Bukatar fahimtar yanayin mu kuma, saboda haka, kanmu mun kori masu tunani da masana kimiyya a kowane zamani na tarihi don gano ɗayan abubuwan da ba a sani ba game da wanzuwar mu: asalin duniya
Menene asalin duniya?. Yaushe kuma yaya aka haife shi?
Tun daga farkon tunanin falsafa da ilimomin farko na wayewar mu, fiye da shekaru 3500 da suka gabata Sumeria, Misira da kuma tsohuwar Girka, akwai dubban masu tunani da suka yi ƙoƙari, ta kowace hanya, don gano abin da yake asalin duniya.
Theories game da Universe Farawal, kamar yadda juyin halitta da asalin duniya, sun bambanta sosai kuma sun dogara da ka'idodin ka'idoji waɗanda har yanzu ba a haɗa su gaba ɗaya ba, saboda haka sun rabu cikin fannoni daban-daban tsawon shekaru.
Misali: wasu ka'idoji suna farawa daga farkon Taswirar Duniya, wato zato cewa dukkan duniya an haife su ne a siffa da girman da take a yau. A gefe guda, ka'idar Duniyar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki yana sa mu ɗauka cewa sararin samaniya yana ci gaba da faɗaɗawa, yana korar taurari daga juna kuma yana ƙirƙirar sababbi koyaushe.
Asalin Ka'idodin Halittu a zamanin da
LSumerianos
Duk da rashin fahimtar yanayin yanayin sararin samaniya, Sumeriyawa sun yi mamakin asalin taurari, har ta kai ga ilimin taurari ya zama wani nau'in sha'awa a gare su.
A gaskiya ma, daga wannan, ɗaya daga cikin wayewar farko da mutum ya sani, an riga an yi la'akari da dangantaka tsakanin jikunan sama da halin ɗan adam, wanda a yau ya samo asali a cikin imani na taurari.
Hasali ma, Sumeriyawa ne suka gano taurari 12 da rana ke tafiya da su a duk shekara kuma suka ba ta sunayen dabbobi, wanda daga baya aka san ta da sunan zodiac.
Ko da yake ba su taɓa ba da shawarar ka'idar karɓuwa ta asali na duniya ba (sun yi imani cewa sararin samaniya yana shawagi a kan tekun da ake kira. Nammu). Sumeriyawa sun kafa wani muhimmin abin koyi don abubuwan da za su zo nan gaba game da abin da ke tattare da Tsarin Rananmu a cikin wasu wayewa.
Yafi saboda sun gudanar da gano mafi bayyane taurari daga Duniya: Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter da Saturn.
Asalin Duniya a cewar Masarawa
Ko a yau, zurfin da ilimin astronomical na Masarawa Ya zama sirri a gare mu, abin da muka sani tabbas shi ne cewa sun mallaki ilimin da ba a yada shi ba.
Misali, madaidaicin daidaitawar dala na giza mai tauraruwar sanda Ya wuce duk abin da zai yiwu. A gaskiya ma, sun yi amfani da nazarin taurari don kewayawa da kuma ƙididdige tsawon lokutan yanayi daidai.
Duk da haka, bayan wannan ilimi mai ban mamaki, Masarawa ba su ta da wani ka'idar game da asalin duniya cewa ta wuce tatsuniyoyinta da tatsuniyoyi da aka kafa akan Allah Ra.
Asalin Duniya bisa ga Graigos
Ka'idodin, tunani da binciken da aka yi a Sumer da Masar a ƙarnin da suka gabata, an gaji mafi fice masu tunani na Girkanci a matsayin tushen karatunsa da abubuwan da suka biyo baya.
A zamanin d Girka, theories game da yadda aka halicci duniya sun bambanta sosai, a gaskiya ma, wasu masana falsafa sun kare abin da aka yarda da su geocentric theories, kamar yadda Ptolemy, wanda ka'idar ta samu karbuwa kuma an koyar da ita a jami'o'i na tsawon shekaru 1500 masu zuwa.
Wasu, tun kafin lokacinsu, sun riga sun fara magana ka'idar heliocentric, wanda, kamar yadda kuka riga kuka sani, Cocin Katolika ta ƙi a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana ilimin taurari a Girka shine Aristarkus na Samos, wanda, ban da kasancewa na farko da ya ba da shawara cewa mu tsarin hasken rana yana kewaya rana kuma ba Duniya, kuma shine farkon wanda ya fara yin lissafin yarda don auna nisa tsakanin duniya da rana.
A gefe guda, Aristotles, Dangane da Allahntakar siffa mai siffar zobe, mafi kamalar siffofi, a cewarsa, ya ba da shawarar cewa Duniya a haƙiƙa tana da siffa mai siffar zobe ba ta faɗi ba., kamar yadda aka yi imani koyaushe. Wata ka’idar kuma ta ci gaba sosai a zamaninta, wadda kuma kamar yadda tarihi ma ya nuna mana, an yi watsi da ita fiye da shekaru dubu.
Ka'idar Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus wani masanin taurari dan kasar Poland ne kuma masani wanda gaba daya ya kifar da tunanin duniya asali saboda ka'idarsa mai kawo gardama Heliocentric, wanda hakan ya sa masana kimiyya da na addini a Turai suka yi watsi da shi, wanda a wancan lokacin ake tafiyar da shi. Ka'idar Geocentric na Ptolemy (littafin cewa a lokacin yana da shekaru 1300).
A cikin ƙarshe na Copernicus, wanda aka zana daga shekaru da yawa na nazarin falaki, ya ba da shawarar cewa, kamar yadda. Aristachus na Samos yi imani, da Duniya da sauran halittun sama suna kewaya rana kuma ba akasin haka bane.
Duk da cewa, a wancan lokacin, a cikin karni na XNUMX, da Ka'idar Copernican Ya kasance mai cike da cece-kuce kuma, a haƙiƙa, an hana Cocin Katolika yaɗa shi, sai karni guda bayan haka ya zama littafin da aka fi yarda da shi a matakin duniya.
Hujjar lissafi ta Ka'idar Heliocentric na Copernicus Ya bude kofa ga al'ummar kimiyya don samun fahimtar yanayin tafiyar da tsarin hasken rana da kuma sararin samaniya.
Wannan matsi na ci gaba da aka samu, wanda, tare da ci gaban fasaha na karni na XNUMX, ya baiwa masana kimiyyar lissafi da taurari damar fara hasashe bisa tushen kimiyya game da batun. halittar duniya.
Ka'idar Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein, a yau, an san shi a matsayin masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar lissafi mafi tasiri a tarihi, musamman saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar ga kimiyya tare da ilimin kimiyya. Ka'idar Dangantakar Duniya a cikin 1915, wanda ya danganta da nakasawa a cikin sauyawar haske dangane da filayen nauyi na kwayoyin halitta
Kodayake gabaɗayan imani shine sanannen shine cewa Ka'idar Dangantaka ta Einstein ba ta nemi da gaske ba asalin duniya, amma yanayin makanikansa, daidaitonsa su ne ginshiƙin da ka'idar faɗaɗa sararin samaniya ta ginu a kai, wanda Edward Hubble ya tabbatar da shi bayan 'yan shekaru kaɗan, a cikin 1930.
Ainihin ra'ayi na Ka'idar Einstein yana gaya mana cewa hasashe na abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya ba mai canzawa ba ne kamar yadda Newton ya tsara, amma yana da gurɓatacce bisa ga fahimtar mai karɓa dangane da matsayinsa a sararin samaniya. lokaci da kuma sarari.
Ya kuma nuna tare da bambancin da gamayya dangantaka cewa, ƙaurawar lokaci da haske suna da tasiri ta hanyar gravitational filayen gwargwadon girmansa, wanda ya taimaka wajen haifar da ra'ayi curvature-lokaci kuma ku fahimci abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya kamar tsutsotsi.
Don haka dunƙulewar kwayoyin halitta, kamar taurarin neutron, waɗanda ke tattara mafi yawan adadin barbashi a cikin ƙaramin sarari, suna da ikon haifar da filaye mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, masu iya ƙirƙirar nakasar sarari da layin lokaci na sararin samaniya.
Babban Bangin Ka'ida
Tunanin Asalin Big Bang Universe, Har ila yau, da aka sani da Big Bang Theory, an haɓaka shi saboda ingantattun litattafai da yawa da aikin haɗin gwiwa na wasu manyan masana ilmin taurari a tarihi, don haka shine ka'idar game da asalin duniya fiye da karbuwa daga al'ummar kimiyya.
Babban Bang yana nuna cewa an haifi duniya daga a gravitational singularity wani lokaci kafin sanin lokacin, kimanin shekaru miliyan 13.800 da suka gabata (wanda zai zama kiyasin shekarun sararin samaniyar mu).
a fahimta kamar Singular taron na lokacin sarari cewa ba za a iya sarrafa shi da ƙa'idodin zahiri na kwayoyin halitta ba, a wannan yanayin, halayen makamashi ko kwayoyin halitta za su kasance ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙididdiga na ƙididdigewa, wanda har yanzu babu wani rubutun tallafi.
Don haka, daga nan zai yi wuya ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ya yi bayanin yanayin da zai iya haifar da babban bam tun da farko, ko kuma ga wani nau’in rayuwa kafin wannan lokaci, inda ya fara. Lokaci. A gaskiya ma, wannan nau'i ne wanda ke ƙoƙarin bayyana kansa a cikin ka'idar sararin samaniya.
El Babban kara sai wani fashewa ne wanda a cikinsa aka halicci abubuwan da ke tattare da sararin samaniya.kwayoyin halitta, sarari da lokaci) da kuma cewa tun daga lokacin guda ɗaya suna cikin faɗaɗa dindindin, suna faɗaɗa iyakokin sararin samaniya na biyu da daƙiƙa (ka'ida ta asali na ka'idar hauhawar farashin kaya).
Amma menene ya wanzu kafin Babban Bang?
Kamar yadda muka ambata, ba zai yuwu a fahimta ba, ta hanyar dokokin da ke tafiyar da duniyarmu (wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ka'idar gamayya dangantaka), sharuɗɗan wanzuwar hasashe kafin waki'ar da ta halicci duniyarmu kamar yadda muka sani.
Duk da haka, wannan ka'idar Babban kara yana ba da shawarar cewa, nan da nan bayan fashewar, dukkanin tarin sararin samaniya sun taru a cikin wani wuri mai yawan gaske, wanda zai wuce sau dubbai. Matsakaicin planck, wato tarin al'amarin dubban daruruwan hasken rana a cikin ma'ana bai fi girma da kwayar zarra guda ɗaya ba.
Na gaba shekaru 500.000 bayan da na farko spatiotemporal singularity, al'amarin da fashewar ya fitar ya canza, fadada sararin samaniya da sanyaya don fara kafa ta farko barga kwayoyin halitta, wanda taro ya iya haifar filayen nauyi.
Na farko subatomic barbashi halitta a wannan lokaci (Lepton-Quark zamanin) su ne Protons da Neutrons cewa idan aka hada kai su fara kafa al’amarin kamar yadda muka sani a yau.
Barbashi na kwayoyin halitta tare da kaddarorin jiki sun fara jan hankali da tarawa godiya ga kaddarorin gravitational (wanda aka bayyana a kaidar Einstein na dangantaka), a cikin abin da muka sani yanzu. Cosmic Clouds.
A hyper condensation na gaseous talakawan cosmic girgije ya ba da hanyar samuwar taurari na farko, tare da taurari da taurarin da suka kunsa.
Misali, an kiyasta cewa tsarin mu na hasken rana ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru biliyan 4600 da suka wuce daga rugujewar wani katon girgijen sararin samaniya.
Babban yanki na zubar da jama'a a lokacin rushewar ya taru, yana ba da damar samuwar rana ɗaya ta mu. Sauran abubuwan da aka kora sun ba da damar kafa na taurari wanda a halin yanzu ke zagaya filin gravitational na tauraron mu.
Ka'idar jihar tsayayyiya
halin da ake ciki Ka'idar ce ta saba wa ka'idar sararin samaniyar hauhawar farashin kaya, wanda a cikinsa aka bayyana cewa sararin samaniyarmu yana da tsayayyen girma, cewa ba ta canzawa ta lokaci kuma, a haƙiƙa, ba ta da bambanci daga kowane wuri a sararin samaniya da lokaci.
Don haka, sararin samaniya dole ne ya kasance yana nuna halaye iri ɗaya ta fuskar siffa da girma ga masu kallo ba tare da la’akari da wurin da suke a sararin samaniya ba ko kuma a kan lokaci.
Wannan ka'idar ta yarda da hakan sararin duniya yana ci gaba da fadadawa da kuma cewa hasarar kwayoyin halitta da aka samar ta hanyar fadada tana samun diyya ta hanyar samar da sabbin kwayoyin halitta a daidai gwargwado, da samun cikakkiyar zagayowar halitta, a cikin sararin duniya da ba shi da farko ko karshe.
Koyaya, yarda da lissafin ka'idar a tsaye zai sa yawancin ka'idodin da aka yarda da su a halin yanzu da ingantattun karatu, gami da zanga-zangar farkon ƙarni na XNUMX na Hubble da ƙa'idodin alaƙa gabaɗaya.
Dukda cewa babu gwaji ya gudanar ya nuna muhimman ka'idoji na ka'idar tsayawa, da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya na zamani suna ci gaba da aiki a kai, bisa ga imani cewa tare da gyare-gyaren ma'aunin ƙididdiga na Einstein, zai yiwu a yi bayanin samfurin sararin samaniya a baya, wato, samuwar kwayoyin halitta irin namu a da. na halittar lokaci kamar yadda muka sani.
A cewar wani bincike mai taken "A iyakacin duniya, ba tare da farko ko karshe" Masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya gabatar Peter Lynds a shekara ta 2007, ya ba da shawarar cewa wanzuwar sararin samaniya yana zagaye kuma yana cikin sake haifuwa akai-akai.
A bisa wannan tunanin, duniya za ta fadada zuwa matsayi mafi girma, sannan za ta fara kulla kwayoyin halitta zuwa wani wuri mai yawa wanda zai haifar da karfin tuwo don tunkude juna a maimakon jawo hankalin juna, yana haifar da wani sabon matsayi na fadadawa.