El Francis Bacon mai zane An san shi da zane-zanen da ya yi bayan yakin duniya na biyu, inda ya kwatanta fuskar dan Adam da siffa a cikin salo mai ma'ana kuma galibi. Gano tare da mu ko wanene shi da abin da ya motsa zane-zanen da ke ba duniya mamaki.
Wanene mai zane Francis Bacon?
Wannan ƙwararren mai zane daga babban birnin Irish zuriyar Kyaftin Anthony Edward Mortimer ne da kuma matashiyar matarsa, Christina Winifred Firth.
Ya rayu shekaru masu wuyar gaske a ƙarƙashin ikon wani uba mai mulki kuma mai kaushi. An yi wa Francis ba'a kuma an zalunce shi don rashin ƙarfi da rashin lafiya, yawancin abubuwan tunawa da labarun da'awar cewa mahaifinsa ya yi masa bulala kuma ya azabtar da shi da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa.
Ya kasance yaro ne mai tsananin rashin lafiya sakamakon ciwon asma da yake fama da shi na tsawon lokaci kuma ya yi karatu a gida, yana rike da halin karewa, kunya da shiru tun yana yaro. Yana da shekara 17, an kore shi daga gidan dangi da kyau lokacin da aka kama shi yana ƙoƙarin sanye da rigar mahaifiyarsa.
Bayan tafiya zuwa Jamus da Faransa a matsayin matashi, Francis Bacon ya zauna a London kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin mai koyar da kansa. Yawancin zane-zanensa tun daga shekarun 40 zuwa 60 suna wakiltar mutum a cikin al'amuran da ke nuna barewa, tashin hankali da wahala, ana la'akari da shi daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan fasaha na bayan yakin.
Amma duk da yawan hare-haren asma da ake yi masa da kuma musguna masa, Francis Bacon ya kasance mai karfin zuciya da juriya. Ya sha, ya ci, ya yi wasa, yana sonsa da fenti da sha’awa, ta yadda lokacin barci ya ragu, kamar sa’o’i biyu ko uku a dare shi ne al’ada. Ta hanyar wannan hazo na lalata, rayuwa mai wuyar gaske, abota mai zurfi, da sha'awar sha'awa, Bacon ya samar da tarin zane-zane waɗanda ba kawai kyakkyawa ba ne, amma har ma da ƙarfin hali da asali don lokacinsu.
Ayyukansa mai ban sha'awa ya haɗu tare da haɓaka ƙungiyar masu zane-zane da ke kewaye da shi a tsakiyar karni na Ingila, wanda ya zama sananne da Makarantar London, kuma ya rinjayi yawancin masu fasaha masu zuwa, ciki har da Damien Hirst, Jenny Saville da Jake da Dinos Chapman. adadi mai yawa.
Yaranci, matashi da farkon fasaha
An haifi Painter Francis Bacon ga wasu ma'auratan Ingilishi da ke zaune a Dublin, Ireland a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1909. Yana daga zuriyar fitaccen masanin falsafa Francis Bacon na ƙarni na sha shida da na sha bakwai. Ya girma a Ireland da Ingila kuma ya kasa kula da ilimi kamar kowane yaro shekarunsa, don haka ya kasance a gida don dalilai na lafiya.
Mahaifinsa, Kyaftin Anthony Edward Mortimer Bacon, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Eddy, dan Australiya ne, an haife shi a birnin Adelaide, a kudancin kasar, ga mahaifin Ingila da kuma mahaifiyar Australiya. Eddy tsohon soja ne na Boer War, mai horar da doki, kuma jikan Anthony Bacon, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya fito daga dangin Sir Nicholas Bacon, ɗan'uwan ɗan jihar Elizabethan, masanin falsafa, kuma marubuci, Sir Francis Bacon.
Mahaifiyar ƙaramar Francis, Christina Winifred Firth, wadda ake yi wa laƙabi da Winnie, ta kasance magajiya ga kasuwancin ƙarfe na Sheffield da ma'adinan kwal, don haka matsayinta na kuɗi yana da daɗi sosai. Bacon yana da babban dangi, babban ɗan'uwa, Harley, 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Ianthe da Winifred, kuma a ƙarshe ɗan'uwa, Edward.
Iyalin suna ƙaura gidaje sau da yawa, suna canzawa tsakanin Ireland da Ingila sau da yawa, suna haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da ƙaura da ya kasance tare da Francis a duk rayuwarsa.
Iyalin sun zauna a Canny Court House a County Kildare daga 1911, sannan a Westbourne Terrace a Landan, kusa da Ofishin Rikodin Sojoji na Territorial Force inda mahaifin ya yi aiki kuma daga baya ya yi hijira zuwa Ireland a ƙarshen yakin duniya na farko..
Bacon ya zauna tare da iyayensa, amma kuma kakannin mahaifiyarsa, Winifred da Kerry Supple, a Farmleigh, Abbeyleix, duk da haka ya kasance a cikin kulawar mahaifiyar iyali, Jessie Lightfoot, daga Cornwall, wanda aka fi sani da suna. Nanny Lightfoot, mutuniyar uwa da uwa wacce ta kasance kusa dashi har mutuwarta.
Bacon yaro ne mai kunya, wanda ke jin daɗin tufafi da yin ado da kyau, kuma yana da ɗabi’a mai ɗabi’a da ɗabi’a na mata fiye da kima, abubuwan da sukan fusata mahaifinsa, wanda a cewar wasu labaran da suka biyo baya suka zalunce shi.
Ya kasance 1924, lokacin da yake matashi, iyayensa sun ci gaba da canza wurin zama kuma halin Francis ya fara canzawa, yana so ya zana mata, tare da riguna masu ban tsoro da huluna. A wurin wani liyafa mai ban sha'awa a gidan abokin dangi da ke Cavendish Hall, Francis sanye da kayan kwalliya, cike da rigar rhinestone, lipstick, manyan sheqa da dogon mariƙin taba.
