A cikin wannan Takaitaccen Labarin Labyrinth of Solitude na marubuci Octavio Paz, za ku sami abin da yake nufi a cikin wannan littafin. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan marubuta na karni na XNUMX.
Takaitaccen Labarin Labyrinth na kadaici na Octavio Paz
Cikakken sunansa na ainihi shine Octavio Irineo Paz Lozano, ya kasance babban mawaƙin Mexico, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da jami'in diflomasiyya. An haife shi a birnin Mexico a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1914. Iyayensa su ne Josefina Lozano da Octavio Paz Solórzano, wadanda a zamaninsa suka kasance mayaka mai fafutuka a juyin juya halin Mexico da ya fara a shekara ta 1910. Kakansa Irineo Paz babban marubuci ne kuma haziki.
A cikin ɗakin karatu na kakansa, Octavio ya sami sha'awar karatu da tsinkayensa na waƙa. Ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta adabi a shekarar 1990 da kuma lambar yabo ta Cervantes a 1981. Yana daya daga cikin manyan marubutan da suka yi tasiri a karni na XNUMX.
Ya yi karatu a Faculty of Law and Philosophy and Letters na Jami'ar Kasa. Yawancin ayyukansa suna yawo a cikin nau'in waƙa da maƙala. Waƙarsa ta yi magana fiye da kowane abu game da sha'awar jima'i, gwaji na yau da kullun da kuma tunani akan shan kashi a cikin mutum.
Tunanin Markisanci ya yi tasiri sosai a wakokinsa na farko, amma da sannu sannu a hankali wadannan suna canzawa saboda tasirin ra'ayoyin na zahiri, da kuma sauran kungiyoyin adabi da suka wanzu a lokacin. Yana da shekaru 17, ya buga wakokinsa na farko a cikin mujallar Barandal (1931). Sannan a shekara ta 1939 ya jagoranci mujallu Taller da Hijo Prodigo a shekara ta 1943. A wani balaguron balaguron da ya yi zuwa Spain ya samu damar tattaunawa da hazikan masana daga jamhuriyar Spain da kuma Pablo Neruda wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan abokan huldar wakarsa.
A cikin 1944 ya yi shekara guda a Amurka don samun tallafin karatu na Guggenheim. Amma a cikin 1945 ya shiga hidimar ƙasashen waje na Mexico kuma an aika shi zuwa Paris. Inda a wancan lokacin ya kaurace wa Markisanci ta hanyar cudanya da mawaka na gaskiya da sauran masanan Turawa da Latin Amurka.
Cigaban waqoqinsa kashi uku, a farkonsa ya ratsa da kalmar, a xaya kuma ya ba shi fassarar sahihanci da yake nema da la’akari da alaqa tsakanin sha’awa da ilimi a cikin ayyukansa.
Tun ina karami na ji wani labari game da adabin Amurkawa na Hispanic, wanda shine adabin mutanen Mutanen Espanya na Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka, Amurka ta Tsakiya da Caribbean, waɗanda aka rubuta cikin Mutanen Espanya.
A shekara ta 50, shahararren marubucin nan ya sami nasarar buga litattafansa guda hudu: Freedom under parole (1949). Labarin Kadaici (1950), Hoton al'ummar Mexico Eagle ko Rana? (1951), littafi mai tasiri mai tasiri, da Arco de la Lira (1956). Ayyukansa masu yawa da bambance-bambancen suna cike da tarin wakoki da littattafan kasidu da yawa, ciki har da Cuadrivio (1965), Toponemas (1969), El signo y el garabato (1973) da sauransu.
Octavio Paz ba ya son shahara kuma duk da haka, saboda aikinsa a rubuce, an san shi sosai. Kasancewar daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan adabin zamani littafinsa Labyrinth of Solitude ta Octavio Paz wanda yayi magana game da asalin Mexico a matsayin kasa da kuma al'adunta, inda ta hanyar rubutunsa ya motsa mu zaren tarihin Mexico.
An rubuta shi a sigar maƙala. A cikin wannan aikin Octavio Paz yayi mamaki game da ainihin ɗan Mexico, abin da ya sa ya bambanta da sauran. An fara rubuta Labyrinth of Solitude a cikin 1950.
