Shin kun taɓa jin fim ɗin ko littafin Ga wane ne Bell Tolls?, Ya bayyana cewa an dauke shi a matsayin mai sayar da littattafai na duniya, a yau za mu ba ku duk cikakkun bayanai da suka shafi wannan labari mai ban sha'awa.
Ga wane ne Bell Tolls?
Ana la'akari da ɗayan manyan ayyukan adabin duniya a cikin nau'ikan litattafai, Ga wanda ellararrawar olararrawa An fara fitar da shi a cikin 1940 daga babban marubucin Amurka Ernest Hemingway.
Shirye-shiryensa ya ja hankali sosai har daga baya aka sanya shi fim, inda ya sami lambobin yabo marasa adadi ciki har da nadin Oscar guda tara.
Littafin ya yi magana game da yakin basasar Spain, wanda ke nuna kasancewar marubucin a cikin waɗannan abubuwan. A cikin labarin ya bayyana wani hali mai suna Robert Jordán, wani farfesa dan kasar Spain daga birnin Montana, wanda ya yi yaki a bangaren 'yan Republican yana amfani da bama-bamai; amma bari mu ga da gaske kuma tare da bayyananniyar kwatancin duk taƙaitaccen labari na wannan labari mai ban sha'awa.
Hujja
Littafin labari wanda kararrrawar kararrawa ke da ma'ana ta tsakiya lokacin da aka sanya Farfesa Jordan don kawar da wata gada don iyakance sojojin kungiyar abokan gaba. Wadannan abubuwan sun faru a cikin birnin Segovia; Farfesan ya isa yankin bisa jagorancin wani dattijo mai suna Anselmo, a can suka gana da Pablo shugaban wata ƙungiya, wanda zai taimaka musu su ci gaba da aikin.
Shugaban ’yan gungun mashayin giya ne mai tsananin tsoro, abokinsa wata budurwa mai suna María, ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi wasu maza tare da wata mace mai suna Pilar, wadda ba ta da mutunci kuma ba ta da hankali a jikinta.
Koyaya, Pilar yana da aminci sosai ga lamarin kuma musamman yana haɗin gwiwa tare da Farfesa Jordán a cikin shirinsa na lalata gadar. María, wacce ita ce ɗaya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin littafin, wata ma’aikaciyar jinya ce mai suna María Sans, wadda ta yi aiki a asibitin da aka tsare Ernest Hemingway wani lokaci da ya wuce ta sami wahayi.
saduwa da soyayya
Jordán ya ƙaunaci María yayin aiwatar da kafa abubuwan fashewa don tayar da gada; Bugu da ƙari, yana jin cewa zai mutu yana ƙoƙari kuma wannan ba zai ba shi damar tafiya tare da María zuwa babban birnin Spain ba; daga nan sai a fara soyayya da makircin da ke tsakanin wadannan haruffa guda biyu, wanda ke wakiltar babban abin da ke cikin wannan labari mai ban mamaki.
Robert ya yi ƙoƙari ya shawo kan rashin yanke shawara ko zai fi kyau a busa gada ko sauke komai kuma ya gudu tare da Maria; duk da haka, kuma daga wannan ma'auni, shine inda za'a iya la'akari da haihuwar kalmar "ga wanda kararrawa" ta kasance. Duk da haka, wasu masana tarihi da masana ilimin adabi na Ernest Hemingway sun yi imanin cewa an dangana shi ga yanayi masu ma'ana da yawa a rayuwa.
Yanke shawara hujja ce mai kyau ga marubuci don aiwatar da littafinsa kuma, sama da duka, ƙirƙirar take. Wasu sun ce mutuwar mutum na rage wani saboda kusanci da dan Adam, shi ya sa wasu ke mamakin ko wane ne kararrawa idan da gaske ta yi wa kowane mutum.
Tarihi da Jigo
Daga lokacin da suka umurci Farfesa Jordán ya tarwatsa gadar, an fara jerin yanayi na bacin rai wanda ya shafi siffar Robert. Saboda haka, al'amuran da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwarsa na gaba suna haifar da; Game da shugaban kungiyar da kuma wani memba mai suna El Sordo, suna sane da wannan lamari na makawa.
Kowane ɗayan haruffa, sanin makomar Farfesa Jordán, ya fara yin tunani a ciki kan mahimmancin rayuwa. A wannan ma'ana, makircin yana mayar da hankali ga zumunci da sadaukarwa, a matsayin hanyar nuna girma da kuma godiya ga wani.
Hadin kai
Kowanne daga cikin jaruman yana shirye ya yi wani abu don taimaki abokinsa, abokin tarayya ko sojan fada. Zumunci na xaya daga cikin sifofi masu bayyanawa da suka bayyana a littafin labari; muna ganin misalin mutuwar daya daga cikin dangin dan kungiyar mai suna Joaquín.
Bayan saurayin ya samu labarin rasuwar dan uwansa, sai sauran abokansa da ‘yan kungiyar suka zo yi masa jaje, rungumarsa, ana kuma bayyana kalaman goyon baya ba tare da bata lokaci ba.
Rayuwa ana ba da ma'ana ga wurin yanayi da ka iya tasowa yayin kowane yanayi da ke kewaye da ita da kuma ita kanta rayuwa. Ana gabatar da kayan aikin haɗin kai ta hanya mai mahimmanci a kowane yanayi na labari; wasu haruffa sun gwammace mutuwa da zama garkuwa da abokan gaba da zama sanadin wahala da ba dole ba.
Wasan
Bayan da suka farfasa gadar, kungiyar ta yi wa farfesa kwanton bauna, inda wani doki ya fado masa, ya karye masa kafarsa. Sauran sun gudu don taimaka masa amma Robert ya kasa yin tafiya.
María, ganinsa, ta sha wahala kuma ta tafi wurinsa, amma Robert ya nemi ƙungiyar su tafi da ita kuma su kare ta, ba ta so amma an fitar da ita da karfi daga wurin; An bar Robert shi kaɗai yana tunanin kashe kansa, rashin mutuwa da duk abin da ya kasance rayuwarsa. Takaitacce a cikin lokaci guda inda kawai yake jiran isowar sojojin Nazi don aiwatar da shirinsa.
sadaukarwa
Sashe na ƙarshe na Ga Wanda Bell Tolls ya faru lokacin da Jordán, ya ji rauni kuma ya kasa fita tare da abokansa, yana jira na ƙarshe don kawo ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Yana shirya ga mummunan ƙarshe, yana tunanin kashe kansa don gujewa kamawa da azabtarwa na gaba don fitar da bayanai daga gare shi.
Jordán yana tunani a wannan lokacin game da mahaifinsa, wanda kuma ya kashe kansa saboda wasu yanayi, ya kuma yi tunanin rashin jin tsoro tare da shi. Wannan lamarin wani bangare ne na labari a rayuwar marubucin, wanda Ernest Heminway da kansa ya kwaikwayi a wannan bangare na littafin; mahaifinsa kuma ya kashe kansa yana dan shekara 21 kacal.
Asalin akida
Marubucin ya mayar da hankali ne a kan akidar siyasa da tsattsauran ra’ayi na wasu masu kishin kasa wadanda ke kishin mulki ko ta halin kaka. A wannan ma'anar, ya sa Farfesa Jordán ya zama alamar siyasa; Yana nuna shi a matsayin jagora wanda aka ƙarfafa da ayyuka da halaye, cike da ƙarfi na jiki da na ruhaniya.
Amma sama da duka, neman ayyana rayuwarsa ta kusa da mutuwa, kamar yadda kowane jarumi ko ɗan kishin ƙasa zai yi. A cikin sassa da dama na ra'ayoyi da jimloli masu alaƙa da abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin siyasa da alaƙa da kariyar jama'a an lura da su.
Ƙara koyo game da wannan da sauran ayyukan adabi ta hanyar karanta labarin mai zuwa Takaitacciyar Waye Ya Motsa Cuku Na? inda aka ba da hikayoyi makamancin waɗanda aka taso a wannan rubutu.
Nazarin novel
Ga Wanene Bell Tolls ainihin labarin soyayya ne wanda ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1937, wanda ke wakiltar shekara ta biyu na yakin basasar Spain. Saita a cikin birnin Segovia da shimfidar wurare dake arewacin kasar.
Masu kishin kasa na Franco suna samun karbuwa, saboda irin nasarorin da sojoji suka samu a kowane ci gaban da suka samu a yankuna daban-daban na kasar; Hakazalika, sun sami tallafin sama da yawa daga sojojin Nazi.
Soyayya
Halayen Robert Jordán da María sun yi soyayya a lokacin ayyukan da farfesa ya yi na rushe wata gada. Muhallin yana da haɗari da ban tausayi, yawancin mace-mace da hatsarori sun haɗa da dangantaka tsakanin su biyu; Robert dan jam'iyyar Republican ne wanda ya yi yaki a duk rayuwarsa da 'yan farkisanci kuma yana shirye ya ba da rayuwarsa don ya kayar da su.
Makircin ya mayar da hankali ne kan yadda ake gudanar da aikin rushe wata gada, inda mabiyan Franco suka yi shirin shiga yankin arewacin Spain da mamaye dukkanin wadannan yankuna. Robert ya gudanar da wani aiki, inda ya nemi taimako daga wasu 'yan tawayen Spain da suka taimaka masa wajen cimma manufarsa.
