Rayayyun halittu suna da hanyoyin halitta don cika waɗannan dabi'un halitta: haihuwa, girma, haifuwa da mutuwa. Tsire-tsire, kasancewarsu masu rai, suma suna cika waɗannan zagayowar halittu, dangane da zagayowar haihuwa, tsire-tsire na iya aiwatar da su ta hanyar haihuwa ta jima'i da jima'i. Ina gayyatar ku ku sani, yaya Haifuwar Tsirrai take.
Haifuwa na shuke-shuke
Tare da manufar kiyaye nau'in, duk masu rai sun ɓullo da hanyar Haihuwa da kiyaye tsarin halittarsu. Dabbobi da shuke-shuke sun ɓullo da hanyoyi daban-daban don haifuwa, ya danganta da juyin halittarsu da daidaitawarsu akan lokaci kuma ya danganta da yanayin yanayin da ake rarraba su. Musamman, tsire-tsire na iya haifuwa ta hanyar jima'i da jima'i.
Haifuwa na Tsire-tsire yana da sharadi ta hanyar tsarin juyin halitta na nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban, daidaitawar su da kuma juyin halittar halittarsu. Tsire-tsire na farko da suka girma a duniya sune ferns da alaƙa, dazuzzuka a cikin Carboniferous Period na Paleozoic, ana kiran shi "zamanin ferns" tsire-tsire na farko na jijiyoyin jini ba tare da tsaba ko furanni ba.
A ƙarshen zamanin Paleozoic, tsire-tsire na Gymnosperm masu ɗauke da iri, irin su ferns masu ɗauke da iri (wanda aka sani kawai a cikin kasusuwa), sun fara bayyana kuma suna gogayya da tsire-tsire marasa iri, tsire-tsire marasa fure don albarkatun muhalli. A wannan lokacin akwai conifers da sauran gymnosperms.
Ƙungiyoyin tsire-tsire na baya-bayan nan sune wakilan Magnoliophyta Division, wanda shine angiosperms ko tsire-tsire tare da furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba. Wannan rukuni na ciyayi na ƙarshe ya fara mamayewa da fashewa daga Mesozoic a cikin Lokacin Cretaceous. Mafi girman nau'in tsire-tsire na angiosperm suna girma kuma ana rarraba su a cikin yankuna masu zafi na duniya, a cikin gandun dajinsa akwai tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire (gymnosperms). Daban-daban nau'ikan tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, a gefe guda, suna da kyau a wakilci a cikin gandun daji na yankuna masu zafi na duniya.
Abubuwan da aka ambata sun haifar da bayyanar da hanyoyi daban-daban na haifuwa bisa ga halaye na nau'in shuka, wannan shi ne saboda nau'o'in shuke-shuke daban-daban: gymnosperms da angiosperms sun bambanta sosai a cikin tsarin su, halaye da hanyoyin haihuwa, ta hanyar haifuwa. jima'i da asexual.
haifuwar jima'i
Don haifuwar jima'i na tsire-tsire, haɗin gwiwar gametes biyu, gamete mace da na namiji, dole ne ya faru. Ana samun waɗannan a cikin gabobin jima'i daban-daban stamens (namiji) da pistils (mace). Domin waɗannan gametes su haɗu, yawancin abubuwan da ke haifar da pollinating irin su kwari da tsuntsaye suna shiga ciki, da kuma abubuwan muhalli kamar iska.
Pollinators a cikin tsire-tsire masu fure suna canja pollen daga wannan fure zuwa wancan kuma ta wannan hanyar hadi yana faruwa. Don cimma Haifuwa na tsire-tsire masu furanni, dole ne a aiwatar da matakai uku: pollination, hadi da germination.
pollination
A lokacin pollination na tsire-tsire masu furanni, yana yiwuwa a canja wurin pollen na tsire-tsire tsakanin furanni na tsire-tsire daban-daban. Yana faruwa ne saboda shiga tsakani na abubuwan waje kamar iska, pollinating dabbobi ko ruwa. Dabbobin da ke yin pollin suna jawo furannin shuka don Haifuwa, ta launin furanninta, ƙamshi, nectar ko wasu na'urori na musamman don cimma pollination. Ta hanyar canja wurin pollen, masu pollinators suna fara hadi.
hadi
Da zarar hadi na furanni ya bayyana, zygote ya fara tasowa, inda aka tattara halayen kwayoyin halitta na gametes biyu na iyayensa, wanda ke haifar da samar da nau'in jima'i. Wannan amfrayo na sabon shuka shine tantanin farko da ke rarrabawa kuma yana girma, yana girma da kariya da kuma ciyar da shuka ta hanyar da aka haifa. A cikin tsire-tsire, ana samar da murfin mai wuya wanda ke kare amfrayo kuma ya samar da iri.
A cikin tsire-tsire na angiosperm, iri yana kiyaye shi ta wani sashin shuka da ake kira 'ya'yan itatuwa. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari suna ba da kariya da abinci mai gina jiki, waɗannan suna da ban sha'awa ga dabbobi saboda launinsu, ɗanɗanonsu da ƙamshi, za su iya faɗo ƙasa a lokacin da suka girma ko kuma dabbobi su cinye su kuma a kwashe 'ya'yansu zuwa wani wuri mai nisa daga tsire-tsire na iyaye kuma, idan yanayin muhalli ya ba shi damar, ana fitar da tsaba kuma za su iya girma kuma sake sake zagayowar haihuwa. Ga kowace iri, sabon tsiro mai nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in tsiro na tsiro yana tsiro, tare da wani nau’in kwayar halitta na musamman da ya bambanta da sauran tsiron da aka haifa daga tsiron daya.
