Kogin Mississippi: Halaye, Wuri da ƙari

El Kogin Mississippi Ita ce mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka, asalinta ne a wani yanki mai tsayi da fadama wanda aka lullube da kananan tafkuna, wanda ke yammacin tafkin Superior, kusa da kan iyakar Kanada, yana bi ta Amurka kuma yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu. Ƙara koyo game da wannan kogin a cikin wannan sakon! 

Menene Kogin Mississippi?

Kogin Mississippi shine kogi mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka, tare da manyan rafukan da ke gudana ta wani yanki mai nisan mil miliyan 1,2 (kilomita murabba'in miliyan 3,1) tare da kashi ɗaya na takwas na duk nahiyar. Kogin Mississippi yana cikin Amurka gaba ɗaya. 

Kogin Mississippi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsarin kogin duniya cikin girma, bambancin wurin zama, da haɓakar halittu. Har ila yau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin ruwa na kasuwanci a duniya kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin ƙaura na Arewacin Amirka don tsuntsaye da kifi.

'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun rayu tare da bankunan kuma suna amfani da kogin don abinci da sufuri, masu bincike na Turai na farko sun yi amfani da Mississippi don gano ciki da arewacin abin da zai zama Amurka. Masu fataucin fur sun yi cinikinsu a kogin kuma sojoji daga kasashe daban-daban sun yi garkuwa da sojoji a wurare masu mahimmanci, a lokuta daban-daban, a bakin kogin lokacin da yankin ke kan iyaka.

Kogin Mississippi ya fi ban sha'awa, magudanar ruwa ita ce yankin gabaɗayan wanda ruwa, duka a sama da ƙasa, ya malalo zuwa wuri guda, magudanar ruwa ta Mississippi ta haɗa da duk ƙasar da ruwa ke ratsawa daga ramin zuwa bakin teku. kogin a Louisiana da kuma zuwa Gulf of Mexico.

Ya haɗa da jihohi 31 a cikin Amurka da larduna biyu a Kanada kuma gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi yanki na murabba'in mil miliyan 1.2. Wannan yana wakiltar kashi 40 cikin 48 na jihohi XNUMX.

Kogin Mississippi yana da mahimmanci ga mutane da namun daji. Miliyoyin mutane sun dogara da Mississippi da magudanan ruwa don samun ruwan sha da sharar gida. Akwai nau'ikan kifaye 260 da ke kiran kogin gida kuma kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na duk tsuntsayen da ke Arewacin Amurka sun dogara ne akan kogin cikakken lokaci ko lokacin ƙaura.

Wadanda aka haifa a Amurka sun rayu a kusa da kogin Mississippi, da yawa sun sadaukar da kansu don farauta, kaɗan ne kawai, kamar masanan gine-ginen gine-ginen ƙasar, sun zama al'ummomin manoma masu albarka, daga bisani zuwan Turawa a karni na sha shida siffa. yadda wanda ya rayu, ya fara da hanyar farautar masu bincike na farko, daga baya mazauna, sun yi kasada a cikin noma na ƙasashe masu albarka.

An yi shi da manyan yadudduka na ƙasa kogin fadama, bakin kogin Mississippi na ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a Amurka, kwale-kwalen da ke fitowa a kan wannan kogin a ƙarni na XNUMX don aika ayyukan noma da masana'antu.

A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, kame Mississippi da sojojin kawance suka yi ya kawo sauyi ga nasara, saboda dabarun dabarun da kogin ke da shi ga kungiyar hadin gwiwar yaki.

Halaye da Wuri

Kogin Mississippi yana da nisan sama da kilomita XNUMX, amma, hade da Missouri, daya daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa, ya kai kuma ya wuce kilomita XNUMX, wanda ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin manyan koguna a duniya.

https://youtu.be/m4UIDcghHMM

Kogin Mississippi yana tafiya ta yankuna daban-daban, ɓangaren farko yana gudana tsakanin duwatsun moraine waɗanda ke haifar da ruwa da sauri kamar na San Antonio, kusa da Minneapolis. Tashar wutar lantarki, duk da haka, tana ratsa filayen ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliya ta haifar da ambaliya na Mississippi wanda ke faruwa lokaci-lokaci inda kogin ke rataye.

