Muhimmancin da tsire-tsire ke wakilta don ci gaba a duniya ba wani asiri ba ne ga kowa, musamman ga dukan masu rai, tun da yake su ne alhakin samar da iskar oxygen da muke bukata don shaka. Don haka dole ne mu san menene Sassan shuka, wanda yayi daidai da kasancewa irin waɗannan mahimman kwayoyin halitta don rayuwa.
Shuke-shuke
Tsire-tsire suna cike da rayuwa, suna da shekaru miliyoyin shekaru a duniya kuma suna cikin masarautar shuka. Lokacin da aka haifi zuriyarsu a wani wuri, sai su zauna a can har tsawon rayuwarsu, da yake ba za su iya motsawa ba, wanda ke nufin ba za su iya motsawa a wani wuri ba.
Tsire-tsire sun fara tsarin juyin halitta kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.600 da suka wuce, don haka tun daga waɗancan lokutan zuwa yau sun haɓaka kuma sun dace da yanayin muhalli daban-daban waɗanda ke wanzuwa a cikin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban. Suna amfani da makamashin hasken rana don tsarin abincinsu, wato su ne masu samar da abincinsu kuma suna yin hakan ta hanyar da ake kira photosynthesis.
Tsire-tsire kyauta ne na yanayi, kuma ba wai kawai saboda su ne suke samar da iskar oxygen ba, amma har ma saboda kyan gani da kayan aiki da suke wakilta, yayin da suke ba mu damar jin dadin furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, inuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Itace, iskar oxygen da muke shaka da kuma abubuwan al’ajabi da yawa da za mu iya samu daga gare su, shi ya sa dole ne mu kula da su kuma mu kare su domin su ci gaba da yaduwa a duk duniya.
Menene sassan Shuka?
A matsayin halittu masu rai, yana iya fahimtar cewa tsire-tsire suna da irin wannan tsari mai sarkakiya don samun damar aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan kwayoyin halitta da suke yi, shi ya sa yana da mahimmanci a sani. shuka da sassanta:
tushen shuke-shuke
Dukanmu muna iya gane tushen bishiya, kuma wannan shine kashi na farko da tsire-tsire ke tasowa idan sun girma, wani yana iya cewa yana daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci. An haifi tushen a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke nufin cewa yana ƙasa da ƙasa kuma yana ciyar da shi.
Daya daga cikin ayyukan tushen shi ne hada shukar da ke cikin kasa, sai su tsotse danyen ruwan, su kai shi ga thallus na azurfa, yayin da yake adana abubuwan da aka ce, tun da kasa na da sinadarai da ma'adanai daban-daban wadanda a lokacin damina. zama narkar da. Ta haka ne saiwoyin ke shanye su ta hanyar gashin da ke sha domin kara da ganye su kasance lafiya kuma su girma. Tushen ya ƙunshi sassa daban-daban, waɗanda su ne:
- tushen abin wuya: Wannan shi ne sashin da ke haɗa kara zuwa tushen.
- Zoneasasshen yanki ko reshe: Wannan shi ne wanda yake tsakanin wuyansa da yankin piliferous kuma daga inda tushen na biyu ke fitowa.
- shaye-shaye: Har ila yau, an san shi da yankin piliferous kuma shi ne wanda aka samo tsakanin yankin da aka yi da shi da kuma yankin girma. An kewaye ta da gashin da ke sha ruwa da ma'adanai da suka narke a cikinsa.
- Sashen salula: Wannan shine kawai lokacin da ci gaban tushen ya fara kuma yana rarraba daga tushe.
- Yin jurewa: Kaho ne da ke kare bakin saiwar idan ya nutse a cikin kasa.
Tushen Ayyuka
Tushen yana da ayyuka da yawa, daga cikinsu za mu iya samun na sha ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar ƙananan gashin gashi, ta yadda daga baya abinci ya wuce zuwa sauran tsiron ta cikin tushe.
Wani aikin da ta ke yi shi ne rike tsarin shukar da yanayin da ke kewaye da su, ko dai tushen karkashin kasa ne da ke manne da kasa, ko kuma filayen iska da ke makale da wasu tsiro ko sama. Wasu tushen suna da ikon yin photosynthesis, yayin da wasu ke da alhakin sanya wasu tsire-tsire don shayar da abubuwan gina jiki daga gare su.
Tushen Shuka
Tushen ya dace da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin Sassan shuka kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci, tunda shi ne gindin da yake rike da shi, kuma cikinsa cike yake da rai, tun da ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni daga nan suke zuwa, ban da kasancewar wannan ita ce ke isar da abinci da ruwa da ma'adanai. .
Wannan sinadari an fi saninsa da danyen ruwan 'ya'yan itace kuma yana tafiya daga saiwoyinsa zuwa ganyaye, duk ta cikin bututu masu kyau da ake kira woody, sai ya kai ga ganyen a hada shi da carbon dioxide da suke sha daga iska, sannan ya koma aiki. sap, wanda suke amfani da su don ciyar da kansu.
shuka furanni
Fure-fure sune ɓangaren haifuwa na tsire-tsire kuma godiya gare su cewa tsire-tsire na iya yaduwa kowace shekara, ta haka ne ke kula da yada nau'in. Sun samo asali ne daga kwakwa kuma suna da aikin samar da tsaba, wannan ya ƙunshi sassa biyu, namiji mai suna stamen da mace mai suna pistil, yana cikin ovary na furen inda 'ya'yan itatuwa ke samuwa bayan hadi. don fitar da pollen.
Waɗannan suna da girma da launuka daban-daban dangane da iri, suna da ɓangaren da ake ci da ake kira ɓangaren litattafan almara kuma ɗanɗanon su yana da daɗi, yawancin harbe-harbe suna da launuka masu ban mamaki. Furen sun kunshi sassa daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai kamar haka:
- furen fure: Haɗa furen tare da kara.
- gabobin haihuwa: Waɗannan su ne filament, wanda sirara ce mai ƙarfi da ke riƙe da anther, wato, irin jakar da ake samun pollen. A gefe guda kuma su ne stamens, kuma sanduna ne da ke tsakiyar furen kuma suna tara pollen, wannan yayi daidai da kasancewarsa sashin jikin furen.
- pistils: An yi su ne daga cikin ovary, inda ƙwai suke, salon wani nau'i ne na ƙananan bututu da ke haɗuwa da ovary tare da abin kunya, kuma abin ƙyama, wannan ita ce gabar furen.
- kunsa na fure: Wannan rukuni ne na ganye masu kare gabobin haihuwa, kuma ya kunshi sassa biyu ne, wato calyx; wanda aka kafa da koren ganye da ake kira sepals kuma suna waje da furen, ɗayan kuma zai kasance corolla; yayi daidai da kasancewar furen kanta, wanda aka yi da ganye kuma yana iya zama na launi daban-daban, suna da aikin jan hankali ga ƙwayoyin pollinating, kamar ƙudan zuma, butterflies, hummingbirds, da sauransu.
Nau'in furanni
Akwai nau'ikan furanni iri-iri, masu girma dabam, launuka, siffofi da ƙamshi daban-daban. Ana iya rarraba nau'ikan furanni gwargwadon halayensu ko danginsu, kodayake na karshen yana da matukar wahala a lissafta gaba dayansa saboda dukkanin iyalan furannin da suke da su, wanda a cewar masana a fannin, daga cikin wadannan za a iya samun kusan 10. dubu irin furanni..
Ganyen Shuka
Ganye yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan sassan tsirrai, wanda kuma yayi daidai da kasancewar gabobin shuka. Mafi yawa suna da kyau sosai, launin korensu yana godiya ga sinadari mai suna chlorophyll, wanda wani nau'in launi ne wanda ke tsotsar makamashi daga rana sannan ya canza shi daga carbon dioxide zuwa oxygen.
Ganyen suna da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri, launuka da girma, ana samun su a yawancin tsire-tsire. Ana iya rarraba su ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ko dai bisa ga petiole, gefen su, jijiya ko siffar su, wanda ya dace da kasancewa mafi mahimmancin rabe-rabe, duk da haka na karshen yana dogara ne akan shuka, tun da idan ya kiyaye ganye a duk tsawon lokacin. shekara, su ne perennial, kuma idan ka rasa su a cikin sanyi watanni, su ne deciduous.
Ayyukan Sheet
Ganyen suna da manyan ayyuka guda uku, wadanda su ne kamar haka:
- Suna aiwatar da tsarin photosynthesis kuma ta haka ne suke samun kuzari daga hasken rana.
- Suna ba da izinin shuka don numfashi, musayar iskar gas da dare.
- Suna iya yin gumi, suna barin wuce gona da iri ta hanyar su.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari
Ana kuma haɗa 'ya'yan itatuwa a ciki Sassan shuka kuma su ne ke da alhakin kare iri da kuma tabbatar da wargajewarsu, daya ko fiye da tsaba suna cikin ciki na fulawa, za su iya girma nan da ‘yan kwanaki ko kuma su dauki shekaru suna yin haka, misalin wannan shi ne. bishiyar Pine.
