Daban-daban na albarkatun kasa suna ba kowace al'umma halaye daban-daban kuma daban-daban, suna ba ta kyawawan dabi'un da ba a iya misalta su a kowane sasanninta na duniya, don haka, an kafa alkaluma kan nau'in tsiro, dabbobi da nau'ikan halittun da ke cikin kowane yanki da ke kafa kadarori na megadiverse, a cikin talifi na gaba za mu koya game da Menene ƙasar Megadiverse?
Menene Ƙasar Megadiverse?
Duniyar duniya tana kunshe da yanayi daban-daban kamar savanna, koguna, lagos, dazuzzuka, dazuzzuka, dusar kankara, hamada, tsaunuka, tekuna, fadama, da sauransu. Suna wakiltar wurare na kyawawan dabi'u, masu wadata da bambancin nau'in halittu a cikin flora (bishiyoyi, shuke-shuke, shrubs) da fauna (felines, dabbobi masu rarrafe, kifi), ya kamata a lura cewa kowane kusurwa na duniya yana da abubuwan da suka sanya shi. yanki na musamman kuma daban-daban. zuwa wani
Duniya an kasafta ta ne zuwa nahiyoyin duniya guda biyar kuma kowanne daga cikinsu yana kunshe da rukunin kasashe masu yanayi daban-daban, wanda hakan ke nuni da cewa kasashen da ke dauke da yawan nau'in halittu a doron kasa, wadanda aka fi sani da kasashe megadiverse. Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli (CMCA) ta gano su a tsakiyar 1998.
Wani ra'ayi ne a cikin 1988 masanin ilimin ɗan adam Russell Mittermeier, shugaban Conservation International, wanda ya shahara da karatunsa a ƙasashe daban-daban kamar Madagascar da Brazil. A halin yanzu kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don wayar da kan jama'a game da kare nau'ikan halittu na halitta, musamman a kasashen da ke da nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) da ake amfani da su don wayar da kan jama'a game da kare nau'in halittu na halitta.
A cewar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun yi nasarar gano cewa akwai kasashe megadi daban-daban 17, wadannan kasashe sun shafi yankuna masu zafi dake kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Latin Amurka. Suna wakiltar kashi 10% na duk faɗin duniya amma waɗannan ƙasashe suna gida ne ga kashi 70% na ɗimbin halittu na ƙasa. Har ila yau, sun haɗa da fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na dukan nau'in kashin baya (ba tare da kifi ba) da kashi uku bisa huɗu na nau'in tsire-tsire masu girma.
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta kafa Cibiyar Kula da Kariya ta Duniya (WCMC), wacce ke da alhakin tantance kasashe megadiverse, wadanda ke da adadin 17:
- Australia
- Brasil
- Sin
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- Amurka
- Philippines
- India
- Indonesia
- Madagascar
- Malasia
- México
- Papua New Guinea
- Peru
- Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyyar Congo
- Afirka ta Kudu
- Venezuela
A tsakiyar shekara ta 2002, an kafa wani taro a kasar Mexico na manyan kasashen da ake ganin mabambanta ne, a cikin wannan taron an tabo wasu abubuwa, kamar sanarwar Cancun da kuma kungiyar kasashe masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Megadiverse, dukkansu. wannan tare da manufar aiwatar da hanyoyin tuntuɓar juna waɗanda ke yin haɗin gwiwa tare da juna, tare da babban abin sha'awa shine kiyaye bambancin halittu.
Baya ga ba da damar yin adalci da daidaito na duk fa'idodin da aka samu a matsayin albarkatun halitta. A tsawon lokaci, an shigar da wasu ƙasashe cikin wannan rukunin, kamar Malaysia, Philippines, Iran da Guatemala.
