El Dimming Duniya saboda raguwa a cikin hasken rana yana isa saman duniya, wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda ke nuna hasken rana ya koma sararin samaniya, musamman lokacin da tururin ruwa ya takure a kewayen barbashi. Ƙara koyo game da wannan batu a nan.
Bayani
Rushewar duniya, canza yanayin duniyarmu tun daga shekarun 1950, Gerald Stanhill, masanin ilmin halitta na Isra'ila ya fara bayyana shi, shine raguwar ƙarfin hasken da ke isa ranar duniya.
Har ila yau, da aka sani da dimming, yana haifar da sakamako mai sanyaya wanda ke magance ɗumamar yanayi a cikin yanayin mu, wannan tasirin yana iya zama wani ɓangare saboda girman dumamar yanayi.
Daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa 1985, hasken rana a saman duniya ya ragu daga kashi 8% zuwa 30% bisa la'akari da sauyin yanayi da yanayi.
Yayin da, a nahiyoyi na Afirka da Amurka, masu binciken sun auna raguwar 15% a cikin hasken rana, mafi ƙarancin dimming an auna su a arewacin Turai da Ostiraliya da kuma mafi karfi dimming (30%) a Rasha. Babban dalilin hakan "duniya dimming" Ayyukan ƙasashe masu arziki ne ke ci gaba da fitar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa iska.
Wadannan kananan abubuwa daga masana'antunmu da kona man fetur a cikin motocinmu, suna dauke da digon ruwa na Gajimare, juya su zuwa madubi na gaske.
Menene Global Dimming?
An ayyana dusar ƙanƙara a duniya a matsayin raguwar adadin hasken rana da ke isa yankin duniya, abin da ke haifar da ƙonewa ƙanana ne ko gurɓata yanayi waɗanda ke dagula makamashin hasken rana kuma suna nuna hasken rana zuwa sararin samaniya.
An fara gane wannan lamari ne a shekara ta 1950, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa, tun daga wannan shekarar, makamashin rana da ke isa duniya ya ragu da kashi 9% a Antarctica, da kashi 10% a Amurka, da kashi 16% a sassan Turai da kashi 30% Rasha. Tare da matsakaicin raguwa na 22%, wannan yana haifar da babban haɗari ga muhallinmu.
Yawancin yankuna a yawancin duniya suna lura da haɓaka daban-daban na dimming duniya, za a iya cewa, ya zuwa yanzu, yankin kudancin kasar ya yi nazari kan kananan nau’ukan dusashewar duniya, yayin da yankin arewacin kasar ya ba da rahoton raguwar raguwar adadin da ya kai kashi 4-8%.
Yankuna irin su wasu sassan Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun sami farfadowa a wani bangare na raguwa, yayin da wasu sassan China da Indiya suka ga karuwar dimuwa a duniya.
Sanadin
Canje-canjen hasken rana da farko an yi tunanin zai haifar da dusashewar duniya, amma daga baya an yi la'akari da cewa wannan ya yi ƙanƙanta da za a iya bayyana girman dusarwar duniya.
An nuna cewa aerosols ne babban dalilin da duniya dimming, duka biyu ƙonewa na archaeological albarkatun ta masana'antu da kuma na ciki konewa injuna, wanda yana da wasu dabi'u kamar sulfur dioxide, soot da ash, duk wadannan sun zama wani particulate gurbatawa. wanda aka sani da aerosols.
Aerosols suna aiki azaman madogara ga dimming duniya ta hanyoyi biyu masu zuwa:
- Wadannan barbashi suna shiga sararin samaniya kuma kai tsaye suna shakar makamashin hasken rana kuma suna nuna radiyo zuwa sararin samaniya kafin ya isa saman duniya.
- Digon ruwa da ke ɗauke da waɗannan barbashi a cikin iska suna haifar da gurɓataccen girgije. Wadannan gurɓatattun gizagizai suna da mafi girma kuma mafi girma adadin digo, waɗannan gyare-gyaren kaddarorin girgije, ana kiran irin wannan girgijen "gizagi mai launin ruwan kasa", yana sa su zama masu haske.
Tururi da ke haifar da hayakin jiragen sama da ke shawagi a sararin sama, wanda aka fi sani da contrails, su ne kuma ke haifar da hasarar zafi sannan kuma abin da ke da alaka da dusashewar duniya.
Duka dusar ƙanƙara da ɗumamar yanayi na faruwa a faɗin duniya kuma tare sun haifar da sauye-sauye a yanayin ruwan sama, kamar yadda aka fahimci cewa dusar ƙanƙara ce ta duniya bayan fari na 1984 wanda ya kashe mutane da yawa a Afirka.
Masana kimiyya sun ce, duk da yanayin sanyi da dusashewar duniya ke haifarwa, yanayin zafin duniya ya haura sama da digiri 1 a karnin da ya gabata.
Idan ba a sami dusar ƙanƙara a duniya ba, da zafin duniyar nan zai fi girma kuma zai iya yin tasiri sosai ga rayuwar ɗan adam, tsirrai da dabbobi.
Bayanin Evaporimetry
La evaporimetry wani muhimmin sauyi ne wajen sarrafa ruwa da tsara ban ruwa, don haka mahimmancin ƙididdigewa da yin nazari akan hanyoyin da suka fi gamsuwa da kimantawa. evaporimetry a matakin gida da kuma basin. Don haka, makasudin wannan binciken shine a kimanta evaporimetry tunani, dangane da bayanan meteorological.
A cikin tarihi, kimanin shekaru hamsin an tattara bayanan evaporimetry a hankali, masana kimiyya sun yi nuni da wani abu wanda a lokacin ana yaba shi a matsayin wani abu mai wuyar gaske, shi ne gaskiyar cewa yawan fitar da iska yana karuwa. saboda dushewar duniya.
Hanyoyin
Duk da yake ba za mu iya yin watsi da yuwuwar cewa bambancin yanayi a yanayin duniya (ta hanyar bambancin gajimare da ke faruwa a zahiri) na iya ba da gudummawa ga dimming duniya, tasirin yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gurɓataccen iska cewa akwai kwararan shaidun cewa ayyukan ɗan adam yana da mahimmanci kuma mai ƙima.
Misali, dokar tsaftar iska ta Turai da Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1990s sun yi daidai da haɓakar haske a waɗannan yankuna. Sabanin haka, Sin da Indiya sun ga kara yin dusashewa, kamar yadda gurbatar yanayi ke karuwa daga saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu.
An yi imanin dusashewar duniya yana da tasiri da yawa. Alal misali, akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa ya rufe wasu ɗumamar tarihi da iskar gas ke haifarwa—hakika, wuraren da aka haskaka sun sami ɗumamar sauri.
Ana iya sa ran sauye-sauyen dimming na duniya suna da alaƙa da hayaƙin iska. Wannan zai zama wani abu da a tarihi bai taka rawar gani ba, amma wanda zai iya fitowa fili a nan gaba, shi ne alamar dumamar yanayi a duniya.
Idan dumamar yanayi a nan gaba ta tabbata yana da ƙarfi, yaɗuwar damp ɗin ta hanyar tururin ruwa na iya haifar da sakamako, kodayake yanayin sanyi na wannan ba zai yuwu ya rage yanayin ɗumamar gabaɗaya ba.
saurin sauyin yanayi
Sauyin yanayi nan da nan ba shi da alaƙa da haɓakar yanayin zafi mai sauƙi. Dalilan suna da yawa kuma suna da sarkakiya, mafi ban mamaki shi ne cewa binciken cin gashin kansa wani bangare ne na al'amuran da ke da nasaba da dumamar yanayi, da kuma dusar kankara a duniya.
Wannan tasirin, wanda ke samuwa a kowane bangare na duniya, yana faruwa ne sakamakon karuwar matsakaicin adadin iska a cikin iska bayan bayyanar wasu barbashi daban-daban da suka shafi kone daji, jigilar motoci, ayyukan masana'antunmu da konewa. na flammables.
Gerald Stanhill, a cikin aikinsa na hasken rana a Isra'ila don aikin ban ruwa, "Na yi mamakin ganin raguwar hasken rana sosai a Isra'ila. Idan muka kwatanta waɗannan ma'auni a cikin shekarun 22 zuwa ma'aunin yau, za mu ga cewa an sami raguwar astronomical XNUMX%, kuma yana da ban mamaki."
Muna ganin duk wannan hazo mai duhu a rataye a yanayin garuruwanmu. Beate Liepert, wata jami'ar Jamus da ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin nazarin yanayi, ta gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan batun kuma ta sami sakamako iri ɗaya.
El dimming duniya Babu shakka, kuma masana kimiyyar halittu biyu na Australiya, Graham Farquhar da Michael Roderick, dukansu daga Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya sun tabbatar.
Sun sami raguwa a duniya a cikin ƙimar ƙaura kuma suyi tunani game da tambaya. Da alama mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙafewa sune hasken rana, zafi da iska. Amma haƙiƙanin hasken rana shine babban abin da ya fi girma, idan yawan ƙawancen ya ragu, yana iya zama saboda rana ta faɗi.
Tasirin wannan dimming a duniya na iya canza yanayin hazo da raguwa sosai a sauran yankunan damina kamar Asiya, wanda a karshe ya haifar da yunwa a Afirka da farko, sannan Asiya.
Dokta Leon Rotstayn, masanin ilimin yanayi da ke aiki a kan binciken yanayi, ya ce: "Wadannan fari a shekarun XNUMX da XNUMX na iya haifar da gurbatar yanayi daga Turai da Arewacin Amirka, wanda ke shafar abubuwan girgije da kuma sanyaya tekun duniya. Arewacin Hemisphere".
Dangantaka tsakanin Dumamar Duniya da Dimming Duniya
Hasashe game da tasirin bambance-bambance a cikin hasken rana a kan dumamar yanayi ya samo asali ne daga damuwa da cewa dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe cikakken girman dumamar yanayi, don yin iƙirarin cewa koma bayan hasken rana da aka yi a kwanan nan akan haske maimakon tasirin greenhouse shine ke da alhakin menene. an lura.
Don raba hasken rana da tasirin greenhouse akan dumamar yanayi, ana nazarin yanayin yanayin zafin rana. Suna ba da shawarar cewa rage hasken rana yana da tasiri wajen rufe dumama greenhouse, amma sai a shekarun 1980, lokacin da dimming ya canza a hankali zuwa haske.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, tasirin greenhouse da aka gano ya bayyana cikakken girmansa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin saurin hawan zafin jiki (+0,38 digiri C / sama da ƙasa tun tsakiyar XNUMXs).
Dimming duniya al'amari ne da ke samar da shi Muhimman Sojojin Halitta wadanda ke aiki sabanin yadda ake dumamar yanayi. Dusar ƙanƙara a duniya yana rage adadin hasken rana da ke kaiwa sararin duniya, yana haifar da raguwar yanayin zafi a duniya.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, dusar ƙanƙara ta duniya tana tsoma baki tare da hawan ruwa a cikin biosphere kuma yana rage yawan ƙura, nazarin dumamar yanayi ba zai cika ba tare da ambaton dusashewar duniya ba.
Dimming a duniya yana faruwa ne sakamakon karuwar abubuwan da ake samu kamar sulfate aerosols a cikin yanayi, gurbacewar da ke haifar da dimming a duniya kuma suna haifar da matsalolin muhalli iri-iri, kamar hayakin phytochemical, matsalolin numfashi, da ruwan sama na acid.
Binciken Masana Kimiyya
A cewar masana, hanya daya tilo da dan Adam zai iya gujewa bala'in yanayi ita ce rage yawan ayyukan masana'antu da iskar gas, misali carbon dioxide (CO2). Wannan zai rage tarwatsewar iska a lokaci guda, misali sulfur dioxide (SO2) wanda ke yin tasiri ga haɓakar girgije da samuwar.
A takaice dai, ƙarancin murfin girgije yana nufin ƙarancin sanyi, wato, ƙarancin dimming, a cikin duniyar da ke da wannan tasirin muhalli, abin da ke haifar da tsoro da tsoro da yawa a kusa saboda wannan batu.
Gerry Stanhill wani masani dan kasar Ingila da ke aiki a kasar Isra'ila ne ya fara gano hakan.Da aka kwatanta bayanan hasken rana na Isra'ila a shekarun 1950 da na yau, Stanhill ya yi mamakin samun raguwar hasken rana da yawa. "An sami raguwar 22% a cikin hasken rana kuma yana da ban mamaki sosai."
Da sha'awa, ya bincika bayanai daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ya sami labarin guda kusan ko'ina, wanda hasken rana ya ragu da kashi 10%, kusan kashi 30% a sassan tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, har ma da kashi 16% a wasu sassan tsibirin.British. Kodayake tasirin ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, gabaɗayan raguwar ya kai kashi 1-2% a duniya a cikin shekaru goma tsakanin shekarun XNUMX zuwa XNUMX.
Gerry ya kira sabon abu dimming duniya, amma bincikensa, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2001, ya gamu da amsa mai shakka daga wasu masana kimiyya. Kwanan nan ne, lokacin da masana kimiyyar Australiya suka tabbatar da shawararsu ta hanyar yin amfani da wata hanya dabam dabam ta kimanta hasken rana, a ƙarshe masana kimiyyar yanayi suka fahimci gaskiyar dusashewar duniya.
Dimming ya bayyana yana haifar da gurɓataccen iska, konewar gawayi, mai da itace, ko a cikin motoci, wutar lantarki ko kuma gobarar dafa abinci, ba wai kawai carbon dioxide da ba a iya gani (gas na farko da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi) amma har da ƙananan barbashi iska. na soot, ash, sulfur mahadi da sauran gurbatattun abubuwa.
Masana kimiyya yanzu sun damu da cewa dusashewa, ta hanyar kare tekuna daga cikakken ikon Rana, na iya canza yanayin ruwan sama a duniya. Akwai shawarwarin da ke nuni da cewa dusashewar ta biyo bayan fari a Afirka da ya lakume rayukan dubban daruruwan mutane a shekarun XNUMX da XNUMX.
Akwai alamu masu tada hankali da ke nuna cewa irin wannan abu na iya faruwa a yau a Asiya, inda ke da rabin al'ummar duniya. Farfesa Veerhabhadran Ramanathan daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyyar yanayi a duniya ya ce:
"Babban damuwa na shine cewa dusar ƙanƙara a duniya kuma za ta yi illa ga damina ta Asiya. Muna magana ne game da biliyoyin mutane.
Wannan ya sa masana kimiyya da yawa suka yanke shawarar cewa yanayin yau ba shi da hankali ga tasirin carbon dioxide fiye da yadda yake, alal misali, lokacin lokacin kankara, lokacin da irin wannan karuwar CO2 ya haifar da tashin hankali a 6 ° C.
Amma yanzu ya bayyana cewa ɗumamar iskar gas ɗin ta lalace ta hanyar sanyaya mai ƙarfi daga dimming; a zahiri, guda biyu daga cikin gurbatattun mu sun soke juna. Wannan yana nufin cewa yanayin zai iya zama mai kula da tasirin greenhouse fiye da yadda ake tunani a baya.
Dimming Duniya da Zagayowar Ruwa
Muhimmin rawar da za a yi na zagayowar ruwa dangane da dusashewar duniya yana motsa yin cikakken kimanta martaninta ga sauyin yanayi da ragewa. Ƙoƙari ne na haɗin kai na kasa da kasa don tantance tasirin yanayin injiniyan injiniyan hasken rana, shawara don magance dusar ƙanƙara a duniya tare da rage tasirin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska.
Muna kimanta hanyoyin da ke haifar da martanin ruwan sama zuwa sassauƙan kwaikwaiyo na irin wannan duhun rana, a cikin gungu na samfur don gano ingantattun siffofi.
Yayin da aikin injiniyan hasken rana ya kusan dawo da yanayin yanayin masana'antu kafin masana'antu, canjin yanayin ruwa na duniya ya canza kuma canje-canje a cikin hazo na wurare masu zafi ya mamaye martani a cikin babban ɗakin samfurin kuma waɗannan canje-canjen sel na Hadley ne ke jagorantar su.
Canje-canje masu ƙarfi suna bayyana ƙayyadaddun yanayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi tsakanin samfuran mafi kyau fiye da canje-canje a cikin yanayin ɗanɗano ko ma'aunin hazo a rage ƙawancewar ruwa (P–E), ganin cewa yanayin zafi da ɗanɗano martani suna da ƙarfi a cikin ɗakin.
The kaifi raguwa a Zazzabi da Danshi fiye da ciyayi na ƙasa mai yuwuwa suna da alaƙa da martanin ilimin lissafi ga CO2 a cikin tsire-tsire kuma hakan yana ba da gudummawa ga dusashewar duniya.
Hatsari na halitta da na ɗan adam na Dimming na Duniya
Aerosols sun haɗa da sulfate daga ƙonewar burbushin mai kamar kwal, toka daga masana'antu ko itacen wuta, ƙurar hanya, da lalata ƙasa. Aerosols na Anthropogenic, kamar na masana'antu, bututu da gobara, an san su da yin mummunar tasiri ga muhalli kuma suna iya haifar da komai daga dusashewa zuwa ɗumamar yanayi, gurɓataccen iska da ƙara narkewar glacial. .
Gabaɗaya, tattaunawa game da dimming duniya suna mai da hankali sosai kan tushen wucin gadi, yayin da suke yin watsi da na halitta. Aerosols na halitta sun haɗa da hamada, bishiyoyi, gishirin teku, ƙura, da volcanoes. An dade da san aman wuta don samar da sakamako mai sanyaya a yanayi.
Volcanoes suna fitar da sulfur dioxide (SO2) zuwa cikin sararin sama, wanda aka sani da stratosphere, wannan yana sama da troposphere inda yanayi ya faru. Wannan tasirin na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa, sabanin masana'antar aerosol da ke shiga cikin troposphere kuma yawanci ruwan sama a cikin ƙasa da mako guda. Aerosols na yanayi na iya kashe iskar gas mai zafi kuma suna da yuwuwar sanyaya duniya.