Gamusino a tunanin dabba wanda wani bangare ne na almara na al'adu da yawa: Spain, Portugal, Latin America, Ingila ... Akwai bambance-bambancen yanki na wannan dabbar tatsuniyoyi amma a kowane hali akwai wani abu na kowa a kusa da shi: farautar gamusinos, al'adar gargajiya Spain da sauran ƙasashe wasa ne kawai don nishaɗi.
Amma akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a ce game da wannan dabbar tatsuniya da kuma labarin da ke kewaye da ita. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da menene gamusino da hadisai masu ban sha'awa da ke kewaye da shi, ku tsaya kuma za ku gano shi a cikin wannan sakon.
The gamusino: labarin wata almara dabba
Gamusino wata dabba ce da ba ta wanzuwa wacce ta kasance cikin tunanin gamayya na yankuna da yawa saboda almara da al'ada da aka noma a kusa da shi. A matsayin tafsirin halitta cewa shi ne. ba shi da bayyananniyar siffa ko wurin zama. An yi ma'anoni daban-daban: ga wasu dabba ce ta duniya, wasu kuma tsuntsu, har ma da dabbar ruwa ... amma ga alama mafi yaduwar sigar ita ce ta duniya, mai kama da dabbar. martens o martensAkalla haka aka san shi a kusan dukkanin Spain da Latin Amurka.
Ko da RAE ta ƙirƙira sararin samaniya don wannan halitta ta almara, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "Dabbobin da aka yi hasashe, wanda ake amfani da sunansa don lalata mafarauta". Rubuta irin waɗannan sharuddan bisa ga yankin Spain, don haka RAE ta gane su bambance-bambancen yanki: mush (a cikin Extremadura), gambusino (A Andalucia), gambozin (a Portugal), donyet, gambosi o gambuzi (a Catalonia da Valencia) wanda ke nufin "Dwarf so kankanin da kyar ake gani". Kuma bambance-bambancen Catalan na ƙarshe - an tattara a cikin aikin costumemari català (1950) na Joan Amades- inda gambosi o gabauzo ma'ana "yaudara".
Duk da bambance-bambancensa da ma'anoninsa, abin da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a duk ƙasashe shine al'adar da ke kewaye da ita: ana amfani da ita don wasa da yara, baƙi ko mafarauta ta hanyar bikin farautarsu, shahararren. "farauta gamusino".
Bisa ga tsoffin juzu'in kalmar, an fara yi wa matafiya da baƙi waɗannan barkwanci. Wannan shine yadda ya bayyana a cikin ƙamus na Gabriel Garcia Vergara daga 1929, daya daga cikin tsofaffin tarihin RAE. Amma a halin yanzu - a Spain - al'adar farautar gamusinos wasa ne da ake yi da yara kawai a sansanonin bazara da bukukuwa daban-daban a matsayin wasa da nishaɗi.
Ko da yake mun ga cewa tarihin gamusino ya samo asali ne daga Spain da Latin Amurka, wannan almara ya ketare iyaka kuma ya zauna a wasu ƙasashe. Haka abin yake. gamusino da farautarsa ya zama duniya: a Jamus suna ƙoƙarin kama elwetritsch, a Faransa da Swizalan sun tafi neman dahu kuma a Amurka suna farauta snipe. Tabbacin haka mun samu a cikin fim din Pixar, "Up": a cikin Mutanen Espanya, tsohon mutum Karl fredricks ya aika da ɗan leƙen asiri Russell don "farautar gamusinos" don ya rabu da shi, yayin da a cikin Turanci ya tura shi ya yi. farauta snipe. Mun ga cewa gamusino ya kai ga babban allo.
farautar gamusino
A halin yanzu a Spain farautar gamusinos yana da tabbataccen al'ada kuma wasa ne da ya shafi yara. Mai raye-rayen zamantakewa Dubi ni Paulino Velasco gaya abin da ya kunsa. Velasco ya shafe shekaru yana shirya farautar gamusino a Villanubla (Valladolid), inda ake gudanar da shi duk lokacin bazara. A cewarsa "An gudanar da matasan da suka tafi sansani a nan shekaru da yawa kuma, tun farkon shekarun 2000, mun fara tsara shi a matsayin wani aiki a garin." Mai rairayi ya gaya mana yadda farautar gamusinos ke tasowa:
- An shirya wani aiki tare da yara ƙanana inda ake yin farauta a cikin daren bazara. Don haka suna ɗaukar fitilu da buhu inda za a ajiye gamusina da ake farauta. An kai rukunin yaran zuwa bankin rafi, inda ake ganin ya fi sauki a same su. A can ake sa su rera waƙa don jawo hankalinsu: “gamusinos al moral” ko “gamusino ya shiga jakar, daya, biyu, uku, hudu”, akwai iri daban-daban. Nan take daya daga cikin manya zai tunkari wani kurmi inda suka gano motsin da ke nuna cewa akwai boyayyen gamusino a wurin. Sai daya daga cikin masu sa ido ya yi kamar ya kama daya ta hanyar sanya duwatsu a cikin jakar ko duk wani abu da ya dauki sarari.
- Yaran sun yi mamaki kuma a nan ne aka tada kwarin gwiwar farautar mutum. Amma a nan sai ka dan kwantar musu da hankali ka bayyana musu cewa sai ka jira dabbobi su yi barci don fitar da su daga cikin buhu. Don jin daɗin jira yayin da suke ci gaba da tunanin kama samfur ɗaya ko da yawa, ana shirya wasanni daban-daban don raba hankalinsu. A lokacin ne ake yin rami a cikin jakar a cire duwatsu ko abubuwan da aka shigar a ciki. Daga baya aka sanar da yaran abin da ya faru, wanda hakan ya sa su yi imani da cewa yayin da suke wasa, gamusina sun fasa buhu suka tsere.
Velasco ya bayyana cewa yanzu al'adar ta fi "abokai" kuma ta kawar da duk wani abu mai tashin hankali, tun da yake ana nufin yara: "A da, shi ma ya tafi da sanduna, misali.". Sigar ta "caza de gamusinos" na shekarun da suka gabata an yi su don yin ba'a da baƙo da sun kasance mafi tsanani da zalunci.
Ana samun kwatancen wannan a cikin littafin Shahararriyar al'adun al'ummar Calatayud (Zaragoza) wanda ya tattara al'adar yankin: yana nuna cewa abin da aka shigar a cikin buhu don yaudarar masu waje shi ne kare. Masu jiran aiki sun shawo kan baƙon ta hanyar bayyana a asirce cewa za su farauto dabba mai kima da wuyar kamawa. Suka bazu cikin karkara suka kwaikwayi farautarsu ta hanyar sanya kare mai aminci a cikin buhun da wanda aka kashe ya ɗauka a kafadarsa zuwa dandalin garin. Anan aka bude buhun a bainar jama'a sai tsokanar bakon ya bayyana tsakanin raha da barkwanci a tsakanin mutanen gari.
Etymology na kalmar "gamusino"
masanin harshe Jose G. Moreno de Alba Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Harshe na Mexican kuma sadaukar wani babi na littafinsa"Jimlar minutiae harshe" zuwa gamusinos, inda ya yi nazarin asalin asalin kalmomin da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu zai yiwu asalin kalmar "gamusino".
Bayyana cewa kalmar "gamusino" na iya samun dangantaka da kalmar Mexico "gambusino", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin karni na XNUMX don komawa ga masu neman zinariya. Masana harshe sun kafa alaƙar wannan kalma da kalmomin Ingilishi caca (wasa ko fare) kuma business (kasuwanci). Yana da ma’ana, domin farautar gamusino ya ƙunshi wani abu kamar fare ko ƙalubalen farautar dabbar da ba ta da tushe ta hanyar tsari ko yin shawarwarin farautarta.
A cikin wannan layin, Moreno ya danganta a cikin aikinsa cewa "Gamusinos farauta ko kamun kifi na iya zama wani abu kamar haka ku bi abin da ba zai yiwu ba ko bata lokaci”. “Kamanin sautin sautin gamusino da gambusino a bayyane yake […], kuma da alama ba ya jin tsoro don ganin takamaiman kamanceceniya tsakanin kamun kifi ko farautar gamusinos (bin dabbobin da ba su wanzu, bin abin da ba zai yiwu ba) da kuma aikin. na gambusino, wanda, kamar yadda muka sani, a kodayaushe yana korar gwal din”.
en el babban fayil na RAE, akwai kuri'u 16 akan "gamusino". Ɗaya daga cikinsu yana kare wani tushen da zai yiwu, bambancin "barewa: "Barewa tana da wahalar farautar barewa kuma ana iya fahimtar cewa barewa da ake iya kiranta da barewa, wani abu ne da barewa ko farauta ya fara farautar."
Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, tarihin wannan dabbar tatsuniyar tana da banbance-banbance kuma tana yaduwa. Muna fatan ta hanyar waɗannan layin kun sami damar bayyana sha'awar ku menene gamusino da almara tarihinsa.