A cikin 1926 dangin sun koma Straffan Lodge da 'yar uwarsa, Ianthe, ƴan shekara goma sha biyu ƙaramarsa, koyaushe suna tunawa da waɗannan zane-zane da ɗanɗanonsu daban-daban. Wannan shekarar ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga Francis, wanda aka kore shi daga gidan iyayensa bayan mahaifinsa ya same shi yana sha'awar kansa a gaban wani babban madubi, sanye da rigar mahaifiyarsa.
A cikin 1927, yana da shekaru 17 kawai, ba shi da matsuguni kuma tare da iyayen da ba su yarda da jima'i ba, Francis Bacon ya yi tafiya zuwa Berlin, Jamus, inda ya shiga cikin rayuwar 'yan luwadi na birni, da kuma a cikin da'irarsa. Daga nan sai ya koma birnin Paris na kasar Faransa, inda ya kara sha'awar fasahar kere-kere ta hanyar ziyartar gidajen kallo akai-akai. Mai zanen nan gaba ya dawo Landan a ƙarshen XNUMXs kuma ya fara ɗan gajeren aiki a matsayin mai kayan ado na ciki, kuma yana zayyana kayan ɗaki da tagulla a cikin salo na zamani, Art Deco mai tasiri.
Lokacin da yakin ya barke, ya yi kokarin shiga amma ya ki saboda tsananin ciwon asma, amma ya shiga cikin tawagar ceton gaggawar.
Daga nan ya fara fenti, na farko a cikin salon cubist wanda Pablo Picasso ya rinjayi kuma daga baya a cikin hanyar mika wuya. Aikin Bacon na koyar da kansa ya jawo sha'awa kuma a cikin 1937, an haɗa shi a cikin nunin rukuni a London mai suna "Young British Painters".
Fitattun ayyuka tsakanin 40s da 50s
Francis Bacon ya bayyana a wani lokaci cewa ainihin farkon aikinsa na fasaha ya kasance a cikin 1944, tun lokacin da ya sadaukar da kansa sosai don yin zane-zane da ƙirƙirar ayyukan da suka ba shi shahara kuma har yanzu ana tunawa da shi.
Nazari guda Uku don Hoto a Ƙafar Gicciye, ana la'akari da muhimmin juyi. Gilashinsa na baje kolin siffofi na ɗan adam, akai-akai siffa ɗaya ce, keɓe gaba ɗaya a cikin ɗaki, keji ko bangon baki.
Ya yi jerin zane-zane, wanda aka yi masa wahayi daga hoton Paparoma Innocent X da Diego Velázquez ya yi a shekara ta 1650, amma ya ba wa kowannensu salon kansa, tare da launuka masu duhu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da shi, ƙwanƙolin goge baki da karkatattun fuskoki. Ana kiran waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin Francis Bacon's Screaming Paparoma Painting.
Jigogi daban-daban ne, a kan zane guda za ka iya ganin wani siffa a tsaye da fentin nama kusa da shi, yayin da wasu kuma suka samu kwarin guiwar jigogin addini na gargajiya. Amma duk zane-zanen nasa yana da abu guda ɗaya, mai zane Francis Bacon ya dage akan abubuwan da duniya ta fuskanta na wahala da ƙetare.
Rayuwarsa da fasaha bayan 1960
Duk da cewa lokaci ne da zane-zanen zamani ya mamaye fasahar zamani, wannan fitaccen mai zanen ya ci gaba da zana fuska da siffar mutane, ba tare da bin halin da ake ciki ba. Amfanin da ya yi na motsa jiki na launuka da goge-goge, da wuce gona da iri da motsin motsi ya ba shi lakabin mai zane-zane, kodayake ya ƙi wannan kalmar.
Ayyukan Bacon daga shekarun 1960 sukan nuna adadi na maza a matsayin masu zaman kansu, a cikin kasuwancin kasuwanci na yau da kullun, wasu a matsayin tsiraicin adadi mai sassa da fasali sosai. Akwai shekaru da ya yi amfani da wasu sautuna masu haske a wasu lokuta, duk da haka, jigogin tashin hankali da mace-mace har yanzu sune babban abin da ya sa shi ya sa shi kuma sautin duhu da sanyi ya zama ruwan dare.
Ya kuma yi ta zana hotunan abokansa, abokan aiki, masu fasaha, da wasu abokan hamayya a yankin, ciki har da George Dyer, wanda ya hadu da Francis lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin yin fashi a gidansa.
Mai zane Francis Bacon ya gana da George Dyer, daya daga cikin samfuran da ya zana kuma ya fi so, a lokacin da Dyer, wanda matashi ne mai karamin laifi da ke zaune a Gabashin Landan, ya fadi a sararin samaniyar gidan mai zane a wani dare na 1963, da nufin yin fashi.
An ce Bacon ya gaya masa cewa ya kasance mai taurin kai ga barawo, amma wannan matashin ko shakka babu ya dauki hankalin pinto, wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 25. Dangantakar da bacon ta yi da Dyer ta dau tsawon shekaru takwas, har sai da saurayin ya mutu sakamakon yawan barasa da barbiturates a dakin otal dinsa na Paris.
Wannan taron ya faru kwanaki biyu kafin buɗewar Bacon na baya a Grand Palais, a cikin Oktoba 1971. A lokacin, mai zane ya shahara a duniya kuma farashin ayyukansa sun yi nasara da na Picasso. Wannan nune-nunen na mutum ɗaya a Grand Palais a birnin Paris ya kasance abin girmamawa na musamman ga mai zane mai rai kuma an yi shiru da mutuwar masoyinsa, don guje wa rufe wannan babbar nasara.
George Dyer ya kasance mai sha'awar sha'awa da tashin hankali, wanda ke da alamar sama da ƙasa da hauka, har Dyer, a cikin wasu abubuwa, ya zarge shi da mallakar miyagun ƙwayoyi. Yawancin abubuwan da ya faru sun wakilci a cikin fim din Ƙauna Iblis: Nazari don Hoton Francis Bacon, daga shekara ta 1998 kuma tare da Derek Jacobi, Daniel Craig da Tilda Swinton. Naman alade, wanda aka sani da shagalinsa, son abin sha da sha'awar fasaha, ya kasance sanannen cunkoson gida da ɗakin studio a London kuma ya ci gaba da yin fenti har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa.
Ya mutu a lokacin hutu a Madrid, Spain a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1992, wanda ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 82, bai daina zama Baturen bature mai fuskar samartaka da kulawa da kyau duk da rayuwarsa ta biki da ƴan sa'o'i. na barci, wanda ya yi ado da ladabi da dabara. Amma sama da duka, bai daina zane-zane, ci, sha, ƙauna da karatu ba. Wannan ƙwararren mai karatu ya bar ɗakin karatu na kusan XNUMX, kusan dukkaninsu suna da bayanin kula da sharhi.
Legacy na mai zane Francis Bacon
Ana ɗaukar Bacon ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zanen Burtaniya na ƙarni na baya-bayanan Yaƙin Duniya na II, da kuma babban tasiri kan sabbin tsararrun masu fasaha a cikin XNUMXs.
Ayyukansa mallakin manyan gidajen tarihi na duniya ne kuma an baje kolinsa a lokuta daban-daban. Bayan mutuwarsa, Hugh Lane Gallery ya sayi ɗakin aikinsa, inda suka shirya ɗaki don baƙi su yaba.
Nazarin uku na Lucian Freud Mai zanen Francis Bacon ya karya tarihin aiki mafi tsada da aka samu a gwanjon, a shekarar 2013. Farashin karshe ya kai dala miliyan 142,4 kuma Christie's ce ta yi gwanjon a Amurka.
Wannan mai zane, wanda ya rayu shekaru 82, ya kasance mai rikitarwa a tsakanin kungiyoyin fasahar zane-zane na gargajiya, tunda yana da kwararrun maganganu masu ƙarfi kamar su jima'i, da yawa, wahala da mutunci.
A cikin aikinsa, Bacon ya karya tare da duk mahimman ka'idoji da ka'idoji na fasahar Ingilishi na gargajiya, yana jingina zuwa al'ada da salon Turai. Wanda ya koyar da kansa kuma yana cike da hazaka, ba tare da wani horo na fasaha ba, wani lokaci yakan yi fenti da yatsunsa, yana amfani da goge ko tsumma, yana hada hotuna daga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban don samar da abubuwa masu ban mamaki.
Me ya ba ka kwarin gwiwa?
Bayan da aka kori Bacon daga gidan danginsa, ya shiga jerin tseren Turai waɗanda suka buɗe idanunsa ga fasaha da zane, ba tare da ambaton sauran abubuwan jin daɗin duniya ba, kamar jima'i da ruwan inabi.
Ayyuka daban-daban da ya ci karo da su da sha'awar su a lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa sun yi tasiri mai dorewa kuma ba za a iya gogewa a cikin aikinsa ba kuma ba za su bar tunaninsa ba har sai mutuwarsa a 1992. Misali, yayin da yake karatun Faransanci kusa da Chantilly a 1927, ya gamu da babban Kisan Kisan da aka yi na Innocents. de Poussin (1628-29), wanda ya burge shi da azabar da aka nuna a wurin.
Halin da ke tattare da tsananin gaske a cikin siffar wata uwa, wadda ƙaramin ɗanta ya kusa kashe shi da wani adadi ba tare da jinƙai ba, ya girgiza mai zane.
Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya samo kuma ya duba abubuwan da ke da tasiri sosai a cikin aikinsa: Littafin da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da cututtukan baki, fim ɗin Sergei Eisenstein na 1925 Battleship Potemkin, da wurin da wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ta zubar da jini tana kuka. Hotunan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba a gare shi, suka rage a matsayin hoto da aka yi ta har abada a cikin zuciyarsa.
Wani muhimmin al'amari ga mai zane shine tafiya zuwa Paris kawai a wannan lokacin, wanda ya ba shi damar ganin zane-zane na farko na Picasso. Duk waɗannan abubuwan da tasirinsa sun wakilci farkon ilimin fasaha na Francis Bacon da tasiri na dindindin akan duk ayyukansa na gaba, waɗanda ke nuna tsarinsa na musamman da na asali.
Ya kamata a lura cewa mai zanen Francis Bacon bai taɓa samun horo na yau da kullun ba, duk da haka, hakan bai hana shi ƙirƙirar ayyukan ba inda jikin ɗan adam ya kasance mai malleable, akwati mai banƙyama cike da ɗanɗano. Bakin bude baki daga baya zai bayyana a cikin wasu manyan zane-zane na mai zane: jerin Kuka da Dankali, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1949 zuwa 1971, yana nuna batattu, mazaje da ke kan gadon sarautar da aka kama a cikin wani mummunan kururuwa da alama na har abada.
Mutane da yawa suna ɗauka cewa lokaci guda suna yin nuni da umarnin soja na mahaifin Bacon, da fushin husuma tsakanin mai zane da ƙaunataccensa Peter Lacy, kukan tsoro mai sauƙi, ko madaidaicin inzali mai ban tsoro. Wannan shine ikon aikin mai zane, wanda ba kasafai ba kuma na musamman, yana iya haɗa nassoshi iri-iri, dodo ko dabbar da ke rawar jiki saboda bambance-bambancen motsin rai da dabara, cike da takaici, tashin hankali ko tsoro.
