A yau akwai nau'ikan salon kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo da yawa. Abin takaici, wasu nau'ikan suna yin asarar masu sauraro yayin da sautunan zamani ke ƙara zama mahimmanci. Don haka ba abin mamaki ba ne a samu mutane musamman matasa wadanda ba su san takamaimai ba menene opera To, don fitar da kowa daga shakka, za mu bayyana shi a cikin wannan labarin.
Za mu yi magana game da abin da opera yake, menene asalinsa da yadda ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Bayan haka, muna magana ne game da nau'in fasaha wanda Ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adunmu da al'adunmu tsawon ƙarni. kuma daga cikinsu akwai muhimman mutane irin su Mozart da kansa. Kun riga kun san cewa ilimi ba ya ɗaukar sarari, amma yana wadatar da mu da yawa a matakin hankali.
Menene opera kuma menene asalinta?
Bari mu fara da bayanin menene opera. Yana da asali nau'in kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin, duk ayyukan da aka yi a cikin fage suna da rakiyar kayan aiki kuma ana rera su. Kalmar "opera" ta fito ne daga Italiyanci kuma za a fassara shi azaman "ayyukan kiɗa". Gabaɗaya, waɗannan nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayon ana yin su a cikin gidajen wasan opera, saboda suna buƙatar sauti mai kyau a cikin ɗakin. Har ila yau, yawanci suna tare da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa, kamar ƙungiyar makaɗa. Ya kamata a lura cewa opera wani bangare ne na al'ada da al'adun gargajiya na yammacin Turai da na Turai.
Kamar sauran nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, Wasan opera ta tattara abubuwa masu zuwa:
- wasan kwaikwayo: Rawa, ballet, wasan kwaikwayo, da sauransu.
- fasahar wasan kwaikwayo: Fasahar filastik, gine-gine, ado, zane, da sauransu.
- Tasirin yanayi: Hasken haske, alal misali.
- kayan shafa
- Waƙa: Mawaka, darakta, makada, mawakan solo, da sauransu.
- Mawaƙa (ta hanyar Freedman)
- canza dakuna
Idan muka yi magana game da operas muna magana game da manyan ƙwayoyin na gaskiya da fasahar kiɗa. Amma ta yaya irin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ayyuka suka samo asali? A cewar wasu marubuta, akwai abubuwa da yawa na asali na wannan nau'in, musamman wadannan:
- Bala'in Girka: Wani nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ancient Girka wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga ayyuka masu tsarki da kuma tatsuniyoyin Girkanci.
- Mascerata Italiyanci: Wasu waƙoƙin carnival na ƙarni na goma sha huɗu waɗanda wani bangare ne na nishaɗin bukukuwan kotuna.
- Tsakanin karni na sha biyar: Waɗannan ƙananan kayan kida ne waɗanda a da ake saka su a duk lokacin wasan kwaikwayo.
Menene sunan opera ta farko kuma waye?
Wasan opera ta farko, kamar yadda ake fahimtar wannan ra'ayi kuma aka bayyana shi a yau, shine sanannen abun da ake kira Daphne, wanda marubucin shi ne Jacopo Peri. Ya rubuta shi a cikin shekara ta 1597, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta "Camerata Florentina" ko "Camerata de Bardi". Wannan da'irar ƙwararru ce wadda ta ƙunshi marubutan ɗan adam na Florentine daban-daban.
A cikin kwanakinsa, makasudin aikin Daphne shine don farfado, ko aƙalla gwada bala'in Girkanci na gargajiya. Wannan ra'ayin ya kasance wani ɓangare na sha'awar mayar da yawancin siffofi na zamanin da, wani abu mai zurfi a cikin Renaissance. A cewar membobin da ke cikin na’urar Kamara. a cikin bala'o'in Girkanci an rera dukan sassan waƙoƙin, da kuma duk rubutun ma. Don haka, opera dole ne ta dawo da wannan al'ada.
A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1598 ne aka yi shi Daphne a karon farko. An yi shi a Florence, musamman a cikin Fadar Tornabuoni, a matakin sirri. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1599, an yi shi a fili, kuma a cikin Florence, amma wannan lokacin a Fadar Pitti. Abin takaici, wannan opera, wadda ita ce ta farko, ta yi hasara. Abin da ya rage shi ne libertto da ƴan guntuwar kiɗan.
Duk da haka, akwai wani aiki daga baya, wanda kuma Jacopo Peri ya rubuta, wanda ya wanzu a yau. Hasali ma, ita ce wasan opera ta farko da ta wanzu a tarihi, domin an kiyaye kidanta gaba dayanta. An kira Eurydice da kwanan wata daga shekara ta 1600. Sun ba da izinin ƙirƙirar wannan aikin don bikin aure tsakanin Maria de' Medici da Henry IV na Faransa.
Bambance-bambance daga sauran nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa
Kusan magana, opera ana siffanta shi da kasancewa wakilci akai-akai tare da kiɗa. A wannan yanayin ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, wanda za'a iya samun sassan magana kawai ko kuma ainihin abin da yake shine rawa. Duk da haka, tun daga lokacin baroque akwai nau'ikan iyaka waɗanda za su iya rikicewa. Ga wasu misalai:
- abin rufe fuska
- Sunan mahaifi Dreigroschenoper
- Wasan wasan opera
- El singspiel
- zarzuela
Kodayake gaskiya ne cewa waɗannan ayyuka ne da ke kan iyaka tsakanin opera da wasan kwaikwayo na karantawa. biyu zarzuelas ta José de Negra da singspiele na Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ana ɗaukar wasan operas. Maimakon haka, Sunan mahaifi Dreigroschenoper by Kurt Weill, wanda aka sani a cikin Mutanen Espanya da "The Three Cent Opera," ya fi kama da wasan kwaikwayo da aka karanta fiye da wasan opera.
Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa akwai wasu nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da suka yi kama da na opera. Misali zai kasance wasan opera-ballet, wanda aka haife shi a Baroque na Faransa. Wasu rudani na iya tasowa tare da wasu ayyukan neoclassicist na karni na XNUMX. Daga cikin su, waɗanda mawaƙin Rasha Igor Stravinsky ya rubuta, ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa mafi girma da mahimmanci na wancan lokacin, sun yi fice sama da duka. Duk da haka, Babban abin bayyanawa na waɗannan ayyukan shine rawa. A cikin wannan hargitsi, waƙa tana taka rawa ta biyu. Dangane da bambanci tsakanin wasan opera na Viennese da operetta, zarzuela na Sipaniya, kidan Amurka da Ingilishi da singspiel Jamusanci, wannan na yau da kullun ne.
Ina fata na fayyace muku menene opera kuma an ƙarfafa ku don jin daɗin wasan kwaikwayon. Idan kuna son kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, dole ne ku gwada shi. Da kaina, na ji daɗin ganin sanannun opera "The Magic Flute" yana zaune a sanannen Liceu a Barcelona, kuma na yi farin ciki! Ba tare da shakka ba, zan sake ganinta don jin daɗin waƙoƙinta masu ban sha'awa da abubuwan kallon ido.