germination
Lokacin da 'ya'yan itacen da suka cika suka fada cikin ƙasa mai albarka, yayin da iri ya ruɓe, zai iya yin girma kuma, idan dabbobi masu ciyawa suka cinye su lokacin da suke bazuwa, suna ajiye tsaba a kan ƙasa mai albarka kuma, da lokaci, sai su yi fure idan an buɗe su, suna yin saiwoyi. kuma toho sabon shuka. A cikin yanayi, tsaba na iya yin barci kuma su jira yanayin muhalli mai kyau don tsiro.
asexual haifuwa
Haihuwar Tsirrai na Asexual ya bambanta da Haihuwar Tsirrai na Jima'i, domin babu wani bambancin jinsi da ke faruwa a sabuwar shuka. Ta hanyar haifuwa na asexual na shuka, tsire-tsire a cikin kwayoyin halitta daidai da tsire-tsire na uwa ana haifar da su. Ana aiwatar da wannan haifuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban: sporulation, budding, polyembryony da apomixis.
Ciwan maniyyi
Ana samun wannan hanyar haifuwa ta asexual ta hanyar hadi na spores, wanda za'a iya samar da nau'ikan tsire-tsire na gymnosperm daban-daban, waɗanda ba su samar da iri ba. Waɗannan suna iya jure wa yanayi mara kyau na muhalli daban-daban har sai sun cimma Haifuwarsu lokacin da yanayin zafi na muhalli ya dace da haifuwarsu. Wadannan spores suna da dukkanin kwayoyin halittar mahaifiyar shuka don haka za su samar da mutum mai kama da iyayensa, wato, tsire-tsire na clone kuma ta haka za a kiyaye nau'insa.
Tsire-tsire irin su ferns da gansakuka masu tasowa, suna samar da su a ƙarƙashin ganyen su a cikin sori, idan yanayi ya bushe sori yana buɗewa kuma iska ce ke da alhakin motsa spores, masu ƙanƙara da ƙananan nauyi. Idan spores da ke fadowa ƙasa sun zo daidai da yanayin yanayi mai kyau da yanayin zafi mai zafi, waɗannan spores za su yi fure kuma gametophyte zai yi, inda za a sami gabobin jima'i na namiji da mace tare.
Ta hanyar ruwa, ana jigilar kwayoyin namiji na gametophyte kuma lokacin da suka isa wani gametophyte tare da kwayoyin mace, za a yi hadi kuma idan an haihu, za a haifi sabon mutum na nau'in nau'in. Ya kamata a lura cewa gametophytes ƙananan tsire-tsire ne kuma ba manyan mutane ba ne na nau'in su. Ayyukansa shine ba da damar Haifuwa na shuka ya faru. Wato gametophyte na fern shuka ba sabon fern ba ne, amma gabobin haihuwa don tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da spore don haifuwa.
Shekaru
A cikin wannan hanyar haifuwa ta jima'i, kwayoyin halittar mutum da ke haifuwa suna rarraba ba daidai ba, suna haifar da wani mutum mai kama da wannan, kuma wannan yana faruwa ta hanyar samar da wani tsari ko tsarin jiki wanda, yana da yanayin da ya dace, zai iya girma da kuma girma. raba tsakanin iyaye da fara rayuwa, da kansu, wasu kuma sun kasance a haɗe-haɗe suna yin mulkin mallaka. Misalin yisti.
polyembryony
A cikin wannan haifuwar jima'i, embryo biyu ko fiye zasu iya tasowa daga kwai daya da aka haifa, kamar yadda yake faruwa a tsire-tsire na mango.
apomixis
Wani nau'in haifuwa ne na asexual ta hanyar iri da nau'ikan gymnosperm ke aiwatarwa waɗanda ke da iri. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar tsaba ba tare da pollination na waje ba. Waɗannan suna yin kwatankwacin halittar halittar uwar shuka, wato iri ne da aka haɗa. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da daya daga cikin gabobin shuka ya rabu, ya kasance: kara, reshe, tuber, reshe, da sauransu) kuma ya girma, yana tasowa kansa, yana samar da sabon mutum. Wannan nau'i na Haihuwa yana da nau'i daban-daban, kamar haka:
- mitospores. Wani nau'i ne na haifuwa na tsire-tsire, wanda spores ke fitowa daga mitosis, wanda shine yadda fungi, ferns, mosses da lichens ke haifuwa. Kowanne daga cikin tantanin halitta an yi shi ne da tantanin halitta mai kauri da kauri mai kauri wanda ke kare su daga yanayin yanayi mara kyau. Idan yanayin muhalli yana da kyau, ambulaf ɗin kariya ta tsage kuma tantanin halitta a cikinsa ya yi girma kuma sabon tsiro ya girma.
- propagules. Propagules kowane tsari ne na kwayoyin shuka da aka samar ta hanyar jima'i ko ta jima'i, kuma sun samo asali ne na sabon mutum wanda zai iya girma da haɓaka kansa kuma ya samo sabon halitta mai kama da uwar shuka.
Ya kamata a lura cewa haifuwa ta maza da mata ita ce aka fi amfani da ita wajen shuka amfanin gona don amfanin gona ko kayan ado, domin wani lokaci ana saurin samun sabbin tsiro ta irin wannan nau'in haifuwa, musamman ma idan sun kasance nau'in daji da sauransu. Wannan shi ne saboda samun iri yana da wuyar gaske, ana jira kafin su girma kuma yana iya ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa. Har ila yau, yakan faru cewa wasu nau'ikan ba sa samar da iri idan yanayin muhalli bai cika ba don hakan ya faru a wuraren da ke wajen asalinsu.
Ina gayyatar ku don ci gaba da koyo game da yanayi mai ban mamaki da kuma yadda za a iya kula da shi, ta hanyar karanta waɗannan abubuwan: