Ku san ayyukan Diego Rivera da aka fi sani

A shekara ta 1886, an haifi ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zane-zane na Mexiko a cikin tarihin ƙasa, musamman don tunawa da aikin da ya yi na ban mamaki a cikin motsi na zane-zane. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da Gina by Diego Rivera, zauna ku koya tare da mu tare da wannan labarin mai ba da labari wanda muka yi.

5 mafi sanannun ayyukan Diego Rivera

Bayan shekaru da yawa na aiki tuƙuru, Diego Rivera ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zane-zane a duk faɗin Mexico kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan buri na ƙarni na XNUMX, koyaushe yana ƙoƙarin wuce iyakarsa. Har wala yau, aikin da ya yi na musamman a matsayinsa na muradi yana samun yabo sosai. Ayyukan Diego Rivera suna da ban sha'awa.

Duk da cewa akwai masu zaginsa da yawa game da ci gabansa a matsayinsa na ƙwararru kuma, sama da duka, a matsayin ɗan adam, ayyukansa sun yi farin jini sosai saboda jajircewarsa na zamantakewa. Kuma shi ne, a zahiri, bangon bangon bangon nasa ya sanya shi a kan ginshiƙi na fasaha wanda ƴan Mexico kaɗan ne suka isa wajen yankinsu.

Rivera ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake haifuwar irin wannan zane-zane, wanda ba za a iya tunanin tambayarsa ba. Ganuwar da silin da ya yi a cikin gine-ginen jama'ar kasarsa da sauri suka zama abokansa na kusa wajen kare ma'aikata. Ana la'akari da su wasu daga cikin manyan ayyuka na Diego Rivera.

Babu shakka ana la'akari da shi a matsayin mabiyin kwaminisanci mai aminci, tunda ya taka rawa a tsawon rayuwarsa, tare da jigogi na zamantakewa da kishin kasa a matsayin manyan jaruman zane-zanensa. A cikin kowannen su ya yi amfani da launuka masu yawa, yayin da yakan yi ishara da abubuwan da Mexico ta yi kafin Colombia.

Ta wannan hanyar, mai zane-zane ya sake ƙirƙirar mafi bambance-bambancen al'amuran costumbrista na wancan lokacin. Duk da cewa kas ɗin abubuwan da marubucin ya yi yana da yawa, amma a ƙasa mun zaɓi mafi mahimmanci don haɓaka su ɗaya bayan ɗaya:

Halitta (1922)

A cikin 1922, Diego Rivera ya zana hoton hotonsa na farko a cikin Simón Bolívar Amphitheater, a cikin Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso da ke Cibiyar Tarihi ta Mexico City. Sakataren Ilimi na Jama'a na Mexico, José Vasconcelos ne ya ba da umarnin wannan hoton.

Semi da'ira mai shuɗi wanda ke saman bangon bangon bango yana taka rawar alamar kuzari ko ka'idar mahalicci, a daidai lokacin da yake haskaka haskenta zuwa kowane bangare na zanen. A ƙarshen duka muna samun fage guda biyu guda ɗaya, amma sun dace da juna.

Na gefen hagu yana kwatanta kwatancin waƙa, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin ana wakilta wata budurwa sanye da fatar tumaki kuma tana buga sarewa. A cikin kamfanin na wannan adadi, za ka iya ganin sauran alatu alaka da raira waƙa (ja dress), comedy (wanda ke sanye da aladu biyu), da kuma, a karshe, rawa, wanda ya tsaya tare da tashe makamai.

Baya ga wannan, ana ƙara halayen tauhidi ga duka: sadaka, bangaskiya da bege. A nasa bangare, a cikin kwamitin da ke hannun dama za mu iya gano misalan tatsuniya (wanda ke sanye da riguna da shuɗi da sautunan zinare) da al'ada (wanda ke sanye da fararen fata).

Hakazalika, muna iya ganin wakoki na batsa da bala'i, na karshen yana amfani da abin rufe fuska don rufe fuskarsa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ɓangaren sama, a tsaye, akwai bayyanannun halaye na kyawawan dabi'u huɗu: hankali, adalci, ƙarfi da halin ɗabi'a. A ƙafar kowace ƙungiya, mace (hagu) da namiji (dama) sun kasance tsirara.

Almara na mutanen Mexico (1929-1935)

"The Epic of the Mexican People", wani lokaci ana kiransa kawai a matsayin "Tarihin Mexico", wani fresco ne da Rivera ya yi a bangon babban matakalar fadar ta Mexico, tsakanin shekarun 1929 zuwa 1935. An kuma kirkiro shi. karkashin wani umarni da sakataren ilimin jama'a, José Vasconcelos, a cikin tsarin Renaissance muralist na Mexico.

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Diego Rivera shine wannan babban bango na Ma'aikatar Ilimin Jama'a, tare da kimanin yanki na 276 m², yana da alhakin nuna ƙarfin hali don nuna balagaggen salon mai zane. "The Epic of the Mexican People" ya ƙunshi sassa uku wanda marubucinsa ya ɗauki babban aiki na wakiltar tarihin al'ummarsa na zamani har zuwa 1935 da kuma nan gaba.

A cikin ɓangaren dama, dake arewacin Fadar Ƙasa, pre-Hispanic Mexico ana wakilta ta hanyar tatsuniyar Cē Ācatl Tōpīltzin a Tula. Bangaren tsakiya, wanda ke gefen yamma, shine mafi girma duka kuma yana wakiltar Mexico daga mamayar Spain har zuwa 30s.

A sashe na uku, na kudanci, hangen nesa na Markisanci na al'umma a cikin karni na XNUMX yana kunshe. A cikin kanta, batun da ya haɗu da kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban shine gwagwarmayar azuzuwan zamantakewa, wanda ke watsa shi a fili ta tsakiya na fresco mai ban sha'awa.

Wannan adadi da muke magana akai shi ne Karl Marx da kansa, wanda yake rike da fosta mai dauke da wani dan takaitaccen bayani daga Manifesto na Kwaminisanci wanda a cikinsa ya bayyana kamar haka:

“Dukkan tarihin al’ummar ’yan Adam har wa yau tarihi ne na gwagwarmayar aji. A gare mu ba ainihin batun canza dukiya ba ne, amma na soke ta; Ba wai don tarwatsa bambance-bambancen aji ba ne, a’a a ruguza su; Ba wai gyara al’ummar da ake ciki ba ne, a’a, a kafa wata sabuwa ce”.

Kodayake bangon bango yana wakiltar ƙarni da ƙarni na gwagwarmaya da danniya daga waɗannan gurɓatattun ƙungiyoyin mulki, yana da kyakkyawan kyakkyawan ƙarshe. Ya yi nuni da wani yanayi na yanayi inda manoma da ma'aikatan masana'antu ke aiki tare, inda kowa ke rayuwa cikin jituwa da yanayi kuma a ƙarshe ya sami ci gaba.

Murals na Masana'antar Detroit (1932-1933)

Tuni a cikin 30s, kalma ta bazu game da frescoes na musamman da Rivera ya yi a ƙasarsa ta Mexico, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa mai zane ya sami masu tallafawa marasa adadi a cikin Amurka. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Edsel Bryant Ford, dan kasuwan Amurka kuma mai bayar da agaji, dan Henry Ford.

Wannan hamshakin attajirin mota ya ba wa hamshakin dan kasuwa kudi na daya daga cikin ayyukan da ya fi jajircewa har zuwa wannan lokacin, “Mural Industry Murals”. Fiye da watanni tara, mai zanen ya zauna a birnin Detroit, kuma ya yi nasarar rufe dukan ɗakin tsakiyar cibiyar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Detroit, tare da jerin abubuwan da ba su wuce 27 ba a kan bangon daban-daban guda hudu.

Suna ba da labarin birnin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, duk ta hanyar wakilcin ma'aikatansa, da kuma ci gaban da aka samu a fannonin kimiyya da shimfidar wurare daban-daban. Wannan saboda yayin da Detroit ta kasance cibiyar masana'antu mai bunƙasa a farkon karni na XNUMX, ita ma ta ga korafe-korafe da yawa a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali.

Lokacin da Diego ya isa birnin a shekara ta 1932, an ji irin wannan tasirin sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa mai zanen ya sake jaddada mawuyacin halin da masu aiki na nahiyar Amurka suka shiga. A cikin fresco, noma da yalwar yanayi an wakilta su ta hotuna da suka ƙunshi ƙaramin yaro da ke daure tsakanin tsirara da garma.

A sassan arewa da kudanci, masana'antar kera motoci ta Amurka da ta bunƙasa ta kasance ta hanyar amfani da manyan injuna da ke ƙera narkakkar karfe da layukan haɗawa da ke ƙirƙira motoci masu jajayen alewa.

A fannin katangar yamma, za ka ga irin babbar illar da ke tattare da fasahar a mahangarsu, kamar kayan aikin yaki da ka iya jawo halakar da dan Adam, don bayar da misali. A bangon arewa, kamar yadda muka ambata, Rivera ya wakilci ci gaban likitancin da aka samu a lokacin.

Ya cim ma hakan ne ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin kiwo na kirista, sai dai ya maye gurbin kowane malamin addini tare da likitoci na zamani da marasa lafiya, har ma mai zanen ya ɗauki aikin yin koyi da mahaifiyarsa, bisa ga abin da wasu maganganun tauraruwar ke faɗi. Cinema na Amurka, Jean Harlow.

A gaskiya ma, sa’ad da aka kammala aikin a ƙarshe kuma aka gabatar da shi ga jama’a, sai ga gungun masu tsattsauran ra’ayin Katolika na yin saɓo gabaɗaya kuma babbar gardama ta taso. A ƙarshe, Edsel Ford ya yarda da aikin Rivera ba tare da wata matsala ba, godiya ga babban goyon baya da ƙungiyar ɗaliban jami'a da ma'aikatan da suka yi yaki da cin hanci da rashawa suka bayar.

Mutumin da ke Kula da Duniya (1934)

Lokacin da yake magana game da "Mutumin da ke Sarrafa Duniya", wanda kuma aka sani da "Mutumin a Tsararru", an yi nuni ga wani bangon da Diego Rivera ya zana a cikin 1934 na Cibiyar Rockefeller, amma an sake fentin shi a cikin Palacio of Fine Arts a Mexico. Garin.

An haɗa aikin a cikin wannan cibiyar saboda mai zanen ya ƙara alamar gurguzu na Rasha a bangon bango, Vladimir Lenin, kuma dangin Rockefeller ba su yi tunanin haka ba kuma ya lalata shi nan da nan. Bayan ɗan lokaci, gwamnatin Mexico ta umurce shi ya yi sabon aiki, kuma Rivera ya yanke shawarar sake yin zanen fresco a kan firam ɗin wayar hannu na Fadar Fine Arts.

Shi ya sa ake dangana wannan lakabin daya daga cikin fitattun zane-zane na zane-zane a duk rayuwarsa. Kodayake girmansa ya fi na asali (4,46 × 11,46 m.), Har yanzu yana da ban sha'awa kamar na farko da aka yi. Don fahimtar shi, dole ne a bayyana a fili cewa ci gaba ne na alama a cikin sassa guda uku.

A tsakiya mun sami wani mutum wanda ke sarrafa injin da ke sarrafa sararin samaniya. A can yana sarrafa rayuwa kuma shine ke kula da raba macrocosm daga microcosm. Tuni a cikin sashin hagu, zaku iya ganin menene tasirin al'ummar jari-hujja ta hanyar wakilcin Charles Darwin yana nuni ga kimiyya.

Duk wannan ya bambanta da wani sassaka na dutse, alhakin alamar addini da fage na gwagwarmaya tsakanin azuzuwan. A hannun dama, ana wakilta duniyar gurguzu ta hanyar muhimman mutane na wannan motsi, kamar Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, Leon Trotsky da Friedrich Engels.

Hakazalika, kusa da su akwai wakilcin Red Army (sunan jami'in soja da sojojin sama na Tarayyar Soviet Tarayya Socialist Republic), da kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikata, wanda ma'aikata suka wakilta daga shahararren dandalin Moscow a Moscow. , Red Square. Ita ce ainihin tunanin duniya bisa ga Rivera: akida, kimiyya da juyin juya hali.

Mafarkin ranar Lahadi da yamma a cikin Alameda Central (1947)

A cikin matsayi na ƙarshe na wannan jerin game da ayyukan da aka fi sani da Diego Rivera, muna so mu sanya "Mafarki na Lahadi Lahadi a cikin Alameda Central", wani zane da aka yi a 1947 wanda yanzu ya zama babban aiki a nuni na dindindin a Diego. Rivera Mural Museum.

Ginin bangon waya wani yunƙuri ne na masanin ƙirar Mexico, Carlos Obregón Santacilia. A lokacin, wurin da aka shirya masa yana cikin ɗakin Versailles na Hotel del Prado, wanda ke gaban Alameda Central. Duk da haka, saboda girgizar kasa na shekara ta 1985, otal din ya sami barna mai yawa, kamar yadda aikin ya yi, kuma dole ne a kwashe shi zuwa inda ake nunawa a yau.

A ciki, Diego Rivera ya nuna kansa a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin yaro wanda ke tafiya ta tsakiyar Alameda a Mexico City. A rangadin nasa an lura da cewa yana tare da wasu haruffa kusan ɗari waɗanda suka cika shekaru 4000 na tarihin ƙasar.

Babban siffa na abun da ke ciki shine La Catrina ko Calavera Garbancera, asalin halittar mawallafin Mexica da aka yi bikin, mai zane, da caricaturist, José Guadalupe Posada, wanda ke tsaye kusa da ita a hannun dama. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa La Catrina yana sanye da kayan sata mai gashin fuka-fukai wanda ke nuni da ainihin allahntakar Mexica pantheon, Quetzacóatl.

Bayan Rivera ita ce matarsa ​​Frida Kahlo, tana rike da alamar yin da yang a hannunta yayin da ta rungumi mijinta a hankali. A hannun dama, za ku ga yadda aka yi gaisuwa tsakanin Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera da José Martí, manyan marubuta biyu na lokacin. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Diego Rivera waɗanda suka fi ƙarfafawa.

A nasu bangaren, a tsakiyarsu akwai wasu fitattun mata guda biyu, wadanda 'ya ce kuma matar tsohon shugaban kasar Mexico, Porfirio Díaz. A cikin ɓangaren hagu an kwatanta cin nasara, 'yancin kai, zamanin mulkin mallaka, mamayewar Arewacin Amirka da shiga tsakani na Turai, lokutan tarihi wanda wurin shakatawa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Benito Juárez, Hernán Cortés, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Fray Juan de Zumárraga, Viceroy Luis de Velasco y Castilla, Emperor Maximilian, da matarsa ​​Carlota kuma za a iya gano su. A bangaren dama kuma, gwagwarmayar jama'a, yunkurin manoma da juyin juya hali ne. Akwai Porfirio Díaz, Emiliano Zapata, Ricardo Flores Magón, Francisco I. Madero, da sauransu.

Idan wannan labarin ya kasance ga sha'awar ku, kar ku bar ba tare da karanta farko ba:

• Rushewar Rushe
• Al'adar Mexican
• Labarin Quetzalcoatl