin ko madubin na'urar.
m (iyaka) = 6,8 + 5log(D)
- .Ara: shine adadin lokutan da aka ƙara girman hoton akan waɗannan na'urori. Daidai ne na rabon tsayin tsayin daka na na'urar hangen nesa da tsayin tsayin ido (DF/df). Misali zai kasance, lokacin da a cikin na'urar hangen nesa na (1000 mm) bambancin hangen nesa, guntun ido na (10 mm) df. Wanda zai ba da girman (100) wanda za'a iya karantawa azaman 100XXX.
- Tafiya: Waɗannan ƙafafu ne na ƙarfe guda uku waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a matsayin matattara kuma suna ba da kwanciyar hankali ga na'urar hangen nesa.
- marikin ido: wurin da aka sanya tsarin gani, wanda ke haɓakawa ko ninka abin gani, kamar hotunan hotuna.
Duban
A cikin abubuwan da ke biyowa, za a yi bayanin hawa da yawa waɗanda ke zama tallafi don ɗaukar hoton.
Altazimuth yana hawa
Dutsen a"madubin hangen nesaMafi sauki shine Dutsen Altitude-Azimuth ko Altazimuth. Yana kama da na theodolite. Wani bangare yana jujjuyawa a cikin jirgin sama a kwance ko azimuth, ɗayan kuma yana ba da zaɓi na karkatar da shi a wuri ɗaya da yake jujjuya, ta haka ne zai canza jirgin sama ko tsayi.
Dutsen Dobson
Shi ne wannan "altazumutal mount" wanda ya shahara sosai don ƙarancin farashi kuma mai sauƙin ginawa.
Dutsen Equatorial
Lokacin amfani da "altazimuth mount" akwai matsala, yana daidaita gatari don magance jujjuyawar duniya. Yanzu an sabunta ta tare da tallafin kwamfuta, hoton yana jujjuya shi gwargwadon yanayin da yake canzawa, komai yayi daidai da kusurwar da matsayin tauraro yake da shi da sandar sama.
Wannan ana kiransa da jujjuyawar filin, shine abin da ke sa dutsen altazumuthal ya ɗan ɗan yi rashin jin daɗi don ɗaukar hotuna na manyan filaye da waɗannan ƙananan na'urori.
Don magance wannan matsala tare da ƙananan na'urorin hangen nesa, dole ne a lanƙwasa dutsen ta yadda za a sanya tushen "azimuth" a cikin matsayi mai kama da tushe na duniya; wannan shine tallafin equatorial.
Akwai nau'ikan tsaunukan equatorial iri-iri, manyan su ne dutsen Jamus da dutsen cokali mai yatsa.
Sauran Dutsen
Manya-manyan na’urorin hangen nesa na zamani suna amfani da mounts na altazimuth, ana amfani da su ta kwamfuta, lokacin da suke yin abubuwan da suka daɗe suna jujjuya na’urar, da yawa suna da na’urorin jujjuya hotuna masu sauye-sauye, a cikin hoton ɗalibin na’urar.
Kamar yadda kuma akwai maɗaukaki masu sauƙi, har ma sun zarce dutsen altazimuth a cikin sauƙi, yawanci don na'urori masu sana'a. Da dama daga cikinsu sune:
- Ɗayan hanyar wucewar meridian wanda ba don tsayi ba.
- Kafaffen wanda ke da lallausan madubi mai motsi don kallon rana.
- An riga an daina haɗin ƙwallon ƙwallon kuma ba shi da amfani sosai ga fagen ilimin taurari.
Nau'in Na'urar hangen nesa
Bayanin nau'ikan na'urorin hangen nesa da amsar ¿menene na'urar hangen nesa,,Menene Telescope Don Siyayya?
Model Refractory
Irin wannan nau'in periscope yana ɗaukar hotunan abubuwan da ke cikin nisa mai nisa, ta amfani da mayar da hankali a tsakiya, tare da taimakon lu'ulu'u na lokaci guda kuma an canza haske a ciki.
Wannan canjin haske a cikin gilashin ruwan tabarau yana haifar da hasken kamanni, wanda ya samo asali daga wani nau'in da ke nesa (watakila yana da iyaka) ya zo daidai da "madaidaicin jirgin sama". Tare da wannan zaka iya ganin abubuwa masu nisa da haske.
Model Reflector
Isaac Newton shi ne ya kirkiro irin wannan nau'in na'urar gani a karni na XNUMX.
Nau'in "Newtonian" shine na'urar hangen nesa wanda baya amfani da ruwan tabarau amma madubi don ɗaukar haske da nuna hotuna. Wannan nau'in periscope yana dauke da madubai guda biyu, daya a saman mashigar ruwa (na farko) wanda ke daukar radiation da ake aikawa zuwa madubi na biyu kuma daga nan ya wuce zuwa guntun ido.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na "The Newtonian periscope" dangane da na masu refractors, shine rashin kuskuren launi tare da ƙananan nauyi don hanya guda ɗaya.
Masu refractors suna da ƙarancin inganci (saboda madubai masu siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar).
Abvantbuwan amfãni tare da babban mahimmanci za a iya suna: kyawunsa, haɓakawa da farashi. The Newtonian reflector yana da matsakaicin-high inganci, mai sauƙin yi, da ƙananan kasafin kuɗi fiye da mai jujjuya inganci da ƙima.