Wannan shine littafin kasidunsa na farko da Octavio Paz ya buga. Amma wannan a bugu na biyu na Littafin Labyrinth na kadaici yana da wasu gyare-gyare kamar na 1959. A cikin bugu na farko kwafin ya ƙunshi surori 7 da rataye wanda shine babi na 8.
A bugu na biyu littafin, an saka rataye na kwanakinmu a cikin littafin a matsayin babi na biyu. Kuma a halin yanzu a cikin appendix an samar da sabon shafi mai suna The Dialectic of Solitude. A cikin surori nasa ya tabo batutuwan ilimin halin ɗan adam na Mexican.
Yin nazarin tarihin ƙasarsu da kuma yin tunani a kan menene tasirin mamaye al'ummar Mexico. Cewa na zama ɓangare na ƙungiyar Mexico. Hakazalika, yana nazarin yuwuwar abin rufe fuska da ɗan Mexico ke amfani da shi don nuna kansa kamar yadda ba haka bane. A cikin al'adun Mexica, dole ne mutumin ya kasance macho kuma matar ta yi murabus ga rayuwar da ta yi. Yana buɗe muhawara game da kasancewar ainihin asalin Latin Amurka, yana nuna ainihin asalin Mexican ga waɗanda ke da bambanci.
Mahimmin bayanai
A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX yayin rubuce-rubuce Labyrinth of Solitude, A cikin wannan marubucin ya yi tunani game da yadda Mexicans suke a sakamakon rashin jin daɗi da suka samu a lokacin juyin juya halin 1910. Domin a wannan lokaci sauyin jari-hujja yana zuwa ne saboda kusancin yakin duniya na biyu.
Ta hanyar rubutunsa, ya tabo batutuwa tare da 'yanci mai girma da jin dadi waɗanda ke da mahimmanci kuma suna magana da asalin ƙasa na mutanen Mexico. Tunanin da aka rubuta a wurin yana sa mai karatu ya yi tunani a kan sanin kasancewa.
Ya yi amfani da kwatankwacin abin da Labyrinth yake nufi ya bayyana cewa asalin ɗan Mexiko ya kasance kamar lebur ne inda rikice-rikice ba su da ƙayyadaddun bayani, ya kuma fallasa mabanbantan mahanga da suke da shi a duniya da kuma inda ake rayuwa daban-daban na hakika, inda tambaya idan da gaske akwai ainihin asalin Latin Amurka, inda ga Mexico kawai zaɓin da zai yiwu shine kaɗaici.
Don haka, a cikin babi huɗu na farko, marubucin ya yi bayani da kuma yin nazari kan mene ne ƙungiyoyin ƙaura, al’adunsu, alamomi da al’adu a cikin al’adunsu da ke ci gaba da canzawa. A cikin rubutun, marubucin ya bayyana cewa kasancewar Mexico ta samo asali ne daga kadaici a matsayin wani ɓangare na tunanin gama gari na mazaunanta.
Cigaba da Takaitaccen Bayanin Labyrinth of Solitude, Marubucin wannan aikin yayi nazari akan menene ainihin ɗan Mexico, ya fara ne daga kwatancen mazaunanta amma lokacin da suke waje da iyakokinsa, wato, a wajen Mexico. Abin da ke sa su zama daban-daban, shi ya sa Octavio Paz yayi magana game da abin rufe fuska na al'umma wanda ke sa ku zama ta hanyoyi daban-daban dangane da inda kuka fito.
A cikin rubutun ya yi rangadin alamomin bukukuwa daban-daban da kuma addininsa na mutuwa, wannan a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga abin da ya fuskanta a rayuwarsa. Ya yi magana game da batutuwan da ke haifar da cece-kuce irin na ubangida inda ikon uba a cikin iyali ya ba da 'ya'yansa don zama mai iko. Inda yayi magana akan wulakanci da fyade da ake yiwa mata. A kowane babi zai yi magana game da al'amurran da suka shafi mulkin mallaka da mamayewa. Juyin juya hali da 'yancin kai, da hankali na Mexican a yau. Kamar yadda yake magana kan halayen mutane da ci gabanta a matsayin al'umma.