Halayen Kasashen Mega Daban-daban
Dukkanin ƙasashen duniya suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire iri-iri da nau'ikan namun daji, saboda wannan Cibiyar Kula da Kare Kulawa ta Duniya ta kafa wasu abubuwan da suka dace don samun damar ɗaukar ƙasa a matsayin megadivers:
Matsayin yanki
Yawancin suna cikin wurare masu zafi, yanki mai wadata da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban.
endemic nau'in
Dole ne a samar da ƙasashe daban-daban na Megadivers tare da mafi ƙarancin shuke-shuke 5000, waɗannan sun dace da waɗanda suka samo asali a wannan wurin kuma ana samun su ta zahiri a cikin yankin.
iri-iri na muhalli
Sun yi fice wajen samun adadi mai yawa na yanayin halittu a cikin sararinsu kamar tsaunuka, dazuzzuka, dazuzzuka da galibi na nau'ikan ruwa kamar rafuka da teku. Bayar da yankinsa bambancin yanayi, ƙasa da yanayin yanayi.
Insulation
Waɗannan yankuna waɗanda tsibirai da ƙasashen nahiyoyi suka raba su waɗanda ke ba da damar ci gaba na musamman na flora da fauna a cikin wuraren zama.
Girma
Yankin sararin samaniya yana da matukar mahimmanci a cikin wannan yanayin, inda mafi girman girman, mafi girman bambancin yanayi da nau'in nau'in nau'i.
tarihin juyin halitta
Wasu ƙasashe yankuna ne na tarihin juyin halitta, suna haɗuwa a wurare na yankuna biyu na nazarin halittu, suna haifar da hulɗar fauna da flora masu dacewa a duniya.
Cultura
Yana ba da damar yin gida na ciyayi da dabbobi waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yanayin yanayi.
Manufofin Ƙasashen Megadiverse
Ma'anar Megadiverse yana da alaƙa da ɗimbin halittu da ɗimbin abubuwa masu yawa waɗanda ke wadatar da takamaiman yanki na duniyar duniyar, saboda wannan sanarwar Cancun da rukunin ƙasashe na Megadiverse masu kama da juna suna da babbar manufa:
- Bambance-bambancen halittu a cikin dandalin tattaunawa
Kasance da matsayi mai alaƙa da nau'ikan halittu masu rai na tsirrai da nau'ikan dabbobi a cikin taron ƙasashen duniya da aka gudanar.
- Motsa kiyayewa game da bambancin nau'in a cikin ƙasashen asali
Haɓaka ayyukan da ke haɓaka bincike kan abubuwan ƙirƙira albarkatu, saka hannun jari a cikin fasahohin zamani don tallafawa kiyayewa da aiwatar da ayyukan tattalin arziki masu dorewa.
- Ƙarfafa kiyayewa
Kasance a matsayin babban makasudin kayayyaki, ayyuka da fa'idojin da suka shafi kiyaye albarkatun kasa, neman dorewar fa'ida ta bambance-bambance mai dorewa don ci gaban kasashe.
- Tashoshi don musayar bayanai da daidaita dokoki
Daidaita dokokin ƙasa na duk ƙasashe membobin don tada kariyar rayayyun halittu, samun damar samun albarkatun halittu da fa'idodin abubuwan da aka samo asali.
- Tsara dokokin kiyayewa
Ƙirƙiri tsarin ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke motsa yunƙurin kiyaye duk albarkatun halittu da amfaninsu mai dorewa.
- Ayyukan Ƙasashen Duniya
Ƙarfafa yunƙurin ɗaukar matakai tare da ƙasashe maƙwabta a matsayin wani shiri na sirri da duk masu sha'awar, ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa da samun moriyar juna, tare da alhakin duk wani babban birnin ƙasar na kiyayewa da amfani da albarkatun.
- Yaki da haramtacciyar kasa
Yi iko da ayyukan da ba bisa doka ba na duk albarkatun halittu, tare da kyakkyawar sarrafa bayanai kan ayyuka mara kyau, sanar da cibiyoyin ilimi da masu zaman kansu duk abin da ya wajaba don amfani da hanyoyin da ke sarrafa albarkatun halittu.
