El Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Na'ura ce mai sauƙi mai ruwan tabarau guda ɗaya, tana da tsabta da haɓakawa idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin microscopes na zamaninsa. Ƙara koyo game da wannan labarin a cikin wannan sakon!
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek da Microscopes
Leeuwenhoek ya tsara kuma ya gina na'urori masu auna ma'ana ɗari da yawa waɗanda dukkansu ƙanana ne kuma suna da kamanceceniya a cikin ƙira da aiki, girman na'urorin nasa sun kasance daidai da tsayin kusan inci biyu da faɗin inci ɗaya.
Babban jikin waɗannan microscopes ya ƙunshi faranti guda biyu na bakin ciki, lebur ɗin ƙarfe (yawanci tagulla) waɗanda aka haɗe tare, tsakanin faranti akwai ƙaramin ruwan tabarau bi-convex mai iya haɓakawa daga 70x zuwa sama da 250x, gwargwadon ingancin ruwan tabarau.
Aiki na Leeuwenhoek microscope yana da sauƙi, ana sanya samfurin a kan fil wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar ƙuƙuka biyu, ɗaya don daidaita nisa tsakanin samfurin da ruwan tabarau da ɗayan don daidaita tsayin samfurin.
Samfurin na'urar fassara dunƙule da sanda suna a kasan na'urar daukar hotan takardu, inda suka wuce ta wani kusurwar dama, wanda zai ajiye shi zuwa ga na'urar, sa'an nan kuma tsaya a kan wani karfe block dake tsakiyar faranti na microscope jiki.
Ana haɗa fil ɗin tallafi na samfurin zuwa wancan gefen wannan shingen, ta yadda lokacin da aka kunna kullin mai fassarar, ya motsa samfurin sama ko ƙasa, wani nau'in dunƙule, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin toshe daidai da faranti na microscope, Yana aiki azaman daidaitawar tsayi. dunƙule, lokacin da aka juya wannan dunƙule yana matsawa da faranti na ƙarfe kuma yana motsa samfurin zuwa ko nesa da ruwan tabarau, yana yin kama da kullin mayar da hankali.
A bayan na'urar hangen nesa, wani dunƙule yana riƙe da madaidaicin tsaye a kusurwoyi daidai zuwa faranti na jikin ƙarfe kuma yana aiki azaman maƙalli don matsar da samfurin daga gefe zuwa gefe.
Leeuwenhoek ya kwashe lokaci mai yawa yana kammala kera ruwan tabarau don na'urar hangen nesa, kuma ya sami damar niƙa da goge ruwan tabarau na biconvex zuwa babban inganci, kuma ana zargin Leeuwenhoek ya yi amfani da ruwan tabarau na gilashi kuma waɗannan ruwan tabarau sune ke da alhakin abin ban mamaki. magnifications na su sauki microscopes.
Leeuwenhoek ya samar da wadannan ruwan tabarau ta hanyar cire gilas daga cikin kauri mai kauri wanda ke samuwa a kasan kwan fitilar gilashin, wadannan ruwan tabarau masu ban mamaki sun kai kimanin milimita daya kuma suna da radius na curvature na millimeters 0,75, suna da girma da ƙuduri idan aka kwatanta da su. zuwa sauran microscopes na lokacin, gidan kayan gargajiya na Utrecht yana daya daga cikin Leeuwenhoek microscopes a cikin tarin ku.
Hanyar da Van Leeuwenhoek ya yi na kera na'urar tauraro ya haifar da sha'awa sosai, yana son nuna na'urorinsa na gani da ido kuma yayin da fasahar kera ruwan tabarau ba na musamman ba ne, daidaitaccen abin da ya yi ruwan tabarau ya ba da sha'awa ga ranar.
Tare da na'urori daban-daban sama da 500 don darajarsa, van Leeuwenhoek a fili ya yi na'urar hangen nesa ga kowane samfurin da ya bincika, ƙasa da 10 har yanzu suna nan a cikin gidajen tarihi, amma da yawa daga cikin tabarau nasa suna rayuwa har zuwa yau.
An yi ginshiƙan na'urar microscope na van Leeuwenhoek da tagulla, tagulla, ko azurfa lokaci-lokaci, firam ɗin shine ainihin faranti guda biyu waɗanda ke riƙe da ruwan tabarau guda ɗaya a tsakanin su a layi ɗaya mai ƙaramin rami, an ɗora samfurin a tsaye akan fil wanda aka dora akan shi. wani toshe a cikin filin kallon ruwan tabarau, screws guda biyu sun daidaita nisa tsakanin samfurin da ruwan tabarau da kuma tsayin samfurin a filin kallo.