Na gaba a cikin Takaitaccen Takaddun Labyrinth of Solitude Mun fahimci cewa wannan aikin yana ba mu batutuwa marasa iyaka waɗanda marubucin ya buɗe nazarin yadda, a cikin mahimman lokuta a cikin al'ummar Mexica, ƙungiyar Mexico ta kasance ta wata hanya. A cikin littafin, marubucin ya zo ya yi magana game da "pachucos" waɗanda suke samari da suka wanzu a shekara ta 1950 a Los Angeles, yawancin su Mexicans waɗanda ke da manufar haifar da tsoro.
An ambaci wannan hoton pachuco a cikin mafi yawan rubutu, tun da kadaici na Mexican ya zo ne daga jin ya bar tushensa.
Hakanan ana iya ambaton cewa a cikin Takaitaccen Takaddun Labyrinth of Solitude, marubucin ya kuma yi nazari inda ya bambanta ’yan Mexico da Amurkawa. Ya ce dan Arewa yana magana game da Amurkawa koyaushe yana dogara ne a nan gaba, yana neman haɓaka manufofinsa da manufofinsa. Da kuma Neman cigaban al'umma.
A gefe guda, dan Mexico yana ganin al'adunsa da tsoro kuma ya yaba da siffar mutuwa, wanda ya riga ya kasance cikin al'adunsa. Daga cikin wadanda suka yi imani, amma ba ’yan kasa ba ne kuma inda ba su yin kyakkyawan fata a matsayin hanyar ganin rayuwa. Amma suna ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan al'adu waɗanda ke da tushen imani ga tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi. Kuma inda siffar bakin ciki wani bangare ne na rayuwarsu da hakikaninsu. Yana daga cikin waɗanda suke a matsayin mutane.
Mun kuma ga cewa abin rufe fuska da 'yan kasar ke sanyawa, musamman na Mexico, inda suka ce yadda mutanensu ke fuskantar kunya da machismo suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummar Mexico.
Octavio Paz ya ce dan kasar Mexico yana da rufa-rufa sosai, tun da yake yana ganin cewa nuna kansa a matsayinsa na gaske alama ce ta rauni da kuma cin amana. Machismo da ke da yawa a cikin Mexican ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa suna ganin mata a matsayin wani abu mai ban sha'awa wanda kullum a can amma ba shi da dadi.
Littafin ya kuma tabo batun kunya a matsayin abin rufe fuska wanda ke taimakawa kare sirrin ku. Inda a ko da yaushe ake son hankali daga maza da natsuwa daga mata. Saboda wannan, an ce 'yan ƙasar Mexiko suna da tsabtar abin rufe fuska, waɗanda ba sa nuna ainihin abin da suke. Kuma suna amfani da su azaman hanyar kariya. Kuma cewa wannan ita ce irin wannan gaskiyar da ake gani a al'adun Mexica, kamar yadda ake ci gaba da gwagwarmayar Mexican.
en el Takaitaccen Tarihin Labyrinth of Society by Octavio Paz, ya nuna mana wani bincike na tarihi na al'ummar Mexico inda suke amfani da adadi na masks akai-akai don ƙoƙarin magance duk matsalolin da ke cikin al'ummarsu da kuma suka shafi aikin ƙasar, tabo batutuwan zamantakewa da jari-hujja. Inda a cewarsa, amsoshin da gwamnati ke baiwa al'ummar Mexico ba su da gamsarwa, kamar yadda yake faruwa a sauran al'ummomin Latin Amurka da Afirka da Gabashin kasar. Amma a lokaci guda yana ba da bege ga mutanen Mexico da kyakkyawar makoma.
Tsarin littafin
Anan mun nuna muku a Takaitaccen Takaddun Labyrinth of Solitude na yaya tsarin littafin Octavio Paz yake wanda ke da bugu biyu. Lokacin da aka buga shi a karon farko ya kasance a cikin 1950. A bugun farko littafin yana da surori 7 kuma 8 ƙari ne kawai.
A cikin bugu na farko na 1950:
An tsara surori kamar haka.
- pachuco
- Masks na Mexican.
- Duk Waliyyai, Ranar Matattu.
- 'Ya'yan Malinche.
- Nasara da Mallaka.
- Daga 'yancin kai zuwa juyin juya hali.
- Leken asirin Mexican.
- Kwanakin mu.
Shafi: Yaren kadaitaka
A cikin 1969 marubuci Octavio Paz, ya haɗa wani yanki mai suna Postdata wanda ya ƙunshi sassa masu zuwa:
- Olympiad da kuma Tlatelolco.
- Ci gaba da sauran al'amura.
- Dala review.
A cikin 1975, an ƙara hira da marubuci Octavio Paz a cikin littafin, wanda aka buga a cikin Mujallar Jama'a kuma wacce ake kira Fly to the labyrinth of kadaici.
Za mu iya samar da ƙarin bayani Takaitaccen bayanin Labyrinth of Solitude, tun da marubucin wannan littafi ya yi ƙoƙarin bayar da ra’ayinsa kan yadda ɗan Mexico yake, daga yadda yake magana, inda waɗannan kasidun da ɗan Mexico ke amfani da su a cikin kalmominsa suka fito. Haka kuma al'adun wata ƙasa ko ta yaya ya shafi dukan 'yan Mexico kuma suna da dabi'ar yin bukukuwa kamar mutuwa. Kuma wannan ya fito ne daga irin halin ko in kula da Mexican ke da shi ga rayuwa.
Don haka, Mexico na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da mafi yawan al'adu da al'adu da al'adu na musamman waɗanda mutane ne masu halaye na farin ciki, jajirtattu kuma masu ɗanɗanon liyafa da kiɗa amma masu himma.
Octavio Paz a cikin aikin yana nazarin halayen macho na maza ta hanyar abin da ake kira Masks na Mexican tare da abin da ake kira jima'i mai rauni, wanda zai zama mata. Don cimma wannan matsaya, ya yi amfani da abubuwan da suka gabata na tarihi kamar juyin juya halin Mexico da 'yancin kai. Sa ido sosai kan yadda mace ta shiga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci ga al'ummar Mexico.
Jaddada juyin halittar mata a cikin al'ummar da ake kira chauvinistic, kallon bar baya, rashin kima har ma da kasala. Amma a yau iyayen Mexiko sun canza ta wannan fanni kuma suna da alhakin rarraba ayyukan maza da mata, suna koyar da abin da ke da kyau ko mara kyau a cikin al'ummar Mexico dangane da yanayin da kuke ciki. A ƙarshe, machismo yana nuna alamar rauni.
A gefe guda, a cikin Takaitaccen bayanin Labyrinth of Solitude, A cikin babin da ake kira A All Saints, Day of Dead, marubucin ya yi magana cewa wannan al’ada, wadda ta samo asali daga al’adun Mexica, tana ba mutane damar tsarkake kansu da kuma zubar da abin da suke da shi a ciki saboda wani lamari da ya shafi mutuwa. Kazalika bayar da karramawa ga wadancan mutane na musamman wadanda ba sa cikin wannan jirgin amma suka bar masoya da ke tunawa da su. Amma shi da kansa ya ce wannan bikin yana nuna cewa ba sa ba da muhimmanci ga rayuwa kanta.
A cikin 'ya'yan Malinche, Octavio Paz yana nuna cewa lokacin da jari-hujja ya shiga cikin al'ummar Mexico, yana canza tsari da alamomi. Kuma alal misali, ƙauyen da ke wakiltar asiri da al'ada, ma'aikaci da kyar ke taka rawa a cikin sarkar samar da ƙwadago a cikin tattalin arzikin Mexico. Duk da haka, 'yan Mexico da suka sadaukar da kansu ga wannan aiki mai daraja suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don mahimmanci da aikin da suke samarwa ga kasar.
Game da ci da mulkin mallaka, marubucin a cikin aikinsa ya yi magana cewa yayin da ake fuskantar cin zarafi da mallake ƙasashensu, Aztec, waɗanda suka fara zama a ƙasar, suna jin cewa alloli da suke bautawa sun yi watsi da su.