Kasashen Megadiverse
Akwai kungiyoyi daban-daban da ke da alhakin kula da albarkatun halittu na kasashen megadi daban-daban, a cikin wannan hali ne cibiyar sa ido kan kiyaye kiyaye muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi fice, manufarsu ita ce rarraba kasashen bisa ga kididdigar kididdigar halittu a halin yanzu, tare da bin wasu ka'idoji. dangane da bambancin halittu da bambancin jinsin kowace kasa, a kasa za mu san manyan halayen kowannensu:
- Australia
Tana da tarin dabbobin kasa da na ruwa, baya ga kasancewarta al'umma a siffar tsibiri, wanda ke nufin cewa galibin halittun da ke cikinta yanzu suna cikin wannan yanki, misali kangaroo, platypuses, emus, da sauransu.
- Brasil
Ya shahara sosai don samun yawancin daji na Amazon a cikin yankin Kudancin Amurka, yana da nau'ikan tsirrai da nau'ikan dabbobi iri-iri, kusan miliyan 4 gabaɗaya.
- Sin
Tana wakiltar wata al'umma da ke da kididdigar yawan jama'a, duk da wannan tana ba da nau'ikan yanayin yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa da hukumomin gwamnati suka kiyaye.
- Colombia
Ana la'akari da ƙasar da ke da mafi yawan nau'in nau'in kowane murabba'in mita, kasancewarta al'ummar da ke da kashi 19% na dabbobin da ke duniyar duniyar.
- Ecuador
Tana da yawan flora da fauna a cikin ƙasarta, amma ta yi fice don kasancewarta al'ummar da ta aiwatar da dokoki da yawa don kiyaye albarkatun halittunta.
- Amurka
Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe a duniya, don haka ta yi fice ga nau'ikan yanayin yanayinta har ma da yankuna na musamman da keɓaɓɓu, kamar rairayin bakin teku na Saline na California ko Grand Canyon na Colorado.
- Philippines
Ita ma wata kasa ce da ta fi kowace kasa yawan bambance-bambance saboda nau'in saman da take da shi, misali tana da tsibirai sama da 700 da gandun daji da namun ruwa iri-iri suka yi fice.
- India
Yana da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin aiwatar da dokokin da suka dace don adana albarkatunta, kodayake an yi asarar wasu muhimman abubuwa. Saboda haka, akwai kusan wuraren tsaftar dabbobi 500 da wuraren ajiyar nau'ikan nau'ikan 13.
- Indonesia
Kasa ce da ke da tarin tarin tsiro da namun daji, wato irin wannan al'umma. Ostiraliya kawai ta zarce a cikin wannan nau'in fihirisar.
- Madagascar
Sanannen da yake da fiye da rabin nau'in hawainiya a duk duniya, duk da kasancewarsa tsibiri, akwai nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai iri-iri da suka mamaye al'ummarta.
- Malasia
Tana wakiltar al'ummar da ke da yawan ciyayi da dabbobi, saboda wannan dalili tana da yawan sare itatuwa, wanda ke yin barazana ga nau'ikan dazuzzuka kamar Orangutan na Bornean.
- México
Yana daya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi kiyaye su musamman saboda yanayin halittu iri-iri da ke musamman ga wannan yanki, baya ga samun kusan kashi 10% na dukkan nau'in halittu na duniya.
- Papua New Guinea
A halin yanzu ana la'akari da ita ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe na megadiverse, ana danganta wannan da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin bincike, don haka tana da babban kiyaye tsirrai da nau'ikan dabbobi.
- Peru
Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da wani yanki na dajin Amazon, don haka yana da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halittu masu yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar.
- Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyyar Congo
Duk da sanannen imani, Kongo tana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma dazuzzuka a duniya, ana la'akari da shi na biyu bayan dajin Amazon.
- Afirka ta Kudu
Kasa ce da ke nuna yankunan zanen gado tare da mahimman nau'ikan nau'ikan kamar zakuna, hipos, hyenas, giraffes, da damisa, a tsakanin sauran. Har ila yau, ya fito fili don samun kashi 10% na nau'in shuka a duniya.
- Venezuela
Siffata don kasancewa ƙasa mai fa'ida mai yawa, daga bakin teku, tsaunuka, savannas, hamada, dazuzzuka, filayen fili, da sauransu. Baya ga mallakar kashi 15% na tsuntsaye a duk duniya.
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Yadda Fasaha Ke Shafar Muhalli