Jerin Paparoma Bacon ya kasance samfurin wani babban tasiri: Hoton Velázquez na Paparoma Innocent X daga 1650, aikin da Bacon ya ƙaunace shi, kuma bai yi jinkirin yarda da shi ba.
A lokuta da yawa Francis ya sake yin nasa sigar wannan ƙwararren, ko da yake ya ƙi ganin hoton da kansa lokacin da ya tafi Roma. Ya bayyana cewa ya ji kunya cewa ya yi wauta da wannan abin ban sha'awa, sau da yawa. Bacon ya yi iƙirarin cewa ayyukan manyan masu fasaha irin su Giacometti, van Gogh da Matisse sun kasance masu tasiri a cikin ayyukansa, amma bai daina kallon marubuta da mawaƙa irin su Racine, Baudelaire da Proust don yin wahayi da jagorar kere kere ba.
Koyaushe yana jaddada cewa abin da ya fi jan hankalinsa ga adabi shi ne iya taqaitar da sarkakkiya da ke tattare da samuwar mutum cikin ‘yan takaitattun layuka da jimloli. Wani abu da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tare da adadi masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa waɗanda aka ajiye a cikin zanensa.
A wani lokaci ya ayyana cewa bai nanata mutuwa ba, kawai ya yarda da ita a matsayin wani bangare na rayuwa, tunda mutum yana sane da mace-mace a rayuwa, kawai fure ce ta yi fure, sannan ta mutu.
Menene hanyar aikin ku?
Abubuwan haɓakawa waɗanda suka zama wahayi ga Bacon, kamar Kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa marasa laifis, Hotunan namun daji da aka sawa, ƙwararrun Masarawa, littattafai da ƙari, an haɗa su a kan benaye na ɗakin studio inda yake aiki, ko da yaushe a matsayin babban jumble da ke tare da shi a tsawon rayuwarsa.
Rikicin ya kasance a koyaushe da yaji da fenti da alamun liyafar da yake jefawa lokaci-lokaci, bayan dare a cikin kulake na London da wuraren caca.
Mutane da yawa sun bayyana wuraren aikinsu a matsayin rudani, inda wani abu da ba zato ba tsammani zai iya faruwa. Duk da haka, duk da rashin lafiyarsa da duk rashin girmansa, mai zane Francis Bacon ya kasance mai sadaukarwa ga aikinsa kuma yana da nasa dokoki na musamman.
Ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne mutum ya kasance a ladabtar da shi a cikin komai, amma sama da komai cikin rashin hankali. Sha'awar da yake sha'awar zamantakewa kamar yana ciyar da hankalinsa da aikinsa, tun da shi da kansa ya bayyana cewa bayan wani dare, zai iya tashi da sassafe kuma ya yi fenti na sa'o'i da yawa tare da mafi kyawun rana, na sa'o'i na farko. bayan gari ya waye.
Bayan haka, yana iya ci da sha da kansa buguwa, ya zagaya birnin yana cuɗanya da abokansa da abokansa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƴan uwansa masu zane Lucian Freud da Frank Auerbach akai-akai. Har ila yau mashahuran masu tattarawa na London, irin su Sainsbury's, wasu daga cikin masoyansa da yawa, kamar Lacy ko Eric Hall, a tsakanin sauran mutane.
Wani kwararre ne mai fasaha, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa ya fi aiki bayan dare ya sha, domin ya maimaita cewa hankalinsa ya tashi kuma ya cika da kuzari bayan waɗannan dare na liyafa marasa iyaka, yana jin cewa shan giya ya sa ya sami 'yanci. Duk da haka, kamar yadda aka sani, irin wannan na yau da kullum yana haifar da wasu haɗari, idan ba yawancin haɗari ba. A lokuta da dama, bayan liyafa, yakan dawo gida a makare kuma ya bugu sosai, har ya yanke shawarar "kammala" wani zane da aka kammala a ranar.
Daga nan sai ya farka ya gano cewa abin da ya kammala ya lalace ne kawai. Bayan wasu nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) gallery nasa ya fara tattara ayyukan da zane-zane daga ɗakinsa bayan an kammala su.
An kuma kula da wannan ta hanyar mai kula da shi wanda ya rene shi kuma ya raka shi a lokacin rayuwarsa, mai suna Jessie Lightfoot, wanda ya zauna tare da mai zane har zuwa mutuwarta a 1951 da kuma manyan masu rarraba aikinsa guda biyu, Erica Brausen a Hanover Gallery kuma daga baya. Valerie Beston a Marlborough Gallery, wanda kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsari da ci gaban rayuwarsa da aikinsa.
Mai zane mai ban sha'awa wanda ke da matsalolin kudi a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, yana da goyon bayan Lightfoot, wanda ya taimaka masa ya fara wasu kasuwanci ko samun masoyan da za su ba da tallafin kudi. Brausen ya zama aboki na kud da kud da abin dogaro, mai haɗe kan fasaha, luwaɗi da madigo da suke da shi, da ɗanɗanonsu na haɗarin haɗari, Bacon's akan zane da nata akan bangon hotonta.
Tun daga shekara ta 1958, Miss Beston, kamar yadda ake kiranta da ƙauna, ta shirya kusan dukkanin kayan aikin Bacon na yau da kullum a cikin shekarun da ya fi nasara, kula da biyan kuɗinsa, tsara jadawalinsa, tabbatar da tsaftace gidansa, da kuma kula da shi don kiyaye shi. a kan jadawali.aiki, sadaukar da zanen. Bugu da kari, ya kula da ajiye kwalayensa daga cikin kwandon shara, domin a wasu lokuta yakan lalata su.
Me yasa aikinku yake da mahimmanci?
Wannan mawaƙi mai ban mamaki ya kawo sabon ƙarfin zuciya ga alkalumman da ya zana, suna kwatanta batutuwansa, su kasance abokansa, samfura, ko ƙididdiga na tatsuniyoyi, a matsayin murɗaɗɗen, nama, ƙwaƙƙwalwa, da ɓarna a rai.
Ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana sarƙaƙƙiya da ke tattare da facade na ɗan adam, kuzari, wahala da jin daɗi. Hotunan da ke tattare da gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓinsu da karkatattun gaɓoɓinsu sun bayyana abubuwan da suka fi sha'awa, watakila saboda wannan dalili a cikin abubuwan da ya yi a shekarun XNUMX, wakilcin birai da maza sukan yi kama da juna sosai.
A cikin rayuwarsa da fasaharsa, mai zane Francis Bacon ya ƙunshi kuma ya ciyar da shi a kan matsananci, yana fassara su zuwa hotuna masu ganewa waɗanda tashin hankali ya nuna cewa shine samfurin rayuwar da aka yi a gefen.
Jigogin ayyukansa
Mai zanen Francis Bacon ya kasance mai kirkire-kirkire kuma yana da salon aiki mai karfi, amma kamar yadda muka taba gani a baya, yana da wani hakki na wasu jigogi na musamman don aiwatar da ayyukansa, wanda babu shakka ya ba shi babban nasara. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
Gicciye shi
Hotunan gicciye suna da nauyi a cikin aikin Francis Bacon, tun da kowane nau'i na motsin rai da jin dadi na iya rataye da yin tunani a kai. Wuri ne da ake cutar da mutum a cikinsa, wasu kuma sukan taru don kallo, suna nazarin wasu wuraren halayen mutum.
Wannan jigon ya kasance maimaituwa a cikin ayyukansa na farko, lokacin da ya fara yin fenti da gaske, yana ɗan shekara 30. A kusa da 1933, Eric Hall ya ba shi izinin yin jerin zane-zane guda uku bisa jigon, zane-zane na farko ya rinjayi mawallafin farko kamar Matthias Grünewald, Diego Velázquez da Rembrandt. Hakanan don ayyukan Picasso daga ƙarshen ashirin zuwa farkon XNUMXs.
Papas
Da yake ambaton yawancin hoton Velázquez na sanannen 1650 na Paparoma Innocent X, yanzu a cikin Doria Pamphili Gallery a Rome, jerin Paparoma na Bacon suna ɗaukar hotuna masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke haɓaka motifs da aka riga aka samu a cikin ayyukansa na farko, kamar su. Nazarin siffofi uku a gindin gicciye kuma kamar buɗaɗɗen baki mai kururuwa.
Figures na popes, a cikin hoto ware ta partially lankwasa layika layi daya nuna karfi da kuma ciki makamashi, daban-daban da kuma ze m daga asali wakilci, su ne a cikin aikin da aka kwace daga ikonsu kuma shi ne misali na wahala bil'adama.
kintace Figures
Yawancin zane-zane na Bacon suna da a cikin mazaunan su suna kintsawa, su kadai ko a cikin trittichs, inda ake maimaita su tare da wasu bambancin. Abubuwan da ke tattare da siffofi na musamman na tsirara suna da tasiri ta hanyar aikin sassaka na Michelangelo da matakai da yawa na fassararsa waɗanda kuma za a iya amfani da su ga ƙira a cikin hotuna, nuni ne ga tarihin Eadweard Muybridge.
bakin da ke kururuwa
Da farko wahayi zuwa ga har yanzu daga Sergei Eisenstein ta 1925 shiru film The Battleship Potemkin ne maimaituwa motif a da yawa daga cikin Bacon ta ayyukan da marigayi 1940s da farkon 1950s. Duk da haka, wasu model na kururuwa bakuna da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga daban-daban kafofin, ciki har da likita litattafan da kuma likita litattafan. ayyuka na Matthias Grünewald, ban da stills na m a cikin Odessa Matakai.
Bacon ya ga fim ɗin The Battleship Potemkin a cikin 1935 kuma yana kallonsa akai-akai tun daga lokacin, yana ajiye hoton abin da ke faruwa a ɗakin studio ɗinsa, wanda ya nuna kusa da kan ma'aikacin jinya yana kururuwa cikin firgita da firgita, tare da fashe-fashewar gilashin. fuskarsa cike da jini. Hoton da ya yi ishara da shi a tsawon aikinsa, inda ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushen abin burgewa.
Francis Bacon ya bayyana kukan bakin a matsayin mai kara kuzari ga aikinsa kuma ya hada da sifar sa lokacin zanen chimera. Ana iya ganin amfani da motif a cikin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko da ya tsira, Abstraction of the Human Form.
Ana iya ganin cewa a farkon shekarun 1950 ya zama damuwa mai ban sha'awa kuma watakila idan mai kallo zai iya bayyana ainihin asali da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin wannan kukan, za su kasance kusa da fahimtar duk fasahar wannan mai zane.
Muhimman ayyukan mai zane Francis Bacon
Daga ƙaramin ɗakin studio ɗinsa na Landan, inda kayan tushe ya cika, kwalabe na champagne da zane-zane a ko'ina, mai zane Francis Bacon ya haifar da jerin zane-zane masu fa'ida da tasiri na ƙarni na ashirin. Gilashin nasa yana ba da jerin murɗaɗɗen sifofi, tare da ban mamaki da jujjuyawar motsin rai, masu wakiltar mutane daga duniyar addini da fasaha zuwa abokai da masoya marasa kan gado.
Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi jerin rashin jin daɗi na al'adu da damuwa na lokacin yakin basasa, da kuma aljanu da sha'awar mai zanen kansa.
Francis Bacon ya kawo raye-rayen hotuna da alkaluma waɗanda suka nuna yadda al'umma suka ji rauni da rauni bayan yaƙin. Ƙwarewa ta hanyar surrealism da tushe irin su sinima, daukar hoto da sauran masu fasaha, mai zanen ya yi nasarar ƙirƙira wani salo na musamman wanda ya sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ma'abota fasaha na siffofi a cikin XNUMXs da XNUMXs.
Naman alade ya mayar da hankalinsa kan hotuna, yana mai nuna ma'aikatan sanduna da kulake na Soho a matsayin batutuwan murɗaɗɗen tashin hankali, kusan guda na nama, keɓaɓɓen rayuka da aka ɗaure da azaba ta hanyar rikiɗewar rayuwa.
Amma, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna mamakin menene sirrinsa don ƙirƙirar waɗannan hotuna da adadi? Me ya sa ya zama abin ban sha'awa da ban mamaki? Tare da zane-zane masu raɗaɗi mai zurfi, ƙarfin sulfur wanda ya jure, kuma ana yin gwanjonsa don adadi mai yawa, tasirinsa ba zai shuɗe ba nan da nan.
Mai zane Francis Bacon ya kasance mutum ne mai matukar rikitarwa, wanda aikinsa ya nuna tangle na dangantaka mai tsanani, gyare-gyare na tarihi-artistic da adadi mai kyau da ya mallaka, yana samar da samfurori masu ban sha'awa na fasaha:
giciye (1933)
Crucifixion shine aikin da ya kawo mai zane a cikin tabo ta jama'a kuma ya biyo bayan manyan nasarorin da aka samu na shekarun bayan yakin.
Wannan triptych na iya samun wahayi daga sanannen aikin Rembrandt na 1655 Le Boeuf écorché (The Skinned Ox), amma salon Picasso ya rinjayi shi. Yana sake haifar da nau'i nau'i uku na mutuwa ta tashin hankali, nasara, kisa, alkalumman da aka kashe a kwance a kan gadaje kuma suna rataye kife.
A translucent fari a jikin firam a cikin wannan aikin ya ba da wani fatalwa iska, samar da wani quite damuwa abun da ke ciki, inda zafi da tsoro da aka fallasa a matsayin daya daga cikin gyarawa da kuma m ra'ayoyi na mai zanen.
Crucifixion, wanda aka yi a 1933, yana da kimanin 197,5 x 147 centimeters kuma an nuna shi a karon farko a lokacin da baƙin ciki, zalunci da tsoro na yakin duniya na farko ya kasance a ɓoye, yana nuna abin da kowa ya sani, yadda zalunci da zalunci suka canza. duniya har abada.
Na san cewa ga masu addini, ga Kirista, gicciye yana da ma'ana dabam dabam. Amma a matsayinsa na kafiri, wannan aiki ne kawai na halin wani mutum ga wani.
Hoto a cikin Tsarin Kasa (1945)
Hoto a cikin shimfidar wuri wani aiki ne da aka yi a cikin mai akan zanen saƙa na fili, wanda aka ɗauka cewa hoton masoyin Bacon ne a lokacin, Eric Hall, sanye da rigar flannel, rabin barci a wurin zama a Hyde Park.
An yi wa wani muhimmin ɓangaren jiki fenti mai duhu, yana nuna babu kowa, tare da buɗe baki da za a iya gane shi, da ɗan tuno da wani shugaba da ya ba da jawabi kuma aka ce ya samu kwarin guiwar hotunan Nazis yana jawabi ga mabiyansu. Wannan hoton da ke kewaye da wurin makiyaya yana nuna babban bambanci tsakanin tashin hankali da zalunci da kuma gaskiyar yau da kullum na mai zane.
Zane (1946)
Hotunan da aka jera na wannan zanen mai ban mamaki suna haɗuwa cikin juna, suna ba shi bayyanar mafarki mai ban tsoro. Yana da ban sha'awa don godiya daga sama, fuka-fukan kwarangwal na tsuntsu wanda da alama suna kan gawar rataye, wannan dalili na ƙarshe ya rinjayi, kamar Crucifixion a 1933, ta ayyukan Rembrandt.
A gaba, wani mutum mai sanye da kyau a ƙarƙashin laima yana zaune a cikin wani shinge mai da'ira wanda za a iya ƙawata shi da ƙarin ƙasusuwa da wani gawa. Abubuwan ban mamaki na wannan aikin, wanda yayi kama da haɗin gwiwa, ya bayyana hanyar Bacon don wannan zane. Hatsari ne kawai, domin kawai yana so ya sake fasalin hoton tsuntsu da ke kan fili, mai zanen zai ce daga baya kadan.
Wannan man fetur da pastel a kan lilin, mahaliccinsa ya lissafta shi a matsayin jerin hatsarori da suka taru daya bayan daya kuma ko da yake yana iya danganta ta wata hanya zuwa nau'i uku na baya, layin da ya zana ya nuna wani abu daban-daban kuma kamar haka. An daga hoton ta wata hanya dabam dabam.
Mai zanen ya bayyana cewa ba burinsa na shirya wannan bakon fim ba ne, bai taba tunanin haka ba, sai kawai ya faru. Gaskiyar ita ce, da gangan ko a'a, aiki ne wanda, kamar yawancin Bacon na sauran, ya haifar da tsammanin da yawa.
Nazari guda uku don Figures a Tushen Giciye (1944)
Wannan aikin yana ba Bacon suna kawai a tsakiyar 1940s kuma yana nuna mahimmancin surrealism na biomorphic wajen ƙirƙirar salon sa na farko. Salon surealist shine triptych, yana auna santimita 74 x 94 ga kowane panel.
