Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Wuri ne na bukukuwan jama'a daidai da kyawun wayewar Romawa. Tare da tsarin gine-ginen da ya dace sosai, ya zama fili mai madauwari ko kwandon kwandon da aka keɓe ta babban madaidaicin da aka gina tare da bakuna da rumbun ajiya, da kuma wani yanki na tsakiya mai fage inda aka gudanar da nune-nunen.
Daular Roma ta gina wuraren wasan amphitheater a duk faɗin duniya. a lokacin fadada shi a cikin Tsohon Age, mafi kyawun sanannun shine Colosseum a Roma. Don haka, wannan wayewa ta bar mu a yau gabaɗayan al'adun gargajiya inda aka tsara waɗannan wurare don gudanar da bukukuwa daban-daban na al'umma. Idan kuna son sani menene amphitheater kuma ku san asalinsa da tarihinsa, ku kasance tare da mu don gano shi.
Menene wasan kwaikwayo na amphitheater?
Kalmar "amphitheater" tana da asalin asalinsa a kalmar Helenanci "Amphithéatron" inda "amphi" yana nufin "bangaren biyu" kuma "Theater", "wurin gani". Wuri ne da aka tanada don ganin "a gefe biyu" ko "a kowane bangare", abubuwan da suka faru a wurin saboda madauwari, murabba'i ko makamancinsa.
A amphitheater haka aka haife shi a zamanin d Roman wayewa kamar wuri don amfanin jama'a da aka yi niyya don bikin nunin nuni da abubuwan da suka faru, mafi mashahuri shine yaƙin gladiator, amma kuma ta dauki nauyin fada tsakanin dabbobi, kisan jama'a ko ayyukan wasanni, da sauransu.
Hukumomin Romawa ne suka gina gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda manyan biranen ke jagoranta.
Bisa ga bayanan tarihi, wasan kwaikwayo na farko na amphitheater ya koma ƙarshen Karni na biyu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ko da yake ba a san ainihin kwanan wata da wurin da aka fara gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya a tarihi ba. Amphitheater na farko mai amintaccen kwanan wata shine na Pompeii, wanda aka gina kusan 75 BC.
Romawa sun gina har zuwa fiye da 200 amphitheaters na kowane girma a cikin daular su yayin fadada su da dawwama., galibi a yamma, tun da yankunan gabas sun mamaye gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Girka da filayen wasanni da aka saba amfani da su don bukukuwan jama'a. A lokacin faɗaɗa daular, sansanonin sojojin Roma sau da yawa suna da nasu fage - yawanci da katako - waɗanda suke amfani da su don horo da nishaɗi.
Wannan gine-gine da yada al'adu ba kome ba ne face bayyanar da rashin daidaituwa na al'adun Romawa: idan akwai wani abu da mutanen Romawa suke so, shi ne wasan kwaikwayo da kuma damar da za su halarci wasanni masu ban mamaki da ke iya haifar da mafi yawan motsin zuciyarmu.
Mafi sanannun amphitheater shine Rome Coliseum wanda ya biyo baya filin wasan verona. Amma akwai wasu dakunan wasan kwaikwayo masu kyau a yau kamar Arles, Burnum, Capua, El Djem, Frejus, Nimes, Leptis Magna, Pergamum, Pompeii, Pula, Salona, Tarragona da Uthina da dai sauransu. Kimanin ragowar 75 na amphitheaters an samu a ko'ina cikin duniya da aka rarraba a cikin abin da a zamanin da ya kasance wani ɓangare na Roman Empire, don haka za mu sami kasida na Roman amphitheater a kasashe da yawa da suka hada da: Spain, Faransa, Italiya, Jamus, Switzerland, Croatia. , Austria, United Kingdom, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia da Morocco.
Siffofin gine-gine na wasan kwaikwayo na amphitheater
Gine-gine na amphitheaters ya amsa raison d'être game da amfani da zamantakewar zamantakewa wanda aka yi niyya don shi.
Su madauwari ko siffar m ya ba da damar ganin abin kallo daga kowane kusurwa. Ƙasar yashi ya rufe a tsakiya ya zama kyakkyawan wuri don wakilcin irin taron da aka gudanar a can. Kuma tsaye, da aka sani da graderío ko kogo, an raba shi zuwa yankuna huɗu bisa ga tsarin zamantakewar da ya mamaye su: ƙananan yanki - kuma mafi kusa da shirye-shiryen - ya kasance a hannun manyan mutane, 'yan majalisar dattawa da manyan jami'an gwamnatin Roma; yankin tsakiya an yi niyya ne ga jama'a na sama da na sama - kuma tare da mafi muni - ga mata da 'yan ƙasa ba tare da hakki ba.
An gina matakan farko da su sassaƙaƙe dutse daga baya kuma aka yi amfani da siminti aka haɗa arcades da vaults. Wata sifa ta masu wasan amphitheater ita ce tasu magudanan ruwa, wanda ya ji daɗin girma a cikin mafi girma a cikin amphitheater.
Tsarin da'irar da'irar sararin samaniya shine tsarin gine-ginen da aka fi so na Romawa don wasan kwaikwayonsu kuma ya samo asali daga filayen wasa na Girka masu gefe biyu da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na tsohuwar Girka.
Yana da mahimmanci kada a rikitar da wasan kwaikwayo na amphitheater tare da wasan kwaikwayo ko wasan kwaikwayo, duk waɗannan sun kasance na zamani a lokacin. Yayin da filin wasan amphitheater yana da madauwari ko siffar oval, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Roman suna da madauwari da dawakai kuma suna da siffar elliptical kuma ana amfani da su don nuna wasan tsere.
A matsayin mafi girman wakilan halayen halayen Roman amphitheater muna da Colosseum na Rome da Arena na Verona.. The Roman Coliseum - wanda asalin sunan shi ne Flavian Amphitheater- shine mafi mashahuri kuma mafi girma misali, tare da fage mai girman 87,5 x 54,8 m. Yana da tikiti 80 kuma yana da damar aƙalla ƴan kallo 50.000. Har ila yau, yana da tsarin magudanar ruwa mai yawa, halayyar da za mu iya gani a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Verona, inda har yanzu yana aiki kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga kyakkyawan kiyayewa na abin tunawa. Verona Arena yana auna 152 x 123 m kuma shine na uku mafi girma bayan Colosseum da Capua. Ƙarƙashin ɓangarorin suna kaiwa zuwa wani shingen ciki mai faɗin mita 4,4 wanda ya kewaye filin wasa.
Abubuwan da aka gudanar a cikin amphitheaters
Dandanan mutanen Romawa don kallon kallo ya haifar da duka nishadi masana'antu na wasan kwaikwayo na raye-rayen da suka zama babban tushen aikin yi: daga masu sana'ar doki zuwa farautar dabbobi, zuwa mawaƙa da masu yashi.
Haɓaka waɗannan nunin ya kasance jagorancin jama'a na lokacin: alƙalai waɗanda suka inganta al'amuran jama'a, ƴan ƙasa masu arziki da sarakuna waɗanda a ƙarshe za su mallaki ikon gudanar da wasannin.
Kila tikitin kyauta ne kamar yadda manyan masu tallatawa suka fi sha'awar nuna dukiyarsu da karimci fiye da amfani da waɗannan abubuwan a matsayin hanyar samun kuɗi.
Daga cikin abubuwan da aka yi bikin a cikin amphitheaters na Roman mun sami waɗanda aka bayyana a ƙasa.
Gladiator fada
Shin mafi shahara da yaɗuwar nuni a cikin tsohuwar Daular Rum. Al'ada ce da aka samo daga al'adun Etruscan da Oscosamnite, asalin wannan al'ada. Ta hanyar fafatawar fafatawa, gladiators sun nuna ƙarfinsu da ƙimarsu.
Yaƙin gladiator ɗaya-ɗaya ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙwallo mafi zubar jini da aka gudanar a fage. Tare da waɗannan bukukuwan an yi niyya don ɗaukaka halaye kamar ƙarfin hali, fasaha na fasaha da shaharar mahalarta. Bayyanar da rayuwar mutum ga yiwuwar rasa ta - wato, mutuwa - wani abu ne da ya fi damun jama'a a wurin kuma babu shakka ya sa waɗannan abubuwan sun nuna wuraren da mutanen Roma suka fi so.