A cikin 'yancin kai na juyin juya hali, Octavio Paz yayi magana cewa 'yancin kai na Mexico yaki ne na aji. Inda mai kudi ko kadarorin ke son mika wuya ga wadanda ba su da karfin tattalin arziki kamar wadannan. A cikin wannan lokacin, yawancin 'yan Mexico sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka don neman ingantacciyar rayuwa.
Game da hankali na Mexican, marubucin littafin Labyrinth of Solitude ta Octavio Paz, a wannan lokacin juyin halitta. Da yawan masu fasaha da masana ne suka fito wajen hidimar juyin juya halin Musulunci, wadanda sai da suka yi nazari a kan wasu fagage don samun damar yin aiki da kuma taka rawa a harkokin tafiyar da gwamnati.
A cikin tafsirin da zai kasance babi na 8 na bugu na biyu na wannan muhimmin rubutu. Wanda ake kira a zamaninmu, marubucin ya fahimci cewa albarkacin juyin juya halin da Mexico ta samu a wancan lokacin, ya taimaka wa ci gaban al'umma, yana ba ta suna. Amma abin takaici hakan bai samu ba da amsa ga al'ummar Mexico ba tsawon tarihinta.
Ta hanyar nazarin lokacin tarihinta da kuma tsintsawa kamar furen dukkan tsarin Mexico daga tsarin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa wanda ya kafa yammacin duniya a lokacin. Kuma yana ba mai karatu ɗan ƙaramin bege ga al'ummar Mexico.
Daga cikin mahimman ayyukan Octavio Paz muna da:
A cikin nau'in waƙar: Luna Silvestre a cikin 1933, Ba za su wuce ba! a cikin 1936, ƙarƙashin inuwar ku da sauran waƙoƙi game da Spain a 1937, Freedom under word in 1949, Seeds for a hymn in 1954 and Figures and figuration in 1999.
A wurin gwaji muna da: Labarin Kadaici a 1950, The Bow and the Lira a 1956, The Elm Pears in 1957, The Signs in Judge and Other Essays in 1965, Remedios Varo a 1966, The Sign and the Doodle in 1973, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz ko Traps of bangaskiya a 1982, shayari, labari, juyin juya hali a 1989, da sauran murya. Shayari da ƙarshen karni a 1990, harshen wuta biyu: soyayya da batsa a 1993.
Don ci gaba da fahimtar hanyar tunanin Octavio Paz, muna da wasu jimlolin da ya yi amfani da su:
- Rashin gaskiyar abin da ake kallo yana ba da gaskiya ga kallon.
- Haske shine lokacin da ake tunani.
- Don ƙauna shine cire tufafin sunaye.
- Al'ummar da ke tattare da hauka na samar da abubuwa da yawa don cin abinci mai yawa tana mai da hankali kan juya ra'ayoyi, ji, fasaha, soyayya, abota da kuma mutane da kansu zuwa abubuwan amfani.
- Komai yana yau. Komai yana nan. Komai yana nan, komai yana nan. Amma duk abin kuma yana wani wuri kuma a wani lokaci. Daga kansa kuma cike da kanshi...
- Ƙauna ji ce da za a iya haifuwa kafin ƴantacciyar halitta, wanda zai iya ba mu ko janye gabansa daga gare mu.
- Girman kai mugunyar masu iko ne.
- Rayuwa mai kyau tana buƙatar mutuwa da kyau. Dole ne mu koyi kallon mutuwa a fuska.
- Ƙauna abin jan hankali ne na mutum na musamman: zuwa ga jiki da rai. Soyayya zabi ce, sha'awa karbuwa.
- Babban ma'anar zanga-zangar zamantakewa ta ƙunshi adawa da fatalwar nan gaba da ba za ta iya yiwuwa ba tare da gaskiyar halin yanzu.
- Mutum, itacen hotuna, kalmomi waɗanda furanni ne waɗanda 'ya'yan itatuwa ne masu ayyuka.
A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 1996 marubucin ya sha wuyar gobarar babban ɗakin karatu nasa. Hakan ya sa shi baƙin ciki sosai domin yana da wani ɓangare na rayuwarsa a can, tun da yake wannan ɗakin karatu ya kasance sakamakon ƙaunarsa ga adabi.
Octavio Paz ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1998, sakamakon fama da ciwon daji na kashi da phlebitis. Ya mutu a gidan Alvarado, titin Francisco Sosa, unguwar Santa Catarina, Coyoacan, Mexico City. An lullube gawarwarsa a cikin Fadar Fine Arts. Mawakin ya rasu ne da tsakar daren ranar Lahadi. Matarsa, mai zanen Faransa Marie José Tramini wanda ya yi aure tare da shi a 1964, dangi da abokanan ma'auratan sun lura da gawarsa.
Sama da mutane dubu rabin ne suka halarci jana'izar sa. Shugaban kasar Mexico na lokacin Ernesto Zedillo de Ponce de León ne ya jagoranci yarjejeniyar jana'izar. An gudanar da jana'izar ne a hedkwatar gidauniyar Octavio Paz, sannan aka mayar da taron jana'izar zuwa fadar Fine Arts.
Mutane da yawa sun zo Fadar Fine Arts don girmama wannan fitaccen marubuci. Da kuma manyan hukumomi a kasar. A cikin wannan bikin, shugaba Zedillo ya bayyana cewa, Mexico ta yi hasarar babban mai tunani da mawaƙa.
Na kuma bayyana cewa marubucin ya bar a Mexico da ma duniya misali na jajircewa da mutunci a cikin bukatar da ba ta dace ba don al'ummar Mexico ta sami 'yanci kuma tare da sukar da ya yi wa masu mulki a lokacin za su sanya hannu kan rashin haƙuri. da mulkin kama-karya da kasar ta yi fama da shi a lokacin.
An lura da raɗaɗin mutuwar wannan mashahurin marubuci a duk faɗin duniya azaman haruffa da yawa a cikin rayuwar jama'a kamar Sarakunan Spain, Juan Carlos da Sofia. Sun aika sakon ta'aziyya ga matar marubucin.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da za a iya tattauna game da Octavio Paz, shi ne cewa shi da kansa ya bayyana cewa tun yana matashi ya rubuta wakoki kuma ya ci gaba da yin haka, amma babban burinsa shi ne ya rubuta waƙa. Da yake mawaki
Marubucin Labyrinth of Solitude, kasancewar Mexico, ya gano gaskiyar cewa Latin Amurka ta rayu a waɗannan lokutan. Amma wakarsa ta kai matakin duniya wanda ya sa ya shahara kamar yadda yake a yau duk da rasuwarsa.
Za mu iya cewa Labyrinth of Solitude aiki ne da ke zurfafa cikin rudani na Mexico. Ya yi magana game da ɓarna da asalin pre-Columbia na yawancin mashahuran bukukuwa da ake yi a ƙasarsa. Kuma wannan yana magana ne game da tarihin Mexico, asalinsa da kuma yadda mamaye ya sami 'yancin al'umma.
Wannan littafi ne na sukar zamantakewa, siyasa da tunani wanda ya sa mai karatu yayi nazari da tunanin cewa abin da ke cikin wannan aikin zai iya maimaita kansa a wannan lokaci, ko kuma watakila waɗannan matakan da aka riga aka shawo kan al'umma.
Abin da ya sa wannan littafin, ya kamata ya sami damar karantawa da yawancin masu karatu a duniya waɗanda ba su san gadon Octavio Paz ba. Amma cewa nazarin da ya yi a ciki na iya zama mai inganci a yau a yawancin ƙasashe masu amfani da Mutanen Espanya da kuma duniya.
Don haka ina gayyatarku ku gana da wannan babban marubuci kuma mawaƙin da ya bar mu a wannan ƙarni na ashirin. Kuma cewa a yau ya ci gaba da barin mana koyarwa a fagen adabi. Wanda ake kira Octavio Paz Mawallafin wannan sanannen aikin mai suna The Labyrinth of Solitude.
Muna gayyatar ku don karanta labarin biography na Agustin iturbide.