A cikin wannan yanayin ya sadu da María, abokiyar shugaban ƙungiyar: Tare da ita ya fara ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau inda kowannensu yana sha’awar ɗayan. Halin yanayi daban-daban ya sa Robert yayi tunani game da makomarsa tare da Maria, wanda ya kai shi ga yanke shawara mai dacewa.
Abin da ke cikin littafin ya ƙayyade abin da shawarar farfesa ya kamata ya kasance, ko ya rushe gada ko kuma a raye don rayuwa tare da Mariya. Wannan yana bayyana labari mai cike da sha'awa, sha'awa da shakku kuma ya ƙunshi sauran haruffan da ke cikin wannan mahallin.
Ganawar da 'yan daba
Anselmo shi ne jagoran Robert kuma abokinsa, shi ne kuma wanda ya kai shi wurin taro da kuma gabatar da kungiyar gungun, inda shugaban mai suna Pablo ya bayyana: a cikin wannan tsari, shugaban ya gabatar da shi ga María.
Duk da haka, Pablo ba ya da sha'awar taimaka wa Robert, amma daga baya ya yarda kuma ya kai shi ga maboyar, wanda za a kira shi "kogon" a kowane lokaci.
Pablo da Robert suna da jayayya da yawa, tun da Pablo yana da wasu tsare-tsare na tsai da sojoji masu kishin ƙasa. Duk da haka, matar Pablo tana da wasu tsare-tsare; Shugaban ’yan daba yana so ya yi amfani da wani abu da matarsa ba ta so sosai kuma shi ne ya hana Nazis ya yi garkuwa da su, duk da haka Pilar ya ɗauki iko kuma ya yanke shawarar taimaka wa Robert.
Ƙungiyar biyu
Bayan wani taro inda aka yanke shawarar cewa ya zama dole a nemi sufuri, María ta taso Robert wanda ke barci, don kai shi sansanin da daya daga cikin 'yan kungiyar asiri mai suna El Sordo, wanda ke hada kai da farfesa, yake.
Sai dai wannan lamarin ya haifar da matsala, domin ba su da dawakin da za su gudu bayan sun fasa gadar. Yayin da sauran membobin ke zuwa neman taimako, María da Robert an bar su su kaɗai, inda suka gane cewa suna ƙauna.
Endarshen
Aikin ya fara washegari, gadar ta fashe amma Robert ya fallasa, Pablo ya kashe wasu maza don ya tsare dawakan kuma farfesa ya kama wani fashewa, wanda ya karye masa kafa. Yana da wuya a lokacin, domin Robert ba kawai zai iya tafiya ba kuma ya nemi ƙungiyar su ci gaba ba tare da shi ba, har ma ya nemi a ɗauke Maria.
Ba ta son wannan ra’ayin kuma ta tsai da shawarar ta zauna tare da shi, amma, Robert ya roƙe ta ta kowane hali ya ɗauke ta don kada ta faɗa hannun sojoji masu kishin ƙasa, haka suka yi.
Tunanin Robert shi ne ya haifar da wata karkata ga 'yan ta'adda su tsere, zai yi amfani da karkatar da 'yan Nazi; duk da haka, samun kansa kadai, ya fara tunani game da kashe kansa. Lieutenant Berrero, wanda ya kashe El Sordo, ya wuce Robert yana kallonsa, amma Robert ya riga ya sa shi a idanunsa.
Personajes
Babban jigo na Ga Wanene Bell Tolls shine Ba'amurke Farfesa Robert Jordán, kwararre kan abubuwan da ke haifar da rudani, yana soyayya da María, aminiyar shugabar 'yan daba, amma bisa ga fifiko muna kuma da halaye masu zuwa:
- María, ’yar shekara 19, abokiyar Pilar, ta fuskanci munanan abubuwan da ’yan kishin ƙasa kuma ta ƙaunaci Robert.
- Anselmo, abokin Robert kuma abokinsa, yana da shekaru 68 kuma shi ma soja ne, abokin Jordán don tarwatsa gadar.
- Pablo: Jagoran ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye, ma'aikaci, matsoraci kuma mijin Pilar.
- Pilar, matar Pablo, babban mayaƙin da ke goyon bayan Robert kuma yana kare María.
- Joaquín, wani matashi ɗan gypsy wanda ya mutu a yaƙin, memba na ƙungiyar El Sordo.
- Rafael, memba na ƙungiyar, ɗan gypsy ne.
- Agustín, wani memba na ƙungiyar.
- Fernando, matashi kuma dan kungiyar asiri ne.
- El Sordo wani shugaba ne amma daga wasu tsirarun gungun 'yan daba.
- Andrés da Eladio, mambobi ne na ƙungiyar.
- Primitivo, wani matashin dan daba.
Dangantaka da ainihin mutane
Al'amuran tarihi da suka faru a Spain a lokacin yakin basasa da kuma mamayewar 'yan kishin kasa karkashin jagorancin Franco a cikin shekarun 1930, sune dalili kuma sun zama abin tarihi ga Ernesdt Hemingway don gudanar da wannan aikin adabi. A ciki, an mayar da hankali kan siyasa, sanya Jordán a matsayin jagora wanda 'yan gurguzu ke biye da shi.
Wasu yanayi da Hemingway ya taso a cikin Wanda Bell Tolls ya faru a zahiri, haka nan, an ɗauki wasu haruffa daga yaƙin. Alal misali, yanayin ya bayyana a babi na 10 inda Pilar ya ba da labarin yadda ’yan Nazi da yawa suka mutu a garinsu.
Hakika lamari ne na gaskiya da ya faru a birnin Ronda, Malaga a shekara ta 1936; duk da haka, marubucin ya jaddada cewa tunaninsa ne ya ƙirƙira waɗannan abubuwan. Wata dangantaka tare da yanayi na ainihi an ƙaddara ta ƙungiyar haruffa waɗanda suke da gaske, bari mu gani:
- Indalecio Prieto, tsohon shugaban PSOE, an ambaci sunansa sau da yawa a cikin littafin.
- Andrés Nin, wanda ya kafa POUM, ya bayyana mai suna a babi na 18, kasancewar Karkov izgili.
- Dolores Ibárruri, wanda aka kira a cikin novel the passion flower da aka bayyana a babi na 32.
- Robert Hale Merriman, shugaban Amurka ne wanda ke aiki a cikin Brigades na kasa da kasa, kuma ya zo daidai da Hemingway; an yi imani da cewa ya yi aiki a matsayin tunani don ƙirƙirar halin Robert Jordán.
- János Gálicz, wanda ake kira Janar Gall a cikin littafin, Hemingway bai gan shi sosai ba kuma ana kiransa da shi a wasu wurare.
- An ambaci Janar José Miaja, da Vicente Rojo a babi na 35 kuma suna da alhakin kare Madrid.
- André Marty, shi ma memba ne na Brigades na kasa da kasa, shine wanda ya dakatar da sakon da Robert ya aika wa Janar Golz.
tasiri a kan al'ada
Wannan littafi ya bar babbar alama a kan al'adun Amurka da ma duniya da suka shahara. Masu fasaha daban-daban daga wasan kwaikwayo, fasaha, da kiɗa sun, a wani lokaci, sun ƙaddamar da wani ɓangare na ƙarfafa su ga wannan aikin ta Hemingway.
Alal misali, Bee Gees ya ɗauki wata waƙa mai suna For Whom the Bell Tolls, daga littafin Turanci "For Whom the Bell Tolls", zuwa saman 5 na hits a Biritaniya fiye da mako guda a 1993. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar marching. Rock Metallica ya tsara waƙa mai suna iri ɗaya da aka yi wahayi daga aikin.
Wasannin bidiyo na Nintendo tare da Peper Mario da Saber Prince suna da sassauƙa ta hanyar aikin. A halin yanzu shahararren shirin The Walking Dead, yana amfani da wannan magana ta daya daga cikin haruffansa mai suna Chuck har ma a karshen ya ba da amsa yana cewa "Sun juya muku".
Kuna iya koyo game da wani aikin da ya haifar da babban tasiri a matakin al'adu, ta hanyar shigar da hanyar haɗi mai zuwa: Tsibiri na taska.
game da marubucin
Mai suna Ernest Miller Hemingway; dan asalin birnin Oak Park, na Arewacin Amurka, ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1899 kuma ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 191 a Ketchum, Idaho, Amurka; ya auri Mary Welsh Hemingway wadda ita ma ta rasu a wannan shekarar.
Ya kasance marubuci kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka mai nasara; Ya rubuta ayyuka daban-daban kamar su Tsohon Mutum da Teku, Rukunin Fifth, Dusar ƙanƙara na Kilimanjaro, da dai sauransu.
Ya kasance babban tasiri a fannin adabi da al'adu a Amurka tsawon shekaru da yawa, abin da ya gada ya kasance yana bayyana a cikin rayuwar Amurka kuma a halin yanzu yana zama abin nuni ga matasa marubuta, waɗanda ke ɗaukar matakan farko a duniyar adabi.