Model na Cadioptric
Daidai kayan aiki ne don kallo daga nesa, cikakke ne sosai, yana amfani da gilashin madubi kamar yadda yake amfani da ruwan tabarau.
Akwai nau'ikan samfura iri-iri. A wannan yanayin za mu yi magana game da Schmidt-Cassegrain System. Ana gabatar da haske ta hanyar tashar ta hanyar gilashin gyarawa, yana tafiya zuwa ƙarshen tashar, inda hoton ya bayyana a cikin madubi, yana komawa zuwa "baki" na ducts.
Don sai a nuna a cikin ɗayan madubi kuma ya wuce zuwa kasan bututun. Ta hanyar huda inda madubin farko yake sannan ya wuce zuwa gilashin, wanda yake a baya.
Amfanin wannan kayan aiki yana cikin girmansa, yana da ƙananan idan aka kwatanta da hanyar mai da hankali.
Misalin Cassegrain
Yana da samfurin da ke da lu'ulu'u uku don yin tunani.
Na farko yana kan bayan kayan aikin. Yawancin lokaci yana da siffar paraboloid concave, a nan ne duk hasken da ke fitowa daga wurin da ake kira mayar da hankali ya taru. Watakila ita ce hanya mafi tsayi ta hanyar kayan aikin.
Gilashin na biyu wanda ke ba da tunani yana lanƙwasa, kasancewa a gaban ɓangaren kayan aikin, adadi yana da hyperbolic kuma aikinsa shine sake nuna hoton yana jagorantar shi zuwa gilashin da ke ba da tunani a baya ko babban ɓangaren, inda hoto ya zama bayyananne, a cikin lu'ulu'u na uku wanda ke aika da tunani. Wanne yana da karkata (45 °), yana motsa hasken zuwa ɓangaren sama na bututu, a wurin da aka sanya manufar.
Wannan kayan aiki ya inganta sigogi, a cikin waɗannan kristal na uku yana biye da babban crystal, wanda aka samo perforation a tsakiyar tsakiya wanda ke ba da damar yin haske. Mayar da hankali yana da wuri a wajen kyamarar da ke tsakanin lu'ulu'u biyu, a bayan jiki.
mafi sanannun telescopes
- Hubble Space Telescope. Yana kewayawa a waje na mahallin duniyar duniyar, ta wannan hanyar hotunan da aka ɗauka suna da haske sosai. Ta wannan hanyar wannan kayan aikin yana aiki na dindindin a ƙarshen "diffraction" kuma ana amfani dashi akai-akai don lura da infrared ko ultraviolet.
- Babban na'urar hangen nesa (VLT): na shekara ta 2004 ita ce mafi girma, wanda aka yi da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke da radius na (m8) kowanne, jimillar guda hudu. Yana cikin "Kudancin Turai Observatory" an gina shi a arewacin yankin Chile. Yana iya yin aikin na'urori masu zaman kansu guda huɗu ko kuma yana iya aiki tare, yin haɗuwa tare da lu'ulu'u huɗu waɗanda ke ba da tunani.
- Babban Canary Telescope: Yana da gilashin madubi mafi girma, ma'auninsa shine (mita 10,4). Kuma an yi shi da ƙanana 36.
- Babban Na'urar hangen nesa: kawai suna kiran shi OWL, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka. Yana da lu'ulu'u waɗanda ke nuna kimanin (100m) tsayi, an maye gurbinsa da na'urar hangen nesa ta Turai "E-ELT", tare da girma (39,6 m).
- Telescope na Hale: An yi shi ne a kan Dutsen Palomar, yana da gilashin tunani na tsawon (m5), a lokaci guda yana matsayi na farko don girmansa. Gilashin da ya kamata ya yi tunani shine boron silicate (Pyrex tm), gininsa yana da wahala sosai.
- Dutsen Wilson Telescope. Diamita (mita 2,5), Edwin Hubble ya yi amfani da shi don nuna cewa taurari sun wanzu da kuma nazarin ƙaddamar da duniyar Mars da suke niyya.
- Telescope a Yerkes Observatory: Ana zaune a cikin jihar Wisconsin, Amurka, wannan kayan aikin yana da ma'auni na (m1) kasancewa mafi girman na'urorin daidaitacce a duniya.
- Telescope na SOHO Space: Yana da "coronograph" aikinsa shine ci gaba da nazarin Rana, wurin da yake tsakanin Duniya da Tauraron Sarki.
- Kamfanin Jamus G. & S. Merz (Georg da Joseph Merz): wanda ke aiki da sunaye daban-daban, tsakanin shekarun (1793-1867), an sadaukar da shi don gina na'urorin hangen nesa. Ana rarraba na'urorin da suka fi fice a wurare daban-daban a duniya:
- Refractor Telescope (24 cm), a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Kasa The Astronomical Observatory of Quito.
- (27.94 cm) refractor, taru a 1845. A Cincinnati Observatory.
- Refractor 31.75 cm yana aiki tun 1858 a Royal Observatory a Greenwich.
- Refractor (218 mm) daga 1862 yana a Brera Astronomical Observatory.
