An samo shi a tsakiya da gefen hagu na tebur na lokaci-lokaci, ana iya ƙara ƙarafa zuwa ƙarafa na alkali, ƙarafa na ƙasa, karafa na tsaka-tsaki, da ƙananan ƙarfe. Ku sani ta wannan post din Karfe Properties!
Gabaɗaya Properties a cikin duk karafa
Karfe gaba daya su ne madugu, masu karfin wutar lantarki da karfin zafin jiki, gaba daya ba su da kyawu kuma ba su da karfi, su nakasa a cikin damuwa ba tare da tsagawa ba, misali buga karfe da guduma zai yi “haushe” karfen, ba ya karye shi gunduwa-gunduwa.
Ana samar da wutar lantarki da kuma thermal conductivities na karafa ne ta yadda electrons dinsu na waje ke karkatar da su, wannan yana nufin cewa ba a toshe electrons a cikin kowane kwayar zarra, sai dai suna iya tafiya cikin karfen.
da halaye na jiki da sinadarai na karafa ana iya ganin su a matsayin tarin atom da ke makale a cikin tekun na’urorin lantarki, wadanda suke da hannu sosai, wannan yana da matukar amfani wajen sarrafa karfen.
da karafa sun kasance suna haifar da cations ta hanyar asarar electrons, misali shine amsawa tare da oxygen a cikin iska don samar da oxides akan ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci (ƙarfe oxidizes tsawon shekaru, yayin da potassium yana ƙonewa a cikin dakika), ƙananan ƙarfe (irin su baƙin ƙarfe, jan karfe, zinc, da dai sauransu). nickel) oxidize da sannu a hankali saboda suna samar da Layer oxide mai wucewa wanda ke kare ciki.
Wasu irin su palladium, platinum da zinariya, ba sa mayar da martani kwata-kwata tare da yanayin, wasu karafa suna samar da shingen shinge na oxide a saman su, wanda ba za a iya shigar da shi da karin kwayoyin oxygen ba, sakamakon haka suna riƙe da kamannin su masu kyau da kyau. aiki ta hanyar shekaru da yawa (kamar aluminum, magnesium, wasu karafa, da titanium).
Common Properties na ma'adanai
Masana ma'adinai suna amfani da kaddarorin jiki na ma'adanai don taimakawa daidaita samfurin; yawancin gwaje-gwajen ana yin su cikin sauƙi a fagen, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kaddarorin jiki na ma'adanai cikin sauƙi don gano ma'adinai:
- Launi
- .Arfafa
- Wuya
- Karaya ko karaya
- crystal tsarin
- Diaphanity ko adadin nuna gaskiya
- Tenacity
- Magnetism
- Luster
- Wari
- Ku ɗanɗani
- takamaiman nauyi
hakar karfe
Tama ita ce tushen karfen da za ka iya hakowa daga gare ta, misali aluminum shi ne karfen da ya fi yawa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa, wanda ake samu a kowane irin nau'in ƙarfe, duk da haka ba shi da darajar ciro daga ƙasa a fannin tattalin arziki. ma'adanai, maimakon haka, al'adar aluminum tawa shine bauxite, wanda ya ƙunshi 50 zuwa 70% aluminum oxide.
https://youtu.be/8TmtEkAfnkU
Copper ya fi wuya, amma an yi sa'a ana iya samun shi a cikin ma'adanai masu daraja (waɗanda ke ɗauke da kaso mai yawa na tagulla) musamman wurare, jan ƙarfe ƙarfe ne mai daraja, kuma yana da daraja a haƙa a koyaushe. Duwatsu.
Rarraba Karfe
Bisa ga rarrabuwar masana'antu, duk karafa sun kasu kashi biyu: ferrous da non-ferrous.
Karfe na ƙarfe
Ƙarfe mai ma'anar "ferrous" yana nufin yana da ƙarfe a cikin abun da ke ciki, lokacin da aka yi amfani da kalmar ferrous karfe, gabaɗaya kuma yana nuna cewa baƙin ƙarfe babban kaso ne na abun da ke ciki.
Idan ba shine mafi yawan sinadari ba, to tabbas shi ne na biyu ko na uku mafi girma, idan karfe ya ƙunshi adadin ƙarfe ne kawai, kamar yadda da yawa ke yi. karafa, to wannan ƙananan adadin ba a la'akari da isa ya bayyana karfen ƙarfe ba.
Yana da wuya a kafa na kowa Properties na ferrous karafa, tun da za su iya samun wani m iri-iri na alloying abubuwa da yawa canza halaye, misali, da yawa ferrous karafa ne Magnetic, duk da haka, ba gaskiya ba ne ga duk ferrous karafa. Wadannan karafa su kuma za a iya raba su zuwa:
- Karfe Karfe: Carbon karafa mai yiwuwa ne nau'in ƙarfe na ƙarfe da aka fi amfani da shi, galibi sun ƙunshi ƙarfe kuma fiye da kashi 90% na kundin tsarin mulkin su shine wannan sinadari, kawai sauran mahimman abubuwan narkewa a cikin ƙarfen carbon shine carbon, kawai akwai alamun wasu. abubuwa, aikace-aikacen gama gari na ƙarfe na carbon sun ƙunshi sifofi, kayan daki da abubuwan kera motoci.
- Bakin Karfe: Bakin ƙarfe wani rukuni ne na ƙarfe na ƙarfe waɗanda aka fi amfani da su, gabaɗaya, bakin karfe yana da adadin chromium mai yawa wanda ke taimaka musu tsayayya da lalata fiye da carbon karfe.
- Zubi da baƙin ƙarfe: Simintin ƙarfe wani nau'in ƙarfe ne na ƙarfe wanda ke da carbon fiye da sauran nau'ikan, wannan yana ba shi ƙarfi mai yawa.
- karfe gami: Alloy steels wani nau'in karfe ne na ferrous wanda aka kera musamman don takamaiman dalilai, yayin da aka yi shi da farko da ƙarfe, ƙarfe daban-daban na jan karfe, vanadium, tungsten, manganese, da sauran abubuwan ana iya amfani da su don daidaita ƙarfe na gami don ƙarfi mafi girma. ductility, tensile ƙarfi, taurin da sauran Properties.
Karfe marasa ƙarfi
Idan aka siffanta ƙarfe a matsayin mara ƙarfe, yana nufin cewa ba shi da wani adadi mai yawa na ƙarfe a cikin sinadaransa.
- Aluminum: Aluminium ne wanda ba shi da feroy na rashin ferrous ne ba, a cikin hanyar da ba a ajiye ba, yana da launi na siliki, ba tare da ƙari da abubuwa masu kyau ba, ya fi ƙarfin abubuwa da yawa.
- Copper: Copper wani shahararre ne wanda ba na ƙarfe ba, jan ƙarfe ja ne zuwa launin ruwan kasa, a yanayin da ba a haɗa shi ba shi ma ya fi laushi, ya fi ductile kuma ba shi da ƙarfi kamar carbon karfe.
- Nickel: Nickel wani sanannen gami ne wanda ba na ƙarfe ba, nickel sananne ne don taurinsa, ikon yin aiki a cikin yanayin zafi da ƙarancin zafi, da juriya ga lalata.
Jiki Properties na karafa
Kaddarorin jiki sun haɗa da yawa, narkewa, wurin narkewa, daɗaɗɗen zafi, da faɗaɗa zafi. Daga cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da karafa akwai:
Haske
Karfe suna da ikon nuna haske daga saman kuma ana iya goge su, kamar zinari, jan karfe da azurfa, ƙoshin ƙarfe yana da nau'ikan iri daban-daban, ƙoshin ƙarfe gabaɗaya yana da duhu kuma yana nuna haske, yana da kamannin ƙarfe mai gogewa.
M a dakin da zafin jiki
Karfe suna da ƙarfi a cikin zafin jiki, barin barin mercury wanda yake ruwa ne a zafin jiki, ƙaƙƙarfan karafa suna biye da babban adadin electrons na lokaci ɗaya, karafa yawanci ƙarfi ne, masu yawa kuma masu kyau na wutar lantarki da zafi, ɗan adam ya yi amfani da ƙarfe don dalilai iri-iri tun zamanin da.
Ƙarfinsa ya sa aka yi amfani da shi sosai wajen gina gine-gine da sauran gine-gine, da kuma a cikin motoci, kayan aiki, dogo, da dai sauransu. Iron da aluminum sune karafa biyu da aka fi amfani da su saboda tsarinsu, su ma sun fi yawa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa.
Tunda karafa na da kyaun jagoranci na wutar lantarki, suna da kima a cikin kayan lantarki da kuma ɗaukar igiyoyin makamashi a nesa mai nisa ba tare da ƙarancin kuzari ba.
Rashin lafiya
Karfe na da karfin juriya da guduma kuma ana iya sanya su su zama siraran siraran da aka fi sani da foil, alal misali za a iya dunkule gwal na gwal mai girman kubewar sukari ko kuma a yi ta ta zama siririn takarda da ke rufe filin kwallon kafa.
Halittu
Wannan dukiya tana nufin wani ƙarfe wanda aka yi shi cikin wayoyi na bakin ciki, ana ƙaddara ta yawan adadin elongation da yawan raguwa a cikin yanki na karfe.
Ƙarfafawa yana nufin cewa ana iya yin ƙarafa zuwa wayoyi, 100g na azurfa za a iya yin grid na bakin ciki mai tsayi kimanin mita 200.
wuraren tafasa da narkewa
Karfe suna da babban wurin tafasa da narkewa, tungsten yana da wurin narkewa mafi girma, akasin haka, azurfa yana da mafi ƙarancin tafasa, sodium da potassium suma suna da ƙarancin narkewa.
Wutar lantarki
Yanzu an san cewa karafa galibi abubuwa ne da ake siffanta su da kwayoyin halitta wadanda harsashi na sama da kasa ke da ‘yan electrons da ke da kimar makamashi daidai da su, mafi girman abin da ke faruwa a cikin karafa da electron daya kacal ya mamaye wata jiha a cikin wannan harsashi.
Azurfa da tagulla da zinari sune misalan manyan karafa masu ƙarfi, ana samun ƙarfen ne musamman zuwa gefen hagu na tebur na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan kuma a cikin ginshiƙan ginshiƙan, electrons ɗin da ke ba da gudummawar motsin su su ma electrons ne waɗanda ke tantance ƙimar sinadarai. a cikin samuwar mahadi, wasu na'urori masu adon ƙarfe na ƙarfe ne na ƙarfe biyu ko fiye, kamar ƙarfe, tagulla, tagulla, da pewter.
Ƙarfe wani yanki ne na atom ɗin ƙarfe, a cikin nau'ikan atom daban-daban, valence electrons suna kwance a haɗe da nuclei ɗinsu, a cikin toshe, a yanayin zafi, waɗannan electrons suna da isasshen kuzarin motsa jiki wanda suke iya motsawa daga wuraren da suka keɓanta.
Yanayin zafi
Thermal conductivity wani lokaci ne mai kama da wutar lantarki tare da bambanci wanda ya shafi kwararar zafi sabanin halin yanzu a cikin yanayin na karshen, yana nuna ikon wani abu don jigilar zafi daga wannan batu zuwa wani ba tare da motsi na kayan ba. abu gabaɗaya, mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki, mafi kyawun gudanar da zafi.
Dangane da kayan da ake amfani da su wajen rufe fuska, gyare-gyaren lattice na taimakawa wajen tafiyar da zafi, wannan ya samo asali ne saboda kasancewar a cikin insulators electrons suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi daga iyayensu na atom kuma babu electrons kyauta.
Saboda haka, zafi yana canjawa wuri daga wannan ƙarshen zuwa wancan ta hanyar girgizar atom ɗin da ke riƙe a cikin tsarin lattice, a bayyane yake masu ba da wutar lantarki ba su da kyaun jagoranci na zafi tun da ba su da isasshen ƙarfin canja wurin zafi saboda rashin electrons kyauta.
Yawan karafa
Karfe suna da girma kuma suna da nauyi sosai, iridium da osmium suna da mafi girman daidaito, akasin haka, lithium yana da mafi ƙarancin ƙima.
Wuya
Taurin shine ƙarfin ƙarfe don tsayayya da canji na dindindin a siffar da ƙarfin waje ke haifarwa, dukkanin karafa suna da wuya sai sodium da potassium, masu laushi kuma ana iya yanke su da wuka.
Chemical Properties na karafa
Saboda sinadarai da suke da shi, dukkan karafa suna rage masu aiki, dukkansu suna fitar da valence electrons cikin sauki, sun zama ion mai inganci, wato suna oxidize.
samuwar cations
Cations su ne tabbataccen ions da aka samu ta hanyar asarar electrons ɗaya ko fiye, mafi yawan samar da cations na abubuwan wakilci sune waɗanda ke tattare da asarar duk valence electrons, la'akari da alkali karfe sodium (Na), yana da valence electron a cikin na uku babban matakin makamashi.
yi aiki azaman wakilai masu ragewa
Karfe suna aiki a matsayin wakili mai ragewa, yayin da ba ƙarfe ba suna aiki azaman oxidizing wakili, karafa suna aiki azaman wakili mai ragewa saboda suna ba da gudummawar electrons kuma suna yin oxidize, yayin da jiki da sinadaran Properties na nonmetals suna aiki azaman oxidizing jamiái saboda nonmetals sukan sami electrons kuma ana rage su.
Samuwar mahadi na ionic
Ionic fili yana samuwa ta hanyar cikakken canja wurin electrons daga karfe zuwa maras ƙarfe kuma sakamakon ions sun kai ga octet, protons ba sa canzawa, ƙwayoyin ƙarfe a cikin ƙungiyoyi 1-3 sun rasa electrons zuwa kwayoyin da ba na karfe tare da 5- 7 bacewar electrons a ciki. matakin waje.
Nau'in ƙarfe
Yawan karafa suna samuwa a yanayi, ana iya rarraba su ta hanyoyi daban-daban dangane da dukiya ko halayen da kuke amfani da su a matsayin ma'auni, daga cikin karafa na yau da kullum akwai:
Karfe Alkali
Waɗannan su ne ɗayan abubuwan da aka samu a rukunin IA na tebur na lokaci-lokaci, da karafa alkali ne sosai amsawa sinadaran jinsuna cewa readily rasa su guda valence electron don samar da ionic mahadi tare da nonmetals, duk abubuwa a cikin alkali karfe kungiyar faruwa a yanayi.
alkaline duniya karafa
Tunanin ƙarfen ƙasa na alkaline ya haɗa da ɓangaren abubuwan rukuni na II:
- Beryllium
- Magnesio
- Calcio
- Strontium
- Barium
- Radio
Ƙarfe huɗu na ƙarshe suna da alamun bayyanar alkaline duniya rarrabuwa, don haka, a wasu kafofin, beryllium da magnesium ba su cikin jerin, suna iyakance ga abubuwa huɗu.
Rarraba karafa
Akwai abubuwa 38 a rukuni daga tebur na 3 zuwa na 12 na lokaci-lokaci, kamar kowane ƙarfe, ƙarfe na canzawa yana da sauƙi da sauƙi, suna ɗaukar wutar lantarki da zafi, abin da ya fi ban sha'awa game da canjin canjin shine electrons su valence, ko electrons da suke da su. Ana amfani da su a cikin gaurayawan abubuwa tare da wasu abubuwa, suna da fiye da ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan electrons, shi ya sa sukan sami yanayi daban-daban na gama gari.
Ƙarfe-ƙarfe bayan canzawa
Ana amfani da shi don wakiltar nau'in abubuwan sinadarai waɗanda abubuwan da ke kama da karafa a cikin kaddarorinsu, suna nan a hannun dama na karafa na canji a cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci.
Curiosities game da karafa
Daga cikin mafi yawan tambayoyi da son sani game da karafa, akwai kamar haka:
Menene nauyi karafa?
Karfe masu nauyi abubuwa ne da ke faruwa ta halitta da ake samu a cikin tsarin duniya, an ayyana su a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙarfe waɗanda ke da ɗanɗano mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da ruwa, kawai faɗakarwa shine cewa wasu ƙarfe masu nauyi sune mahimman abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ake buƙata don ayyuka daban-daban na biochemical da physiological.
karafa masu yawa a duniya
Mafi yawa sune aluminum (Al) da baƙin ƙarfe (Fe).
Karfe a jikin mutum
Calcium yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin ƙasusuwa da hakora, inda ake riƙe shi a cikin nau'i mai yawa da ba za a iya narkewa ba da kuma samar da madara, idan adadin calcium a cikin jini ya fadi, ana fitar da calcium daga kashi, yana haifar da osteomalacia da osteoporosis.
Jiki ya ƙunshi kusan g 5 na baƙin ƙarfe, kashi uku cikin huɗu na wannan a cikin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini da aka haɗe a cikin haemoglobin, tare da rabin ragowar da aka adana a cikin hanta, kodan, kasusuwa, da kuma saifa.
ruwa karafa
Karfe na ruwa yana da kaddarorin ruwa da yawa na gamayya tare da ruwayen da ba na ƙarfe ba da kuma kaddarorin ƙarfe da yawa tare da ƙaƙƙarfan karafa.