Ana iya raba kogin zuwa sassa biyu: na sama daga Lake Itasca zuwa haɗuwa tare da Ohio Tributary; ƙananan ɓangaren da ke tafiya daga Ohio zuwa Delta. Wani fasali na yanki yana da ma'anoni waɗanda suka tsaya a cikin ɓangaren tsakanin Memphis da baki.

Kodayake ana iya sanya Mississippi a matsayin kogi na huɗu mafi tsayi a duniya ta ƙara tsawon Missouri-Jefferson, don haɗin tsayin mil 3,710 (kilomita 5,971), tsayin mil 2.340 na Mississippi daidai ya wuce sauran koguna 19 cikin nutsuwa.

Koyaya, a cikin ƙarar fitarwa, ƙimar Mississippi ta kusan ƙafafu 600,000 (cubic meters 17,000) a cikin daƙiƙa ɗaya shine mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka kuma na takwas mafi girma a duniya.

Kogin Mississippi yana da tsayin kilomita 3.734, amma galibi ana la'akari da shi tare da tributary Missouri, wanda kuma ya karɓi Jefferson, waɗannan kogunan 3 sun zama babban rukunin kogin don haka galibi ana ɗaukarsu azaman kogi ɗaya, tare da jimlar 5.970. km.

Don haka, ana daukar kogin Mississippi a matsayin kogin na uku mafi tsayi a duniya, ko da idan muka yi la’akari da shi kadai, tafarkinsa ya fi guntu, don cin nasara a matsayi na farko a cikin koguna mafi tsawo a duniya, kamar yadda muka riga muka yi. gani., shi Amazon River, nan take kogin Nilu ya biyo baya.

Muhimmin fasalin Mississippi shine kwararar ta, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin kwararar kowane kogin da ke gudana a yankuna masu yanayi mai zafi. Tabbas, idan aka kwatanta da kogin Amazon da kogin Kongo, kwararar wannan hanyar ruwa ba wani abu bane na musamman.

Koyaya, dole ne a yi la'akari da cewa Mississippi ba ta cikin yankin da ke da yawan ruwan sama kuma wannan al'amari ne mai tantancewa. Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwan wannan kogin ya bambanta bisa ga yankin da ya ketare kuma za mu iya cewa yana tafiya daga 8,000 m³ zuwa 50,000 m³.

¿A ina kogin yake gudana?

Yana fantsama cikin wani rami a cikin Tekun Mexico, ana iya raba shi zuwa sassa biyu daban-daban: babban Mississippi na sama, daga tushensa zuwa haduwarsa da Ohio, sannan Mississippi na ƙasa, zuwa bakinsa, ɓangaren ƙasa na kogin. Yana samar da maɓalli da yawa daga memphis: swamps da matattu.

Babban titin kogin yana gudana cikin Mississippi tun 1938 a cikin dukkan jihohi goma, matafiya masu nisa waɗanda ke fama da teku za su ji daɗin gangarowa kogin ta hanya: daga arewa zuwa kudu, shimfidar wurare sun bambanta sosai, akwai wuraren tarihi da yawa. , da gidajen tarihi da wuraren shakatawa na kasa.

Length

Kogin Mississippi yana da tarihi idan dai tsawonsa, wannan kogin mai tsawon kilomita 6.275 a arewacin Amurka shi ne na hudu mafi tsawo a duniya, na farko mafi tsawo a kasar Uncle Sam kuma na biyu mafi tsawo a Arewa Hemisphere.

Kadan sun san shi, amma Mississippi ana raba tsakanin Kanada da Amurka. 98.5% na yankin yana gefen Amurka, yayin da 1.5% yana gefen Kanada, ƙari kuma yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mexico.

Mississipi ta fara ne a tafkin Itasca na Minnesota, baƙi za su iya ganin ruwan ruwa kuma su ketare kogin da ƙafa, inda zurfinsa ya kai inci 18 kawai. Duk da yake akwai lambobi daban-daban dangane da tushen, Kogin Mississippi da Yankin Nishaɗi ya lissafa tsawon Mississippi kamar mil 2,350, shine kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Arewacin Amurka, na biyu kawai ga Kogin Missouri.

Za ku sami Mississippi a wurin da ya fi kunkuntarsa ​​a bakin ruwa a tafkin Itasca, inda yake tsakanin ƙafa 20 zuwa 30, mafi faɗin wurin kogin yana da nisan mil 50 daga gabas, a tafkin Winnibigoshish, inda ya fi nisan mil 11. wuri mafi fa'ida a cikin tashar jirgin ruwan kogin yana da nisan mil 2, Lake Pepin, akan iyakar Minnesota da Wisconsin.

Physiography

Mayar da hankali kan tsarin, kan ƙananan filayen ambaliyar Mississippi, yana da sha'awa ta musamman ga cewa yanayin ƙasa da yanayin yanayin yankin na kogin ya yi. Kamar babban mazurari, kogin ya ɗauki laka da tarkace daga wuraren bayar da gudummawar da ke kusa da ƙarshen mazurari kuma ya ajiye yawancin samfuran a cikin bakin mazurari, yana nuna haɗin kai ga tsarin Mississippi gabaɗaya. .

Yankin da ya fi ba da gudummawa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan ya kasance yammacin kogin, yana girma a cikin tsaunukan yamma, musamman a cikin tudun Dutsen Rocky, koguna irin su Red, Arkansas, Kansas, Platte, da Missouri suna kawar da ɗimbin yawa na ɗimbin yawa. Fadada Babban Filaye.

Waɗannan ƙorafin suna taƙama kuma suna yin waƙa ta cikin wani faffaɗar rigar rigar da ba a haɗa su ba a hankali, wanda aka shimfiɗa a kan lokacin Cretaceous (watau kimanin shekaru miliyan 100), ga "Uban Ruwa."

Hazo a wadannan yankunan yamma yana da haske zuwa matsakaici, gaba daya kasa da inci 25 (635 mm) a kowace shekara, amma, saboda a kalla kashi 70 cikin XNUMX na wannan hazo yana fadowa yayin da ruwan sama tsakanin Afrilu da Satumba, karfin rafuka na karuwa (narkewar lokacin sanyi). ya fi na guguwar ruwan sama sannu a hankali).

Ma'ajiyar yashi, suma, suna ba da ƙarfi ga zaizayar ƙasa, don haka yawancin waɗannan kogunan suna ketare ne kawai a cikin karatunsu. Kogin Mississippi Delta babban kogi ne wanda ya fi daukar hankali ga aikin kogin.

A can, a ƙarshen magudanar ruwa, miliyoyin shekaru na lalatawa sun zubo a ƙasan mashigin tekun Mexico, inda suka samar da mazugi mai nisan mil 300 a cikin radius da murabba'in murabba'in 30,000 (kilomita murabba'in 77,700).

Matsalolin da ke tattare da yawancin ƙananan deltas shine ginshiƙan Mississippi, wanda ke da yanki da ya wuce murabba'in murabba'in 11,000 (kilomita 28,500), yana shimfiɗa wuraren rarrabawa zuwa cikin gulf, Mississippi ta taɓa ba da wasu tan miliyan 220 na laka a kowace shekara, galibi a cikin sifar slime.

Clima

A cikin lokacin sanyi, yana nufin yanayin zafi na wata-wata a cikin kwarin Mississippi yana daga 55° a yankin kudancin Louisiana zuwa 10° a yankin arewacin Minnesota; yana nufin yanayin zafi na wata-wata yana daga 82° a Louisiana zuwa 70° a Minn.

Maɓuɓɓugan hazo sune ɗanɗano kaɗan daga mashigin tekun Mexico da ɗanɗano mai ƙanƙan da ƙarfi daga Tekun Pasifik, bazara da hazo da ruwan sama daga wajen gabas da kudancin gabas da guguwa, hazo tsaka-tsakin wata-wata a cikin hunturu daga inci 5. (130 mm) ko sama da haka a kudu zuwa sama da inci 3 (75 mm) a cikin yawancin kwandon Kogin Ohio zuwa ƙasa da inch 1 (25 mm) a cikin Babban Filaye na yamma da Arewa.

Ruwan sama a lokacin rani da farkon faɗuwar ruwa yana faruwa ne a matsayin keɓantaccen shawa da tsawa da ƙarancin guguwa ta gaba, matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata yana tashi daga inci shida a kudancin Louisiana da kuma kan tsaunukan Tennessee da North Carolina zuwa inci biyu ko uku. sama da Babban filayen.

Ya wanzu Yanayin ruwan sama sama da rabin gabas na kwandon ruwa, tare da yawan ruwan sanyi da ruwan bazara da aka samar akan kogin Tennessee, Ohio, da kudancin kogin Mississippi. Ƙungiyar arewa-kudu na yanayin ƙasa mai ɗanɗano, ba cikakken ɗanɗano ko ɗan bushewa ba, ya tashi daga tsakiyar Texas arewa zuwa gabashin Dakota ta Arewa.

A yamma akwai yanayi maras ɗanɗano na Babban Filaye kuma tare da ƙwanƙolin tsaunukan Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen Wuta da Dutsen Dutsen.

Ilimin kimiyyar ruwa

Yana da matukar al'ada cewa ilimin ruwa na kogin yana da ƙarfi kamar Mississippi an yi amfani da shi azaman nazarin mutane da yawa, a cikin karni na 19 Mark Twain ya ba da labari da haske mai zurfi yadda matukan jiragen ruwa da suka ratsa ta cikin Mississippi tare da aiwatar da wani aikin. sabis na bayanai akai-akai akan canza mahallin akan lokaci.

A yau, Reshen Kogin Mississippi yana da garantin aiki akan kogin kuma ya yi imanin cewa yana da daraja kiyaye tsarin aikin kogin domin ƙwararrunsa su iya gwada sabbin tsare-tsare a ƙanana kafin shiga cikin ayyuka masu tsada, manyan ayyuka.

A gaskiya ma, a cikin 1920s an yi tunanin cewa an san isassun bayanai game da ilimin ruwa na kogin kuma an kafa isassun rarraba rarraba don mamaye kogin, da sauri, a cikin 1927, ambaliya mafi girma a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta na ɓangaren ƙananan kwarin Mississippi. Fiye da murabba'in mil 23,000 (kilomita 59,600) na filayen ambaliya, sadarwa, da manyan tituna, da sabis na jirgin kasa da na tarho, an shimfida shi a yankuna daban-daban.

gonaki, masana'antu da dukkan garuruwa sun kasance karkashin ruwa na dan lokaci. An samu hasarar dukiya mai dimbin yawa sannan akalla mutane 250 suka rasa rayukansu. Injiniyoyin kogi sun sake duba ilimin ruwa na Mississippi.

Garuruwan Kogin Mississippi

Daga cikin muhimman garuruwan da kogin Mississippi ya bi ta akwai jihohin:

• Minnesota
• Wisconsin
• Iowa
• Illinois
• Missouri
• Kentucky
• Tennessee
• Arkansas
• Mississippi
• Louisiana

Rayuwar al'adu

A zamanin da fasaha, motsi da sadarwar jama'a suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar al'adun ƙasa mai dunkulewa, dawwamammiyar ma'anar wuri da tarihin Mississippi sun bayyana kanta a cikin jajircewarta na kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, kayan tarihi da kayan daki daga baya. Kafin yakin basasa na Amurka, "al'ummar shuka" da kuma waɗanda suka gano tare da ita suna da ma'anar tawali'u.

Salon da Mississippians ke buri ya sanya kulawar fasaha ya zama tilas. Sun gina gidajen Revival na Girka kuma sun ba su kayan fasaha, littattafai masu kyau da kuma kayan daki masu kyau, yayin da aka koya wa ’ya’yansu ilimin jin daɗin jama’a da fasaha ta yadda baƙuwar baƙi ta zama fasaha a kanta.

Sarakunan karkara kuwa, sun kasance kadan ne daga cikin al’umma gaba daya, talakawa, tun daga kanana masu gonaki har zuwa bayi, sun gina nasu gidaje, suka tsara kayan daki masu sauki da karfi, suka yi nasu bakan shanu da tafukan kadi, sun kuma yi masa karin haske. nasa kayan kaɗe-kaɗe, yawancin kiɗan muryarsa sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin yabo, ballads, da lullabies.

Adabin su ya kasance tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi, da tatsuniyoyi, duk waɗannan al'adu da al'adu sun ba da gudummawa ga al'adun waɗanda suka rayu a Mississippi a ƙarni na XNUMX, ana adana kayan tarihi kuma an bincika su a cikin gidajen tarihi irin su gidan tarihi na Mississippi na Tarihi da Mississippi. Civil Rights Museum a cikin Jackson.

kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo

Kidan gida na Mississippi ya samo asali ne daga al'adun Turai da Afirka-Amurka, gami da, misali, ballads na Ingilishi da Scotland; waƙar garaya ta alfarma (dangane da garaya mai tsarki, mafi shaharar waƙoƙin waƙoƙi masu siffar rubutu da yawa), wanda farar ƙauye ne na ƙauye na Amurka ya daidaita al'adar Ingilishi ta farko; na ruhaniya, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare ga baki da fari vocal repertoires.

Da ake kira Mississippi Delta, salon da ke ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da al'ummar Afirka Ba'amurke na jihar, wannan arziƙin al'adun gargajiya ya haifar da ƙwararrun masu fasaha kamar Jimmie Rodgers, ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na kiɗan ƙasa; Elvis Presley, wanda aka fi gani a matsayin wanda ya kafa kiɗan rock; blues artist BB King.

Hakanan mawaƙin soprano Leontyne Price, Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da ya sami karɓuwa a duniya a duniyar wasan opera, jihar tana da ƙungiyar wasan opera a Jackson, ƙungiyoyin kade-kade na kade-kade da yawa da kuma ayyukan kade-kade a jami'o'i da yawa.

Al'adar wasan kwaikwayo a Mississippi ta samo asali ne tun 1800, lokacin da masu sauraron Natchez suka ga fim na farko mai ban mamaki da za a gabatar a yammacin gasar. Duwatsu Allegheny. A yau, da yawa daga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, kolejoji da jami'o'i a cikin al'umma suna ba da ƙima mai ban sha'awa, akwai ƙwararren kamfani a Jackson.

Wasanni da Nishaɗi

Ko da yake ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji da ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙaba suna da al'adu masu ƙarfi a cikin makarantun Mississippi, ƙarancin kwalejoji waɗanda suna cike da kyawawan tarihi da al'adu waɗanda ke nunawa a cikin ɗan gajeren jerin gwanayen 'yan wasa a jihar.

Kwalejoji guda uku na tarihi na baƙar fata a Mississippi, membobin taron wasannin motsa jiki na Kudu maso Yamma, suma sun yi tambarinsu kan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji (ba tare da fitattun ƙungiyoyin tafiya ba).

Running Back Walter Payton shine shahararren ƙwararrun tsofaffin ɗaliban ƙwallon ƙafa na jihar Jackson, waɗanda mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun mai karɓa a fagen ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda yayi tauraro a Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi Valley, yayin da ɗan wasan baya Steve McNair ya kafa tarihi a Jami'ar Jihar Alcorn.

Gadon Mississippi na karkara yana ci gaba da zama mai tasiri mai ƙarfi akan salon rayuwa da halayen nishaɗin mazaunanta. Farauta, kamun kifi (duka a kan tafkuna da koguna da kuma a cikin Tekun Mexico), kwale-kwale, sansani, da sauran ayyukan waje suna daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan nishaɗi a cikin jihar.

Kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafe

Duk manyan garuruwan da ke cikin jihar jaridu ne na gida suke yi wa aiki, ƙananan garuruwa da al'ummomi suna aiki da ɗayan mafi ƙarfi na tsarin mako-mako a Amurka.

Litattafai

Mississippi ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa adabin Kudancin tun farkon ƙarni na 1949. William Faulkner ne ya ƙirƙira yankin Yoknapatawpha na almara da tsararrun mutanenta a cikin shahararrun jerin litattafai. Wanda yake cikin manyan nasarori a adabin Amurka da na duniya, rubutun Faulkner ya ba shi kyautar Nobel a shekara ta XNUMX.

Daga cikin marubutan ''ƙarni na biyu'' Mississippi akwai Elizabeth Spencer, Walker Percy, Willie Morris, Margaret Walker (Alexander), da Ellen Douglas. Fitilar adabi na ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX sun haɗa da marubuta Barry Hannah, Larry Brown, John Grisham, da Richard Ford.

Clifton Taulbert sananne ne don tarihin rayuwar sa mai ban sha'awa a cikin yanayin nuna wariyar launin fata a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX na Mississippi, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Beth Henley ta sami yabo ga wasannin da ta yi a garuruwan kudanci.

Tasirin Kogin Mississippi

Wasu daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa na Kogin Mississippi sun haɗa da:

kogin arkansa 

Kogin Arkansas yana tsakanin manyan rafukan kogin Mississippi wanda ke gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas, kogin yana faruwa a Colorado kuma ya tattara ruwansa a cikin kogin Mississippi, yana tasowa tsawon mil 1,469 wanda ya ratsa ta cikin jihohin Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma. da Colorado.

Kogi na shida mafi girma a cikin ƙasar, na biyu mafi girma na kogin Mississippi da na 45th mafi girma a duniya, bakin kogin Arkansas yana Napoleon a Arkansas kuma yana da magudanar ruwa mai nisan mil mil 170,000. 

Kogin yana da juzu'in fitarwa na ƙafar cubic 40,000 a cikin daƙiƙa guda, yana zuwa na uku bayan kogin Ohio da Missouri dangane da matsakaicin ƙarar fitarwa. Ana iya raba kogin Arkansas zuwa sassa daban-daban guda uku tare da tafiyarsa, sashin farko ya kasance daga bakin ruwansa, wanda ya fara kusa da Leadville a Colorado.

Kogin da ke cikin wannan sashe yana da zurfi, ruwa mai gudana cikin sauri ta cikin Dutsen Dutsen kuma yana da kunkuntar kwari. Tare da wannan yanki, kogin yana tallafawa rafting na farin ruwa, musamman a cikin Canyon Gorge Brown da granite a Colorado.

Kashi na biyu na kogin ya fara ne a birnin Canon na Colorado, inda kwarin kogin ya yi girma kuma ya bazu sosai, wannan ya bayyana a cikin garin Colorado, inda kogin ya shiga cikin Great Plains. A cikin wannan sashe, kogin yana da ƙanƙara mai zurfi, manyan bankuna, da ambaliya na yanayi da aka gani akan kogin a Colorado, Kansas, da sassan Oklahoma.

Kogin Illinois

Kogin Illinois yana daya daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Mississippi wanda ke tafiyar kusan mil 273 a cikin jihar Illinois. Kogin yana farawa ne a mahaɗar kogin Des Plaines da Kankakee a gabashin Grundy County, Illinois, kimanin mil 10 kudu maso yammacin Joliet.

Kogin Illinois yana gudana zuwa yamma ta arewacin jihar kuma ya ratsa ta Morris da Ottawa, inda Kogin Fox da Kogin Mazon suka shiga kogin Illinois. Wasu Rivers waɗanda suka haɗu da Kogin Illinois sun haɗa da Kogin Vermilion, Kogin Mackinaw, Kogin Spoon, Kogin Sangamon, da Kogin La Moine.

Kogin Illinois ya haɗu da kogin Mississippi kimanin mil 95 arewa maso yamma daga cikin garin Saint Louis da kimanin mil 20 daga hawan kogin Missouri da Mississippi.

kogin Misori

Wannan babban kogin ana kiransa mafi tsayi a Arewacin Amurka, yana farawa daga tsaunukan hamada a kudu maso yamma sannan kuma ya tashi zuwa kudu maso gabas, yana tafiyar mil 2,466.

Kogin ya bi ta jihohi shida kafin ya shiga cikin kogin Mississippi kusa da Saint Louis a Missouri. Missouri ta zubar da wani yanki mai fadin murabba'in mil 500,000 wanda ya hada da jihohi goma a Amurka da larduna biyu a Kanada, ko da yake kogin Missouri na gabar kogin Mississippi ne, ya fi kogin Mississippi tsayi.

kogin ohio

Kogin Ohio yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwan kogin Mississippi kuma yana farawa ne a mahaɗin kogin Monongahela da kogin Allegheny a Pennsylvania. Kogin yana gudana tsawon mil 981 bayan ya tsallaka jihohi shida, ciki har da West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, da Illinois, kafin ya shiga cikin kogin Mississippi a Alkahira, Illinois.

Kogin Ohio yana da kusan nau'ikan kifaye kusan 150, ciki har da kifi, kifi kifi da kifin kifi, da sauransu. Kogin yana da matsakaicin zurfin ƙafa 24 kuma gabaɗayan kogin yana tafiya, yana barin jiragen ruwa su ɗauki matsakaicin miliyan 230. ton na jigilar kaya a kowace shekara, akwai tashoshin wutar lantarki 49 da madatsun ruwa 20 tare da Kogin Ohio.

kogin ja

Kogin Red River yana tsakanin manyan rafukan kogin Mississippi, yana fitowa daga tsaunin Rocky, tsakiyar tsakiyar kogin yana cikin Texas kuma yana ratsawa ta wasu jihohi daban-daban kamar Louisiana, Arkansas da Oklahoma, mai nisan mil 1,290.

Wasu daga cikin rafukan kogin Red River sun hada da kogin Sulfur, Little River, Little Wichita River, Kiamichi River, Washita River, Peace River, da Gishiri Fork Red River, da sauransu. Kudancin bankin kogin Red River wani yanki ne na iyakar Amurka da Mexico.

Bayan yerjejeniyar Adams-Onis da aka rattaba hannu a 1819 kuma tana aiki har zuwa 1821 lokacin da Texas ta hade, ruwan kogin Red River yana da murabba'in mil 65,590 kuma ruwansa yana da fadi sosai, magudanar ruwa kuma yanki ne mai albarkar noma da ke da 'yan kadan da manyan birane. .

Ma'anar Kogin Mississippi

Kogin Mississippi, tare da magudanan ruwa, ana amfani da su ne da farko don jigilar kayayyakin da ake kerawa da na noma zuwa sassa daban-daban na ƙasar, tsarin kogin Mississippi da Missouri su ne mafi girma a cikin ƙasar kuma suna ɗaukar sama da tan miliyan 450 na kaya duk shekara. .

Jiragen ruwa da ke tura manyan jiragen ruwa sune nau'in sufuri na gama gari. An kiyasta cewa kogin Mississippi yana da kusan kashi 92% na fitar da noma a Amurka da kashi 78% na waken soya da hatsin abinci, kogin Mississippi kuma gida ne ga wasu manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a kasar, kamar tashar jiragen ruwa na New. Orleans da Port of Louisiana, tashar jiragen ruwa biyu suna ɗaukar fiye da tan miliyan 500 kowace shekara.

Kogin Mississippi da Gulf of México

An dade ana gane kogin Mississippi a matsayin babban tasiri ga Tekun Mexico, amma har yau, an yi yunƙuri kaɗan don taƙaita duk hanyoyin da kogin ke tasiri ga mafi girman yanayin yanayin yankin Gulf.

Ƙungiya mai aiki na masana kimiyya sun taru don nazarin abin da aka sani, da abin da ba a sani ba, game da tasirin kogin Mississippi da delta na Gulf don taimakawa wajen jagorantar masu yanke shawara yayin da suke ci gaba a kokarin sake dawowa.

Babu wani kogi a Arewacin Amirka da ke da magudanar ruwa mai girma kamar kogin Mississippi, adadin sinadarai da yake fitarwa a cikin Tekun Mexico yana da yawa, saboda ruwan kogin ya fi na gishirin teku wuta, ya zauna a matsayin wani yanki na musamman. saman ruwan teku.

Yankin hypoxic na Gulf of Mexico wani yanayi ne na yanayi da ke faruwa a arewacin Gulf, daga bakin kogin Mississippi zuwa iyakar Texas, an fi saninsa da Matattu Zone na Gulf of Mexico, saboda Matakan Oxygen a cikin yankin sun yi ƙasa da ƙasa don tallafawa rayuwar ruwa.

Ruwan kogin Mississippi ya kai kashi arba'in da daya cikin dari na nahiyar Amurka, ya kunshi kashi arba'in da bakwai cikin dari na al'ummar karkarar kasar da kashi hamsin da biyu na gonakin Amurka, sharar da ake samu daga wannan yanki gaba daya Suna kwarara zuwa gabar tekun Mexico ta kogin Mississippi. Kogin.

A cikin wannan zubar da ruwa na noma akwai phosphorus da nitrogen, babban sinadaren da ke da alhakin furannin algal a Yankin Matattu, nitrogen da phosphorus an fara amfani da su a cikin takin zamani a Amurka a cikin 1930s.

Yawan nitrate da phosphate a cikin ƙananan Mississippi sun ƙaru daidai gwargwado na yawan amfani da taki ta hanyar noma tun daga shekarun 1960, lokacin da amfani da taki ya karu da fiye da tan miliyan biyu a kowace shekara. 

Gabaɗaya, shigar da nitrogen zuwa Tekun Fasha daga kogin Mississippi ya ƙaru tsakanin sau biyu zuwa bakwai a cikin karnin da ya gabata. Baya ga sharar noma, rashin isassun najasa ko rashin kula da najasa da sauran gurbatar yanayi kuma ana zubar da su cikin wadannan ruwayen.

Nitrogen yawanci abu ne mai iyakancewa, ma'ana ƙayyadaddun adadinsa yana iyakance haɓakar shuka da haifuwa. Duk da haka, yawan adadin nitrogen yana haifar da eutrophication, ɗaukar ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar phytoplankton ko wasu tsire-tsire.

Idan ba a rage gurɓatar abubuwan gina jiki da yawa ba, kifaye da kifin na iya zama wata rana su maye gurbinsu da ƙwayoyin cuta na anaerobic. Wanda ke nufin cewa ƙayyadaddun adadinsa yana iyakance girma da haifuwar tsire-tsire. Duk da haka, yawan adadin nitrogen yana haifar da eutrophication, ɗaukar ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar phytoplankton ko wasu tsire-tsire.

Duk da haka, yawan adadin nitrogen yana haifar da eutrophication, ɗaukar ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar phytoplankton ko wasu tsire-tsire. Idan ba a rage gurɓatar abubuwan gina jiki da yawa ba, kifaye da kifin na iya zama wata rana su maye gurbinsu da ƙwayoyin cuta na anaerobic.

Shuka da Rayuwar Dabbobi

Kodayake ciyayi na dabi'a na kwarin Mississippi na nan da nan samfurin ne na daban-daban Nau'in yanayi kuma daga ƙasa maimakon kogin, fadama da bayan ruwa na Mississippi suna da ban mamaki a yanayin muhalli. A gefen kogin, daga gandun daji na shinkafar daji na Minnesota zuwa rairayin bakin teku na delta, akwai aljihu na ƙungiyoyin shuka da dabbobi masu tasowa.

A can, yawancin murfin halitta, keɓancewar kwatance, da abincin da tsire-tsire ke bayarwa irin su sedges, algae, da gero suna ƙarfafa mulkin mallaka na yau da kullun ta tsuntsayen ruwa, hanyar waɗannan tsuntsaye, yayin da suke motsawa tare da yanayi, an kira shi da Mississippi Flyway. , Sunan da ya dace don babbar hanyar jirgin sama wacce ta tashi daga yankin delta zuwa filayen rani mai nisa na arewacin Kanada.

An kiyasta cewa agwagi, dawa da swans miliyan takwas ne ke ciyar da lokacin hunturu a kasan hanyar jirgin kuma tsuntsaye da yawa suna amfani da shi a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Latin Amurka. na mallards da shayi, bakaken agwagi, widgeon, gwaggo masu rufo da zobe-wuyan da kwasfa.

Manyan nau'ikan kifayen da ake samu a cikin kogin sun hada da nau'ikan kifin (wasu daga cikinsu suna girma zuwa girma da yawa kuma 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida suna cinikinsu a gefen koguna na kasa da na tsakiya); walleyes da tsotsa.

Waɗannan nau'ikan suna bunƙasa a cikin kogin na sama kuma suna ba da tushe don masana'antar kamun kifi a Minnesota da Wisconsin; carp da garfish. Alligators yanzu ba a cika samun su ba, ana samun su ne kawai a cikin keɓantaccen ruwan baya, kuma jatanyen ruwa da kaguwa suna raguwa.

sauran fauna

Ƙasa, ruwa da sararin sama na kogin Mississippi na sama sun haɗu tare da rayuwa. Mississippi da kewayen bluffs da filayen ambaliya suna ba da abinci da matsuguni ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, kifaye na musamman, da dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Yawancin nau'ikan tsuntsaye suna ciyar da bazara a nan tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa suna amfani da kogin da dazuzzukan sa da ciyayi a matsayin matsuguni a lokacin balaguron balaguro. Fiye da nau'in kifaye 120 suna rayuwa a cikin kogin, tare da dawo da yawan mussel. Otters, coyotes, barewa, beavers da muskrat da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa suna zaune a bakin kogin.

Makomar Kogin Mississippi