An bukaci alƙalai na birni na d ¯ a Roma su gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na gladiatorial (munera) a matsayin hanyar samun ofis, kuma biranen da ke fadin daular sun ba da damar shirya gasa na cikin gida don nuna haɗin kai da al'adun Roma da kuma bikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru, kamar ziyarar sarki ko ranar haihuwar sarki.
Gladiator fada ya zama wani muhimmin ci gaba a lokacin, inda ya samu karbuwa sosai, har ta kai ga wadanda suka yi nasara a yakin sun zama tatsuniyoyi na gaskiya wadanda aka kirkiro kungiyoyin magoya bayansu.
Dabbobin daji sun nuna
Baya ga gasa na gladiator, an gudanar da nune-nune a fagagen wasannin amphitheaters tare da m dabbobi suna zuwa daga wurare masu nisa da daular, inda aka kama su daga baya a fallasa su a abubuwan da suka faru. Za su iya zama zakuna, damisa, panthers, karkanda, raƙuma, da dai sauransu, wani abu da ke da sha'awar jama'a wanda ba a saba ganin irin waɗannan samfuran ba, baya ga sha'awar da ƴaƴan suka taso. fadace-fadace tsakanin su.
A lokacin wadannan abubuwan, an yi amfani da hanyoyin karkashin kasa don sa dabbobi su bayyana ba zato ba tsammani a cikin fage. Don ganin yadda lamarin ya kasance mai ma'ana, sau da yawa ana shimfida filin wasa da bishiyoyi da duwatsun da suka yi kama da na ban mamaki.
ba'a fadace-fadacen teku
A matsayin bukin nasarar da sojojin ruwan Roma suka yi. An sake yin fage na nasara ta hanyar sake yin yaƙe-yaƙe na gaske, wanda za a yi shi a matsayin gaskiya ga gaskiya kamar yadda zai yiwu, koda kuwa yana nuna mace-mace.
kisa na jama'a
A cikin al'umma mai cin gashin kanta kamar tsohuwar wayewar Romawa, ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a sun bayyana ta rashinsu ko kuma, a mafi kyawun yanayi, sun kasance duhu sosai. Don haka, an aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a ba tare da wata matsala ba inda suka tafi ta hanyoyi mafi ban tsoro. Sau da yawa ana kashe masu laifi a fage ta hanyar fallasa namun daji da suka cinye su ko kuma su yi faɗa da ba daidai ba da makamai masu kyau da ƙwararrun ƙwararru. An kuma sanya wadanda aka yankewa hukuncin fuskantar juna har sai sun samu munanan raunuka ko kuma ba su da rai.
Rushewar masu wasan amphitheater da amfaninsu a yau
Daular Rumawa ta sha wahala har sai da ta kai karshen zamaninta. Tare da yaduwar Kiristanci, gasar gladiator ba ta dace da sabon tunani ba kuma tare da raguwar sarakunan Roma na ƙarshe. Yaƙin gladiator ya ƙare a shekara ta 404 AD kuma tare da shi, ƙarshen ayyukan amphitheaters.
Tarihin Colosseum ba shakka yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan wakilai: ya zama sansanin soja a karni na XNUMX, girgizar ƙasa ta girgiza a karni na XNUMX kuma Paparoma Alexander VI ya yi amfani da shi azaman dutsen dutse. Duk da haka, Colosseum da sauran wuraren wasan amfitheater da yawa waɗanda suka wanzu har zuwa yau sun zama kyawawan al'adun gargajiya da na gine-gine daga zamanin da ke da haske da inuwar duniyar Romawa.
Yawancin ana kiyaye su cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma an mayar da su don kimanta su da kuma ba su rayuwa ta biyu, inda ake gudanar da al'adu daban-daban. Ana samun misalin wannan a cikin wasan opera na bazara a Veronada ba'a gladiator fada a Tarragona da kuma rock concert a cikin Arles sananne a duniya.