Wataƙila da farko ya yi niyya ne don haɗa adadi a cikin gicciye, amma ambatonsa ga tushen irin wannan abun ya nuna cewa ya hango su a matsayin wani ɓangare na preella. Karkatattun jikin da ba su da kyau suna sanya su da ɗan firgita ta hanyar sanannun siffofin ɗan adam, waɗanda kamar suna isa ga mai kallo da zafi da iska na ɓacin rai da roƙo.
Alkaluman sun dogara ne akan Furies, alloli na fansa daga tarihin Girkanci waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Oresteia, bala'i mai ɓarna uku ta Aeschylus, kuma yana yiwuwa Bacon ya kusantar da jigogi na wasan kwaikwayo na laifi da damuwa. . Wannan yanki mai ban mamaki sosai ya yi tasiri ga hotunan jiki a fasahar Burtaniya bayan yakin.
Nazarin Hoton Paparoma Innocent X na Velázquez (1953)
Ko da yake adadi a cikin wannan hoton ya samo asali ne daga hoton Paparoma Innocent X na 1650 na mai zane Diego Velázquez, mai zane Francis Bacon ya kauce wa ganin ainihin zanen, ya fi son yin aiki daga haifuwa. Ya zana wani firam mai siffar keji da ke kewaye da hoton da ke nuna Paparoma, sannan ya gabatar da wani goga a tsaye a saman zanen, wani sinadari da ya bayyana a matsayin labule, wanda ke alakanta wannan adadi da wani abu mai daraja da ke bukatar wani wuri mai kariya.
Koyaya, bugun layi na layi yana lalata hoton kuma sun fi kama da sandunan gidan yari fiye da labule. Layukan sun kusan yin rawar jiki kuma madaidaitan inuwar shuɗi da rawaya suna ƙara tashin hankali na abun da ke ciki.
Mai zanen Francis Bacon ba mutumin da ke da alaƙa da Kiristanci ba ne, bai taɓa ɗaukar kansa mai addini ba, duk da haka, aikinsa yana nuna sha'awa ga alamomi kamar Crucifixion da Paparoma, yana zana wahayi daga gare su don nuna motsin rai da yawa.
Tare da murƙushe fuska da sanannen kururuwa, mai zanen ya tabbatar da cewa ba yadda yake so ba, ya gwammace ya yi tunanin wani abu mai kama da faɗuwar rana ta Monet. Duk da haka, alamar mamakinsa mai cike da rashin tausayi yana nuna wani abu mai kyau da kwanciyar hankali da babu shakka.
Wannan zanen naman alade yana da wannan salo mai ban sha'awa na nunin batutuwa masu ban tsoro ta hanyar da zai sa su dace da kyawawan wuraren shakatawa waɗanda yawancin su suka rataye. Wannan zanen mai mai girman santimita 153 x 118, wanda asalin sunan sa Nazari bayan Hoton Velázquez na Paparoma Innocent X, a halin yanzu ana nunawa a gidan kayan gargajiya Des Moines Art Center, Iowa (Amurka).
Hoton George Dyer a cikin madubi (1968)
Mai zane Francis Bacon yana da shekaru 60 a lokacin da ya sadu da matashi George Dyer, dangantakar, ko da yake soyayya, ko da yaushe yana da fiye da salon uba-da, kamar yadda Dyer kullum yana buƙatar kulawa da tabbaci.
An yi wahayi zuwa ga hotunan Picasso daga tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, mai zanen Irish ya gudanar da mamaki don kama rikici na cikin gida na wannan ɗan adam, wanda abokin tarayya ne na tunaninsa shekaru da yawa. Aikin ya nuna George Dyer, yana zaune a kan kujera mai juyawa, wanda kuma yana fuskantar madubi a kan wani kayan daki a hanya ta musamman.
Hoton tare da gurɓataccen jiki da fuskarsa da ke nunawa a cikin madubi an raba shi zuwa sassa biyu ta wurin sarari na haske, amma wannan har yanzu bai sha wahala iri ɗaya ba, tun da guda biyu na tunani tare zai samar da ainihin ainihin hoton mutumin. Wannan man a kan zane na kimanin 200 cm × 150 centimeters, wanda ainihin take Hoton George Dyer a cikin madubi A halin yanzu suna cikin tarin masu zaman kansu.
Hoton George Dyer yana magana (1968)
Hoton George Dyer Talking ya rage launuka idan aka kwatanta da sauran ayyukan, kodayake ja da kore suna nuna alamar gwagwarmaya ta ciki, watakila yana nuna jarabar George Dyer na rayuwa ga kwayoyi da barasa. Ƙara zuwa launuka, hoton da aka zana yana kallon ƙasa zuwa cikin rami na tsakiya watakila shine mafi kyawun bayanin wannan azaba.
Ayyukan sun hada da George Dyer zaune a kan stool, kama da wanda ke cikin ofis a cikin daki mai launi, yana baje kolin jiki da murɗaɗɗen fuska, kamar wani nau'i na contortionist. Ƙananan gaɓoɓin suna ƙetare sosai kuma kai ya bayyana a cikin firam. Wannan mutumi na ɗan adam yana ƙarƙashin wata fitila mai raɗaɗi kuma a ƙafafunsa ga alama an watsar da ganye a kewaye da shi. Jikin adadi yana tsaye a gaba da baya,
Hoto guda biyu (1953)
Saboda ma'anarsa na ɗan luwadi, baje kolin farko na Figures Biyu ya haifar da rudani. Ƙaddamar da zane-zane na jiki da kuma motsi na motsi na Eadweard Muybridge, zanen shine binciken jiki a cikin aiki, ta hanyar wakilcin aikin jiki na ƙauna. Siffofin da suka haɗa juna biyu a kan gadon suna rufe da “labule” wanda mai zane Francis Bacon ya ƙirƙira, wanda ɗan ɗan hana ra'ayi kuma yana haɓaka motsin adadi.