Don bincika ruwaye, an riƙe ƙaramin bututun gilashi a bayan ruwan tabarau a cikin filin kallon ku, ƙasa da inci huɗu tsayi, ana buƙatar yin aiki don amfani da na'urar hangen nesa da kyau.
Dole ne a adana na'urar na'ura mai kwakwalwa kamar yadda zai yiwu ga idon da ba ya kiftawa kuma ƙananan ruwan tabarau suna da babban matakin lanƙwasa wanda ya yi na ɗan gajeren tsayi, tare da mafi ƙarfin ruwan tabarau samfurin dole ne ya zama 4/100 na inci daga microscope. ruwan tabarau.
Hanyar kallo ta yau da kullun don microscope na van Leeuwenhoek shine a kwantar da shi a kan kunci ko goshin mai kallo sannan a juya sukurori har sai an iya ganin samfurin daki-daki, sannan ta hanyar jujjuya jiki da canza kusurwar na'urar, isasshen haske mai da hankali. a kan samfurin.
Daban-daban kayayyaki na Leeuwenhoek microscope sun yi kama da girman da tsarin nuni, amma wasu suna da ruwan tabarau har guda uku da aka dora gefe da gefe kuma sun ɗan fi faɗi don ɗaukar ruwan tabarau.
Rayuwarsa
Ɗan masaƙan kwando, van Leeuwenhoek ba shi da gata kamar yawancin Muhimman Masana Kimiyya, iliminsa na asali ne, amma sha'awa ne ya motsa shi kuma yana da kyautar rikodin abubuwan da ya gani, a matsayin mai sana'ar tufafi ta hanyar kasuwanci, kwarewarsa ta farko da microscopy yana nazarin zaren da zane tare da gilashin girma, ya sami kwarewa wajen yin nasa. ruwan tabarau sannan a gina firam ɗin microscope don riƙe su.
Wasu suna masa lakabi da uban microscope, duk da cewa na'urar microscopes ta kasance kusan shekaru 50 kafin haihuwar van Leeuwenhoek, saboda ganowa da rabe-raben kwayoyin halitta, da kyau za a iya kiransa uban microbiology, binciken da ya yi ya sa ya samu. Memba a cikin Royal Society of London a 1680.
Gano ruwan tabarau
Lens ɗin microscope na van Leeuwenhoek ya ba shi fa'ida akan na'urorin microscopes na wancan lokacin, waɗannan microscopes suna da murdiya da matsalolin aberration wanda ya haifar da haɓakar 30X ko 40X mai amfani, Gidan Tarihi na Ultrecht a Netherlands yana da microscope van Leeuwenhoek a cikin tarinsa a 275X. girma.
Ya ɓata lokaci mai yawa yana kammala aikin ruwan tabarau kuma ya yi amfani da hanyoyi guda uku na niƙa, busa, da zane.
A cikin goge ruwan tabarau van Leeuwenhoek zai goge ruwan tabarau tare da mafi kyawu kuma mafi kyawun mahaɗan hatsi har sai babu wani lahani da ya rage a cikin gilashin, a cikin ruwan tabarau mai rai na Van Leeuwenhoek duk sai ɗaya daga cikinsu an yi ta wannan tsari, a cikin hanyar gilashin busa, zan yi amfani da su. ƙaramin gilashin a ƙarshen bututun gilashin da aka hura sannan a goge shi.
A cikin hanyar zane van Leeuwenhoek zai sanya wuta a tsakiyar sandar gilashi kuma a hankali ya cire shi yayin da yake narkewa, wannan ya haifar da sandunan gilashin daban-daban guda biyu suna tafe zuwa maki masu kyau, sannan ya shigar da karamin batu na daya daga cikin sandunan a ciki. wutar da kuma wanda ya haifar da ƙaramin gilashin gilashi a ƙarshensa, an yi amfani da wannan ƙaramin yanki azaman ruwan tabarau.
Nauyin nauyi zai sa gilashin ya zama asymmetrical, amma ta hanyar juya shi a ƙarshen sandar gilashin, Leeuwenhoek zai iya yin ruwan tabarau kusan daidai, mafi ƙanƙanta na ruwan tabarau mai siffar gilashin tsirar da Leeuwenhoek ya kasance kawai 1.5mm a diamita.
Tsarin sake kunnawa
A sauran ayyukansa, Leeuwenhoek ya tashi ya binciki haifuwar jima'i da tsarin jigilar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin dabbobi da tsirrai, duk da cewa wasu da yawa sun gwada, shi ne farkon wanda ya fara ganin maniyyi, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "dabbobi".
Saboda tabbacinsa cewa motsi yana nufin rayuwa, ya yi tunanin cewa dabbobin tafi-da-gidanka sune ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar rayuwa, sabanin kwai mara motsi, wanda ya yi tunanin ba da gudummawa kaɗan, wannan ya ba Leeuwenhoek wani nau'i na ka'idar preformation.
Leeuwenhoek ya ci gaba da nazari da bayyana haifuwa a ciki Kwayar dabbobi, ya kuma samu ci gaba sosai a fannin nazarin halittar dabbobi da tsiro, a lokacin rayuwarsa, masana kimiyya suna girmama shi, kuma 'yan kasa sun san shi, a wani bangare na wasikun da ya aike wa kungiyar Royal Society of London da ke bayani dalla-dalla abubuwan da ya gano da kuma wani bangare na binciken. rawar da ya taka a matsayin hazikan jama'a wanda ya ji daɗinsa.
A cikin 1677 ya fara bayyana maniyyi daga kwari, karnuka da maza, kodayake Stephen Hamm mai yiwuwa ya kasance mai ganowa. Leeuwenhoek yayi nazari akan tsarin ruwan tabarau na gani, striae a cikin tsokoki, sassan bakin kwari, da kyakkyawan tsarin tsirrai, kuma ya gano parthenogenesis a cikin aphids.
A cikin 1680 ya lura cewa yeasts sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin globular na mintina, ya tsawaita nunin 1660 na Marcello Malpighi na capillaries na jini ta hanyar ba da cikakken bayanin farko na ƙwayoyin jajayen jini.
«A cikin duk ruwan sama da ke fadowa, an ɗauke shi daga magudanar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa, ana iya samun dabbobi; da kuma cewa a cikin kowane irin ruwa, tsaye a sararin sama, dabbobi na iya bayyana. Ga waɗannan dabbobi, iska na iya ɗaukar su, tare da ƴan ƙura da ke shawagi a cikin iska."
dan kasuwa mai ban sha'awa
Anton van Leeuwenhoek kwararre ne mai nau'in kimiyya, wanda ya fara kasuwanci a Delft, Holland bisa ga al'adar iyali, bai sami ilimi mafi girma ko digiri na jami'a ba kuma bai san yare ba sai ɗan ƙasarsa na Holland, da hakan ya kasance. wanda ya isa ya cire shi daga al'ummar kimiyya na zamaninsa.
Amma duk da haka tare da fasaha, himma, son sani mara iyaka, da buɗaɗɗen tunani wanda ba shi da akidar kimiyya, ya zama jigo na wasu muhimman abubuwan da aka gano a tarihi. Tarihin Microscope, shi ne ya gano kwayoyin cuta, protists, sperm, blood cells, nematodes, rotifers da dai sauransu.
Abubuwa guda biyu da suka bambanta shi ne sha'awar lura da duk wani abu da za a iya sanyawa a karkashin gilashin sa da kuma kula da shi wajen kwatanta abin da ya lura, saboda ba shi da kwarewa a zane, ya dauki wani mai zane don shirya zane-zane na abin da ya lura, wanda zai kasance tare da shi. rubuce-rubucensa, binciken da ya yi, wanda ya yaɗu kuma ya yi suna sosai a lokacin, ya kawo sabuwar duniya ta ɗan ƙaramin rai ga ilimin mutane.
An haifi Leeuwenhoek ne a birnin Delft na kasar Netherlands, daga baya ya koyi sana’ar sayar da kayan masaku a Amsterdam, inda ya yi aiki da gilashin girma, wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen kula da ingancin yadudduka, don duba yawan waya.
A 1654, ya koma Delft, inda ya ciyar da sauran rayuwarsa, da farko ya zama dan kasuwa na lilin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin safiyo, ruwan inabi, kuma qananan jami'in dan kasa, a 1676 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da dukiya na fatara. Jan Vermeer, shahararren mai zane, wanda aka haife shi a shekara guda da Leeuwenhoek kuma an yi imanin abokinsa ne.
Shahararriyar gilashin girmansa
An san Leeuwenhoek ya yi “microscopes” sama da 500, wanda kasa da goma suka rayu har zuwa yau. nau'in da ake amfani da shi a yau, wanda aka nuna a hagu shine zane na ɗaya daga cikin Leeuwenhoek microscopes.
Idan aka kwatanta da na’urar hangen nesa na zamani, na’ura ce mai sauqi qwarai, mai amfani da lens guda xaya, wadda aka ɗora a cikin wani ƙaramin rami a cikin farantin tagulla da ke zama jikin na’urar, ana ɗora samfurin a kan madaidaicin madaidaicin da ke fitowa gaban ruwan lens ɗin da nasa. Za a iya daidaita matsayi da mayar da hankali ta hanyar juya sukurori biyu, duk kayan aikin yana da inci 3-4 kawai kuma dole ne a riƙe shi kusa da ido.
Shekaru da yawa, Leeuwenhoek yana yin ruwan tabarau mai siffar lentil, wanda ake kira "microscopes", ruwan tabarau na gaske ne gilashin ƙara girma, ƙanana ne, wani lokacin ƙanƙanta da ƙusa, amma girma 100 ko ma 300, lura da waɗannan ruwan tabarau yana buƙatar fasaha. da hakuri.
Babu wani bayanan da za a iya tabbatarwa a lokacin da Leeuwenhoek ya fara bincikensa, ya yi nisa da tunanin yin bincike, microscope a gare shi, babba kuma mutum mai daraja, kawai abin wasa ne da aka fi so, amma ya kasa fita.
Da yake nazarin yankan nama na bakin ciki a ƙarƙashin gilashin ƙara girman da ya ƙera, Leeuwenhoek ya gano cewa nama, ko kuma daidai, tsokoki, sun ƙunshi ƙananan zaruruwa, a cikin wannan yanayin, tsokoki na gaɓoɓi da gangar jikin (skeletal tsokoki) sun ƙunshi ƙananan zaruruwa. - striated, wanda aka fara kiran su striated, sabanin tsokar santsi, wanda ake samu a mafi yawan gabobin ciki da kuma cikin bangon jijiyoyin jini.
Leeuwenhoek ya bincika samfuran nasa
Har ila yau Leeuwenhoek ya fara ilimin parasitology na ci gaba ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa, a cikin 1681, ya bincika samfuran stool na kansa a lokacin gudawa, a cikin stool ɗinsa na ruwa, ya sami ƙananan dabbobi. Leeuwenhoek ya bayyana "Giardia" a matsayin dabba mai motsi a hankali, amma mai iya yin motsi da sauri tare da "ƙafafunsa".
A yau, mun san cewa wannan motsi ne mai ƙarfi wanda flagella ya haifar. Van Leeuwenhoek ya ga cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu motsi suna cikin matakin trophozoite.
Leeuwenhoek ba wai kawai ya gano Giardia a cikin najasar zawo ba, amma kuma ya gano Opalina da Nyctotherus a cikin hanjin kwadi da "sharar gida", ya gano wani nau'in Trichmonas, Enterobius vermicularis (roundworm), kuma ya yi nazarin Balantidium coli, protozoan ciliated parasitic na hanji. a cewar Dobell a 1932.
Leeuwenhoek ya bayyana Giardia a matsayin dabba mai motsi a hankali, amma mai iya yin saurin motsi da "kafafunsa". A yau, mun san cewa wannan motsi ne mai ƙarfi wanda flagella ya haifar. Van Leeuwenhoek ya ga cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu motsi suna cikin matakin trophozoite.
"Kafafu" Van Leeuwenhoek da ya gani a Giardia yana da nau'i-nau'i guda hudu na waɗannan ƙananan wutsiyoyi, ko kuma flagella takwas, kuma sai a 1880 ne masana ilimin halitta suka fahimci cewa akwai wasu matakai a Giardia da ba su ƙunshi flagella ba.
Maziyartan Leeuwenhoek
Abokan aikinsa da sauran jama'a sun gane nasarorin kimiyya a lokacin rayuwarsa: a cikin 1680 an zabe shi dan kungiyar Royal Society of London, a 1699 ya kasance wakilin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Paris, kuma a cikin 1716 Kwalejin Kimiyya. Malaman Leuven sun ba shi lambar yabo ta azurfa, baya ga fansho da suka ba shi, karamar hukumar Delft ta ba shi kyautuka na musamman bayan wallafa litattafansa da dama.
Yawan adadin abubuwan da aka samu ya sa Leeuwenhoek ya bukaci wasikun gabatarwa, bakinsa sun hada da sarakuna da sarakuna, ciki har da Peter the Great, James II, Frederick the Great, Elector August II of Saxony, da Grand Duke Cosimo III na Tuscany, a cikin tsufansa. ., Leeuwenhoek ya zama almara, 'yan uwansa sun kira shi da girmamawa a matsayin mai sihiri.
Gadon sa
Musamman saboda yana da wuya a koyi yadda ake amfani da shi, da Leeuwenhoek microscope wasu masana kimiyya ba su taɓa amfani da su ba Batutuwan kimiyya masu ban sha'awa.
Duk da haka, girmansa da ƙudurinsa sun ci gaba sosai har zai kasance tsakiyar karni na XNUMX kafin na'urar microscope ya bude kofa ga duniyar microbiology kamar yadda Van Leeuwenhoek ya yi.
Kowane na'ura mai kwakwalwa da hannu aka yi da kuma nau'in nau'i kuma a cikin tsara su Van Leeuwenhoek dole ne ya shawo kan matsalolin girma, ƙuduri da gani ta hanyar amfani da basirarsa.