Duk da haka, ba duka tsire-tsire ne suke ba da ’ya’ya ba, ko da yake waɗanda suke haifuwa ta hanyar jima’i ta hanyar tsaba sukan haihu, tunda bayan furen ya yi takin, sai ya ba da iri kuma daga nan ne ’ya’yan itacen ke fitowa.
Nau'in 'ya'yan itatuwa
Kamar yadda yake faruwa da ganyaye da furanni, haka nan kuma da ’ya’yan itatuwa suke faruwa, tun da akwai ‘ya’yan itatuwa ko ’ya’yan itatuwa masu yawa, kuma duk waxannan nau’ukan da ake amfani da su, suna fitowa ne daga tsiro ko bishiya, har da ‘ya’yan itatuwa da muke da su. sani kamar bushe.
Ayyukan 'ya'yan itace
Aiki cika ta 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar yadda Sassan shuka, shine samar da kariya ga tsaba kuma a lokaci guda, bayan cinye 'ya'yan itace da shuka ko shayar da shi a wurare masu albarka, sakamakon shine yaduwar wannan nau'in a duk wurare masu yiwuwa.
Haihuwar Shuka
Tsire-tsire suna da hanyoyi guda biyu na haifuwa, waɗanda sune kamar haka:
na jima'i
A cikin wannan, iyaye guda ɗaya suna shiga kuma suna haifar da ƙirƙirar daidaitattun batutuwa.
- Masu tseren Strawberry: Waɗannan su ne masu tushe masu kyau waɗanda suke girma a layi daya da ƙasa kuma daga inda sabon tsiro ke tsiro.
- Dankali tubers: Su ne tushen tushe na ƙasa waɗanda ke tara abubuwan gina jiki.
- Albasa kwararan fitila: Suna kama da tubers, amma a cikin wannan tsiron yana kewaye da ganyen nama inda abubuwan gina jiki ke taruwa.
- Rhizomes Rushes: Waɗannan kuma su ne tushen da aka haifa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma daga cikin su ne sababbin tsire-tsire suke fitowa.
Jima'i
A cikin wannan haifuwa na Flora Gabobin haihuwa guda biyu da ke haifar da nama na maza da mata suna shiga, yaran ba iri daya ba ne amma suna da halaye irin na iyaye.
Haifuwa na tsire-tsire marasa iri
Wannan ya shafi shuke-shuke da ba su samar da tsaba, to, ƙungiyar gametes ta haifar da haɗuwa daga abin da aka haifi spores.
- Haihuwa a cikin Mosses da Liverworts: Ya faru da cewa an halicci spores a cikin capsules da ke cikin ɓangaren sama na capsuloid kuma lokacin da waɗannan balagagge, suna buɗewa da saki spores wanda ke haifar da sabon mutum.
- Farn Haihuwa: A cikin ferns, ana haifar da spores a cikin sporangia, wanda ke cikin ƙumburi na ciki da ake kira sori kuma lokacin da sporangia ya girma, an saki spores, yana ba da dama ga sababbin mutane.
Tsire-tsire ne ke ɗauke da shi
Na farko shi ne Raw Sap, kuma wani sinadari ne da ke fitowa daga hadewar ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar saiwoyi, irin wannan ruwan yakan tashi ta cikin tasoshin katako wadanda suka hada da Xylem, har sai ya kai ga ganye inda ya canza ta hanyar photosynthesis a cikin brewed ruwan 'ya'yan itace
A daya bangaren kuma akwai bayani dalla-dalla, ruwa ne da aka haifa a cikin photosynthesis na tsiro, wannan shi ne canza danyen sap ta hanyar photosynthesis zuwa ruwan 'ya'yan itace masu gina jiki wanda zai ba da damar ciyar da tsirrai, wanda ke yawo ta cikin Tasoshin jiragen ruwa na Laberiya kuma sun hada da phloem, ban da aika abubuwan gina jiki zuwa duk sassan shuka.
Tsarin Photosynthesis
Ana aiwatar da photosynthesis ta hanyar tsire-tsire masu canza ruwa da carbon dioxide zuwa abubuwan gina jiki da suke buƙata don ciyarwa da girma cikin koshin lafiya, kamar yadda wannan tsari yake da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar ɗan adam.
Hasken rana yana shiga cikin wannan canji kuma pigments da ake kira chlorophyll, waɗanda ke cikin chloroplast, suma suna shiga. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta ne masu kula da photosynthesis, ana samun su a cikin ganye da sauran sassan shuka, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake yin photosynthesis duka a cikin ganyayyaki da sauran tsire-tsire.
A cikin wannan tsari, ana samun kwayoyin halitta da iskar oxygen, na karshen ana amfani da shi don numfashi ta salula kuma wani ɓangare na shi zai fita waje, wanda ya zama dole ga sauran masu rai.