Koyaya, duk da wakiltar aikin soyayya ta zahiri, aiki ne wanda baya haifar da soyayyar da zata iya faruwa a daren kwanan wata, launuka masu duhu suna sa mu yi tunanin wani mummunan lokaci.
Mutane da yawa suna fassara aikin a matsayin furci na ɗanɗanon ɗan adam da ake zaton mawaƙin ne, wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda zaluncin da ya girma. Ya zama ruwan dare ga wasu zane-zane don nuna cin zarafi wanda aka fallasa shi a cikin mugayen alaƙar sa. Wannan man da ke kan zane wani bangare ne na tarin masu zaman kansu a Landan.
Jerin Shugabanni (1948-1949)
Tsakanin shekarun 1948 zuwa 1949, mai zane Francis Bacon yayi nazari sosai kuma ya kirkiro rukuni na zane-zane guda shida da aka sani da jerin. Heads (Shugabanni), sanya wasu daga cikin waɗannan musamman a cikin mafi mahimmancin ayyukan mai fasaha kuma ba kasafai ba, kasancewar jerin da suka aza harsashi ga yawancin bincikensa na hotuna shekaru da yawa masu zuwa.
Dukkansu iri ɗaya ne kuma suna nuna nau'in palette mai launi iri ɗaya na launin toka mai sanyi da fari, waɗannan ayyukan sun haifar da tashin hankali, har zuwa cewa Head III, wanda aka ƙirƙira a 1949, an sayar da shi a gwanjo akan £10,442,500 a 2013, rikodin duniya na yanzu don Bacon aiki daga XNUMXs.
Rabin na biyu na wannan shekaru goma yana wakiltar wani muhimmin canji a cikin fahimtar duniya na mai fasaha, farawa tare da haɗin gwiwar nasara tare da Erica Brausen, mai gidan Hanover Gallery. Mai gidan gallery na Landan ya ba da gudummawar aikin mai zane ga Alfred Barr don Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Zamani a New York a cikin 1948, wanda za a iya ɗaukarsa azaman kyakkyawan farawa ga aikinta na duniya.
An gudanar da baje kolin solo na farko a Hannover Gallery shekara guda bayan haka, a watan Nuwamba 1949, tare da wannan muhimmin jerin kawuna shida. Samun mai zane mai kyau sosai reviews, wanda ya dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi iko artists a Turai.
Nazarin Kuskure Tsiraici (1952)
Nazarin Kuskure Tsirara Aiki ne da aka yi da mai da yashi akan zane, wanda ke auna 198,1 x 137,2 centimeters kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin e.Cibiyar Fasaha ta Detroit.
Tasiri mai kama da mashaya yana raba batun da aka daure daga mai kallo mai ban sha'awa, yanayin da ya bayyana yana nunawa a cikin bangon gilashin da ke haifar da aura na shaƙewa, watakila yana da alaƙa da mutane da yawa ga yanayin asthmatic na mai zane.
Mabubbugar da suka zaburar da hotunan Bacon suna da ban mamaki daban-daban, gami da har yanzu fina-finan Eisenstein, wuraren kotu na Velázquez, da rubuce-rubucen ma'ana na Joyce, da kuma littattafan likitanci.
Amma don Nazari don Tsirara da aka samar a cikin bazara na 1952, mai yiwuwa ya ɗauki wasu ra'ayoyi daga tabloids da gwaje-gwajen daukar hoto na mai daukar hoto da bincike na Burtaniya, Eadweard Muybridge. Ana iya samun aikin da ke nuna adadi a kan wani abu daga The Man Jumping Up, ta wannan ɗan Birtaniyya.
An fara gabatar da zanen a ciki Abubuwan da suka faru na Kwanan nan a cikin Zane na Gaskiya, wanda Robert Melville da David Sylvester suka shirya, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, London, a cikin 1952.
Figures uku a cikin daki (1964)
Aiki ne da ya kunshi fentin fentin mai guda uku na kusan santimita 198 × 147, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun masarrafan sa. A cikin wannan aikin, ta nuna masoyinta George Dyer a matsayin abin koyi a karon farko, amma ba zai zama na ƙarshe ba. Dyer wanda mai zane Francis Bacon ya hadu da shi a 1963 shine batun da yawa daga cikin zane-zanensa.
En Hoto guda uku a cikin daki ya sake nuna sha'awarsa ta yau da kullun na nuna wani batu ta kusurwoyi daban-daban, domin ko da an yi shi a cikin kwalaye daban-daban, kowane zane yana da girmansa iri ɗaya, yana haskaka ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa mai elliptical, bango cikin sautin rawaya da kasancewar samfurin guda ɗaya wanda ke ba da haske. ana maimaita shi a kowane panel, tare da gurɓatattun wurare.
Ana tsammanin aikin zai sami wahayi daga tushe daban-daban, gami da zane ta Edgar Degas, da Mace tana bushewa bayan wanka (Bayan Wanka, Mace Tana bushewa da Kanta), a cikin Belvedere Torso. sculptures na Michelangelo a cikin Medici Chapel da Masu wanka da kunkuru da Henri Matisse.
Figures uku a cikin daki, gwamnatin Faransa ta siya a ƙarshen 1976s kuma yana cikin tarin Cibiyar Georges Pompidou tun XNUMX.
Idan wannan labarin ya ba ku sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don tuntuɓar wasu hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo waɗanda za su iya zama da amfani sosai: