ja da baki wani labari ne da Stendhal ya rubuta a shekara ta 1830, inda aka lura da bambancin da wani matashi mai suna Julián Sorel zai iya samu tsakanin addini da sha'awa.
ja da baki
Aikin Red and Black wanda Stendhal ya rubuta, kasancewar sunansa na ainihi Henri Beyle, inda ya ba da labarin wani matashi mai suna Julien Sorel da ke son zama limamin coci, amma wanda sha'awar sa ta ja shi wanda ya kai shi ga mutuwa.
Mawallafin Ja da Baƙar fata
Henri Beyle, an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1783 a Grenoble Faransa kuma ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1842 a Paris, wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Faransa waɗanda ke da asali da yawa a cikin ayyukansa a ƙarni na sha tara, ya shahara da ayyukansa na almara.
Mahaifiyarsa Henriette ta rasu yana dan shekara bakwai kacal kuma mahaifinsa mai suna Chérubin Beyle, lauya ne a fannin sana’a, bai taba samun jituwa da shi ba, don haka bayan rasuwarsa, aunwarsa ce ta dauki karamin karatun Henry. imani mai ƙarfi na addini, wanda ya sa su a cikin Henri sannan ya yanke shawarar zuwa karatu a makarantar hauza.
Henri ya fara karatunsa a makarantar hauza don neman aiki a matsayin firist, inda daga baya ya canza zuwa kwaleji. Daga baya a cikin shekara ta 1800 Stendhal ya bar Grenoble, don yin karatu a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Polytechnic a Paris don haka ya fara aikinsa a matsayin marubuci, ya zama wani ɓangare na motsa jiki na Napoleon.
Lokacin da Napoleon Bonaparte ya fadi, ya tafi Italiya inda ya zama mai sha'awar fasaha kuma ya fara rubuta littattafai guda biyu masu suna tarihin zanen Italiyanci a 1817 da kuma rayuwar Napoleon. A Italiya an nada shi karamin jakadan Faransa, sannan a shekara ta 1841 ya sake komawa birnin Paris inda ya rasu bayan shekara guda.
Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa muna da:
- Red da Black 1830.
- Charterhouse na Parma 1839.
- Napoleon.
- Tafiya a Roma.
- Jirgin da Fatalwa 1830.
- Na soyayya 1822.
- Rayuwa ta Henry Brulard 1890.
- Vanina Vanini 1829
- Rayuwar Mozart 1801
An ce tushen abin da Sthendal ya yi waɗannan ayyuka masu ban mamaki da shi shi ne batun wani malami mai suna Antoine Berthet wanda a cikin bikin Kirista ya yanke shawarar kashe masoyinsa kuma ya taimaka masa da kuɗi. An yanke wa wannan mutum hukuncin kisa a 1827 ta hanyar guillotine.
Akwai kuma wani lamarin, inda kafinta ta haka ya kawo karshen masoyinsa, da kuma al’amura daban-daban da ke faruwa a cikin manyan sarakunan Faransa inda matansu suka shiga cikin soyayya da maza daga sassa daban-daban na zamantakewa suna haifar da wadannan munanan al’amura.
Tarihin Ja da Baƙar fata
Wannan aikin da ake kira Red and black yana cikin nau'in adabi na gaske, tun da yake ya fallasa tunanin al'ummar Faransa na wancan lokacin game da batutuwan addini da yadda rayuwa ta ci gaba a wancan zamani.
Ƙari ga haka, wannan aikin ya ba da labarin wani matashi mai suna Julien Sorel, wanda firist ne mai ƙwazo. Kuma wata rana magajin garin Verrieres ya yi fatan kara arziki kuma ya yanke shawarar neman wanda zai dauki nauyin karatun 'ya'yansa uku.
Mista Renal ya ba Julien wannan aikin, tun da yake ya yi la'akari da cewa shi kansa yana da ilimi mai girma da basira da za su iya koya wa 'ya'yansu, tun da yake yana da ilimin Latin kuma mutum ne mai kyau.
Julien Sorel ya sami damar barin gidajen iyayensa saboda ba su fahimci cewa yana so ya zama firist ba. Lokacin da ya fara koyar da wannan jama’ar burguma, matar Mista Renal, wadda ta kasance uwa ce mai sadaukarwa ga ‘ya’yanta kuma ta sadaukar da kanta ga gidanta, sai ta ji ta cika da tsananin kasantuwar kasancewarsa kuma da shigewar lokaci, kuma bayan rashin mijinta, sai ta fara. jin sha'awar wannan saurayin, wanda shi ma yana sha'awarta: yana sa su kulla soyayya ta sirri inda sha'awar ita ce babban sinadarinsu tare da tsoron kada mijinta ya gano shi.
Sai dai limamin cocin birnin ya ba shi shawarar ya bar gidan, amma matar Mista Renal ta ce ya zauna, amma ya yanke shawarar zuwa garin Besacon, inda aka kwantar da shi a asibiti, makarantar hauza domin kammala karatunsa. yayi karatu kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin firist, tunda wannan wani bangare ne na tsare-tsarensa tun daga farko.
Amma a cikin wannan lokaci kafin ya kammala karatunsa, Father Pirard ya sami damar ba shi mukamin sakatare na gidan Marquis de La Mole, wanda ya sa matashi Julien Sorel ya isa babban birnin kasar, inda ya zama kamar Marquis. kuma ku lura da iyawa da kyawawan halayen saurayin.
'Yar Marquis mai suna Matilde Mole, ba ta son kulawar da Marquis ya ba matashi Julien, don haka wannan kishi ya zama sha'awa kuma duka biyu sun shiga cikin dangantaka ta soyayya.
Bayan wani lokaci mai tsawo Matilde ta gane cewa tana da ciki kuma ta gaya wa mahaifinta gaskiya duka, kuma ta nemi mahaifinta ya albarkace shi ya auri Julien, Marquis ya ba ta amincewa tun da saurayin yana sonta. Amma yanayi ya ɗauki yanayin da ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da Julien ta karɓi wasiƙar da ba ta tsammani daga Misis Renal.
Inda Mrs. Renal a cikin wasiƙa ta faɗi komai dalla-dalla game da dangantakar da ta zo da Julien, lokacin da yake zaune a gidanta, wanda ya sa shi cikin rashin ƙarfi tun lokacin da Marquis ya ji daɗinsa sosai. Don haka Julien ya yanke shawarar komawa Vierreres, inda ya yanke shawarar zuwa neman Misis Renal da ke cikin coci tana bimbini kuma ba tare da tunani sau biyu ba ya harbe ta, ya bar ta da rauni.
Sakamakon abin da ya faru, Julien ya san cewa ya ƙare, ba a ga abin da ya aikata ba kuma dole ne ya biya wannan, don haka masoyansa guda biyu suka roƙe shi ya ba da shaida kuma ya kare kansa, amma kawai ya yanke shawarar yin haka. shiru. Har sai lokacin da alkalan kotun suka yanke masa hukuncin kisa, tare da yanke masa hukuncin kisa.
Hujja
An rubuta wannan labarin a cikin juzu'i biyu, inda aka ba da labarin matashin Julián Sorel a cikin tsattsauran tsarin al'ummar Faransa a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa da Sarautar Sarkin Napoleon.
A ciki sun bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na Julien Sorel, wanda ƙwararren ɗan shekara 19 ne mai kyawawan dabi'u amma yana da babban rauni ga mata. Abin da ya kai shi ga rayuwa mai girma da sha'awa tare da waɗannan mata, wanda ya kai shi ga ƙarshe na rashin tsammani kamar mutuwarsa.
Personajes
Daga cikin haruffan da muke da su a cikin ja da baki, waɗanda za mu ambata a ƙasa, su ne muhimmin sashi na labarin, tun da za su ba mu labarin yadda al'ummar da ta rayu a lokacin ta kasance.
Daga cikin haruffa muna da:
Madame de Renal: Ita mace ce mai daraja ta magajin gari, wannan ita ce dangantakar soyayya ta farko da Julien ke da shi, tana matukar son shi, ko da yake ta yaudari mijinta tare da shi, ita alama ce ta tsarki na ɗabi'a da kirki.
Matilda de Mole: Ita ce 'yar Marquis, wacce ta gundura da al'ummar Parisia kuma nan da nan ta sha'awar Julien, ita yarinya ce mai ɗan ƙaramin rashin daidaituwa kuma tana da kyauta don kasancewa mai ban mamaki. Ta kamu da son Julien kuma tana neman mahaifinsa don ya girmama shi tunda Julien yana da matsayi na ƙasa.
Napoleon: Ko da yake wannan ba hali ba ne da za ku iya gani a cikin littafin, amma yana cikin sa saboda Julien ya kasance abin koyi, tun lokacin da Julien ya yi mafarkin ya hau saman al'ummar Faransa kuma yana amfani da dabarun soja na Napoleon don lalata mata.
malam koda: shi ne magajin garin Verriere, shi mutumin banza ne, marar hankali da kwadayi. Sorel ya damu game da lakabinsa da matsayinsa a cikin al'umma. Julien a cikin labarin ya zo ya gan shi a matsayin abokin gaba.
Alamar Mole: Shi ne mai taimakon Father Pirard kuma shi ne ma'aikacin Julien a birnin Paris, yana daukar Julien a matsayin daidai, amma yayin da labarin ya bayyana, ya gane cewa Julien yana da kishi kuma yana da hankali sosai.
Julien ciwon: matashi ne mai buri mai son yin tafiyarsa komai dacinta, amma mai kyauta, yana cikin masu karamin karfi.
tsohon zobe: Bakuyi ne mai taurin kai, talaka amma mai girman kai, mai hankali a harkar da yake yi da masu hannu da shuni.
Daga cikin wasu haruffan da suka ba da rai ga wannan labarin na musamman mai suna Red and black inda za mu ga yadda al'umma ta kasance a lokacin da kuma yadda ake tafiyar da buri a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da kuma yadda wani matashi daga ƙananan aji ya shiga cikin wannan duniya.
Análisis
Wannan labari mai suna Red and Black yana nuna mana yadda hali ya sami kansa tsakanin hanyoyi guda biyu, na sana'arsa irin ta firist da kuma sha'awar da yake gani a cikin matan da yake jin rauni mai yawa a gare su. babu wata hanya ta kowace iri kuma wace mafita har ya kai ga mutuwarsa.
Wannan labari da aka rubuta a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya waɗanda suka faru a wancan lokacin kuma waɗanda shafukan jaridu na lokacin suka ɗauka, inda Black ke wakiltar cassock na Julien kuma Red yana wakiltar sha'awar da za ta kai ga mutuwarsa. Babban jigon wannan labari mai suna Ja da baki ana iya karkasa shi kamar haka.
Za a yi iko: wanda shi ne sha'awa ta zahiri ta cewa dukkan mutane su mallaki muhallinsu da kuma tsara rayuwarsu yadda suka ga dama, wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin labarin muna lura da mutanen da ke rikici yayin da wani dalili ko wani dalili ba mu cimma burinmu ba. Wannan yana nunawa a cikin labarin a cikin bukatar Julien Sorel ya bambanta da sauran mutane, tun da abin da yake so shi ne ya zama mutum mai nasara kuma yayi aiki a matsayin mutum mai mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Faransa.
Ƙiyan Soyayya: Wannan wani nau'i ne wanda ke nunawa a cikin labarin a cikin yanayin Julien Sorel, lokacin da ya shiga tare da Madame de Renal sannan kuma tare da Matilde de Mole, inda fifikon matsayi da karfin tunanin da suke da shi akan Julien ya haɗu.
Daraja da Banza: A wannan yanayin, jarumin wannan labarin Julien yana da daraja sosai ga manufar girmamawa tun da yake yana bukatar a gane shi don iyawarsa a cikin al'ummar Faransa, amma a lokaci guda yana bukatar ya biya bukatunsa na banza ta kowane hali ta hanyar yin aiki. duk abin da ake bukata don cimma shi.
munafunci da zalunci: Ja da baki suna nuna mulkin kama-karya a Faransa a cikin shekarun 1820, wanda ke sa 'yan kasar su rayu a karkashin karkiya na zalunci dole ne su yi amfani da abin rufe fuska don boye gaskiyar al'umma. Shi ya sa Julien Sorel mai kishi ya yanke shawarar rungumar munafurci a matsayin hanyar rayuwa don samun ci gaba a cikin al'ummar Faransa.
Fim
An yi fina-finai da yawa na wannan labari wanda aka ɗauka a babban allo. The Secret Courier fim din Jamus ne wanda Gennaro Righelli ya fitar a cikin 1928, tare da Ivan Mosjoukine, Lil Dagover da Valeria Blanka. El Correo del Rey wani karbuwar fina-finan Italiya ne wanda Gennaro Righelli ya jagoranta a 1947. Yana da Rossano Brazzi, Valentina Cortese da Irasema Dilián a cikin simintin sa.
An sake sake wani sabon salo a cikin 1954, wanda Claude Autant-Lara ya jagoranta. Tauraro Gérard da Antonella, tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Faransa Syndicate of Film Critics don mafi kyawun fim na shekara.
Red da Black kuma yana da nau'in fim ɗin talabijin na Faransa wanda Pierre Cardinal ya jagoranta, tare da Robert Etcheverry, Micheline Presley, Marie da Jean Caussimon; kaddamar a shekarar 1961.
Har ila yau, akwai miniseries na talabijin na BBC da aka bazu sama da sassa biyar, waɗanda aka fara a 1993, tare da Ewan McGregor, Rachel Weisz da Stratford Johns. Wani sanannen ƙari ga makircin shine ruhun Napoleon (Christopher Fulford), wanda ke ba da shawara Sorel (McGregor) yayin tashinsa da faɗuwar sa.
Kalmomi a cikin aikin
A cikin wannan aikin Ja da baki za mu iya haskaka waɗannan jimlolin da ke cikin littafin, waɗanda za mu suna a ƙasa:
- "Duk wanda ya ba wa kansa uzuri ya ba kansa."
- "Bari duniya ta yi hukunci a kan ayyukana."
- "Ki kasance kishiyar abinda kike tsammanin kanki zai kasance."
- "Masu hannu da shuni suna neman nishadi kuma ba su haifar da kasuwanci ba."
- Da farko ni sai kuma ni kuma a kodayaushe ni, a cikin sahara na son zuciya da muke kira rayuwa!
- "Kazalika mai zafin rai, Julien yana da ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa masu ban mamaki waɗanda sau da yawa suna tafiya tare da wauta."
- "Tun da Mrs. de Renal ba ta taɓa karanta litattafai ba, duk abubuwan farin cikinta sun kasance sabon abu a gare ta"
Duk waɗannan jimloli ko ta yaya suna nuna mana yadda tunanin wannan al'umma da wannan labari ya ginu a kai, kamar yadda kuma za mu iya ganin yadda suke ba mu labarin babban jigon labarin.
Halayen Aikin
Ja da baki aiki ne inda aka kwatanta hangen nesa na al'umma da Stendhal ke nunawa a matakai uku:
verriers: kasa ce da kananan al'umma da Sorel ya samu kansa cikin rashin jin dadi kuma ya kasa ci gaba .
besakon: Ita ce babban birnin lardin da Julien ya zo da zama wanda ya kunshi manya da malamai.
Paris: shi ne mafarkin Sorel, tun da shi da kansa yana so ya sami dukiyarsa a cikin manyan mutane da masu iko, inda yanayin da masu daraja a cikin maɗaukaki ya ba shi kunya.
A cikin wadannan matakai guda uku ne aka samu wannan labarin na kishin mulki, inda sha’awa ke zama wani muhimmin bangare nasa, wanda hakan ya haifar da tasiri ga kwanciyar hankali da martabar jarumar wannan labarin.
A ƙarshe, ana iya cewa wannan mashahurin marubucin Red and Black, ya ɗauko daga ainihin abubuwan da ya rayu ko ya gani da shi don ci gaban wannan labari mai ban sha'awa, inda ya nuna mana yadda wani matashi mai buri da yawa amma tare da kwarin gwiwa na kasancewa. firist, Ya sami kansa a cikin jerin yanayi waɗanda suka tada sha'awar da ke ɓoye a cikinsa kuma suka ba shi yanci, ya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani har mutuwarsa.
Idan kuna son wannan littafi da ke ba da labarin rayuwa a Faransa a cikin 1830, inda waɗannan abubuwan da aka ambata a sama suka faru kuma suka ba wa wannan littafi mai suna Red and black taken, za mu iya ba da shawarar wani littafi mai kama da labaru masu ban sha'awa a wannan mahaɗin mai zuwa. kurkukun dutsen dutse