Babban bambance-bambancen halayen dabbobi masu shayarwa na Marsupial shine jakar waje wanda tayin wannan nau'in ya kammala ci gabansa. Misalai na yau da kullun na marsupials sune kangaroo, koala da shaidan Tasmania, waɗanda ake la'akari da su azaman wakilan fauna na Australiya. Ta ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin za ku sami damar koyo game da wasu halaye na wannan nau'in ban sha'awa.
Menene Marsupials?
Marsupials (Marsupialia) sun ƙunshi ƙungiyar dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda matansu ke da 'jakar ko jaka' wanda a cikinsa ya ƙare ci gaban amfrayonsu. Galibin wadannan dabbobin daji na kasar Ostiraliya ne, ko da yake ana samun su a nahiyar Amurka. Kimanin nau'ikan 270 a halin yanzu ana san shi, wanda aka samo 80 a Amurka da kusan 200 a Australia. A cikin wasu nau'ikan jakar ta yi ƙanƙanta da yawa don ɗaukar duk 'ya'yansu.
Daga fitaccen mahangar ilimin halitta, marsupials sun kasance wani ɓangare na infraclass na haraji ko kuma rukunin dabbobi masu shayarwa na metatherian (kusa da dabbobi masu shayarwa iri ɗaya fiye da dabbobi masu shayarwa na placental waɗanda zuriyarsu ta haɓaka gaba ɗaya a cikin mahaifa). Ɗaya daga cikin halayensa shine ɗan gajeren ci gaban tayi a cikin mahaifa don ci gaba da girma da yawa na girma zuwa ga mammary gland a cikin jakar marsupial ko marsupium.
Halayen Marsupials
An bambanta su da dabbobi masu shayarwa ta wurin haihuwar farkon zuriya, wanda ci gabansa ya ci gaba a cikin jakar da ke cikin mahaifar uwa, wanda ake kira marsupium, wanda glandan mammary ke haɗuwa. Wannan jakar tana goyon bayan ƙasusuwan marsupial, waɗanda ba su wanzu a cikin ƙasusuwan mahaifa, kuma waɗanda ke sa kwarangwal ɗin su ya zama siffa.
Wani labari ya ba da labarin abin da ya faru a buɗaɗɗen kogon dutsen Eocene plasters na Montmartre, a birnin Paris, inda aka gano wani kwarangwal da ke nuna waɗannan ƙasusuwan, wanda masanin kimiyar Faransa Georges Cuvier ya tantance, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa sun fito ne daga dabbar dabbar dabbar dabbar dabba. na jinsin Didelphis, opossum na zamani na Amurka.
Idan aka kwatanta da placentals, marsupials suna da ƙananan kwanyar da aka rage sosai dangane da raƙuman kawunansu, yayin da orbits (kwayoyin ido) a buɗe suke a baya kuma suna nuna ƙwaƙƙwarar sagittal mai ƙarfi don shigar da tsokoki na wucin gadi. A ƙarshe, akwai a cikin mandible wani tsari na kusurwa wanda ke juya shi ciki.
Dangane da hakoransu, ƙwanƙwasa masu siffar triangle sun yi rinjaye, waɗanda suka bambanta sosai, kamar yadda suke a cikin mahaifa, bisa ga ciyawa ko cin nama wanda waɗannan dabbobin suka dace da su. A matsayin wani ɓangare na marsupials na Amurka, opossum da aka ambata (Didelphis) ita ce mafi shaharar memba na tsohuwar ƙungiyar, polyprotodonts, wanda wasu marsupials da suka wanzu a Kudancin Amirka a ko'ina cikin Miocene, irin su Prothylacynus da Pliocene, suna ɓangare. kamar Thylacosmilus.
Akwai sha'awa ta musamman a cikin na ƙarshe saboda kasancewar manyan canines guda biyu masu yawa, waɗanda ke ba kwanyar siffar kama da na Smilodon, wani tashin hankali na carnivorous placental, yanzu bacewa. Babban sanannen marsupial shine Diprotodon, wanda ya rayu a Ostiraliya a ko'ina cikin Quaternary. Wannan halitta ta kai girman karkanda, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar Diprotodonts, wacce ta ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan Australiya musamman, gami da kangaroo na yau.
Marsupials sun rabu da gangar jikin dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko yayin da har yanzu tana cikin wani mataki na farko. A Ostiraliya, suna yin kwaikwaya ta hanya ɗaya daidai da radiyon daidaitacce wanda mahaifar mahaifa suka yi a wasu yankuna na duniya. Yawancin fasalullukansu na musamman ne, ta yadda ba sa wakiltar yanayin juyin halitta na dabbobi masu shayarwa na mahaifa, sai dai zuriyar mai cin gashin kanta da ta ƙarshe. Yanayin zafin jiki ya ɗan fi girma a cikin marsupials fiye da na placenta.
Marsupial herbivores sun yi nasarar samar da hanyoyi daban-daban na ciyarwa don ingantaccen amfani da sinadarai, tun da ba su da ikon narkar da cellulose saboda rashin isassun ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda ya faru da wasu mahaifa.
A wasu lokuta, ana iya kai abincin zuwa caecum, inda ya tsaya lokacin da ake buƙata, ko kuma yana iya dakatar da metabolism don buƙatar ƙarancin abinci da kuma samar da isasshen lokaci don haɗuwa da abin da aka rigaya ya sha. Za a iya tauna abincin na dogon lokaci kamar mahaifa, ko kuma za su iya sake cinye lallausan najasa.
Sake bugun
Kamar monotremes, duburarsu da na'urorin urogenital suna buɗe tare zuwa cikin cloaca na kowa. Marsupials dabbobi ne masu rarrafe, amma tsarin haifuwarsu ya sha bamban da na mahaifa. Kwai ya ƙunshi gwaiduwa da yawa, yana da "fari" kuma an rufe shi da membrane. Mahaifa yana fitar da 'madara' wanda ake sha'awar a cikin jakar gwaiduwa, kuma a mafi yawan ma'auratan babu wani abu mai kama da mahaifa. A cikin wasu nau'in (Dasyurus) akwai nau'in mahaifa, yanki na lamba tsakanin bangon jijiyoyin jini na jakar gwaiduwa da bangon mahaifa.
Mata suna da farji uku, biyu a gefe ɗaya kuma a tsakiya. Ana amfani da na gefe wajen hadi kuma matasa suna fitowa ta tsakiyar farji. Maza masu Marsupial suna da cokali mai yatsu akai-akai, don watsa maniyyi zuwa farji na gefe. Tauraro suna fitowa a farkon farkon girma kuma suna rarrafe tare da layin yau da kullun da uwa ta sanya da harshenta tsakanin cloaca da jakar marsupial. Bayan isa ga marsupium, yana manne da nonuwa kuma ya zauna a cikin jakar na dogon lokaci.
Asalin da Biogeography
Marsupials sun ƙunshi ƙaramin rukuni na dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda nahiyar Amurka ta rarraba a wani ɓangare kuma a wani ɓangare ta Ostiraliya, waɗanda suka zama kawai dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙasa kuma, musamman, babban ɓangaren namun daji na ƙasa.
Bayan bacewar dinosaur, tsuntsaye da monotremes sun bambanta, kuma ratites da kungiyoyi makamantansu sun zo sun mamaye yanayin muhalli na herbivores da mafarauta. Daga cikin su akwai tsuntsayen dangin Phorusrhacidae da aka sani da tsuntsayen ta'addanci daga Kudancin Amurka da kuma tsuntsaye irin su Gastornis a ko'ina cikin Eocene a Turai da Arewacin Amirka.
Marsupials sun sami ci gaba a duk lokacin ƙananan Cretaceous daga pantotheria na farko, bayan placentals waɗanda suka bayyana a cikin Jurassic, misali Juramaia. Kafin yaduwar mahaifa, marsupials sun riga sun bazu a kan yawancin sararin duniya, ana samun su zuwa ƙarshen Cretaceous a wuraren da har yanzu ba a nan, kamar Asiya.
Don fahimtar yadda ake rarraba marsupials a halin yanzu, ya zama dole a san al'amuran da talakawan nahiyar suka fuskanta a cikin waɗancan sauye-sauyen yanayin ƙasa. Ya kamata a tuna, bisa ga yawancin burbushin halittu da aka gano, cewa a ƙarshen lokacin Cretaceous, an rarraba marufi a kan ƙasashen da suka fito, inda suka kasance tare, cikin kwanciyar hankali, tare da mahaifa na farko.
Misali, wuraren da suka bace na iya kasancewa a Afirka, Turai da Arewacin Amurka, ko da yake bayan Babban Mu'amalar Amurka, wasu marsupials sun dawo sun mamaye Arewacin Amurka. Shahararrun matsugunan da aka sani sun fito ne daga China, inda kuma an samu tsoffin mahaifar mahaifa.
A wancan lokacin, har yanzu al’ummar nahiyar ba su fara gutsuttsura da rabe-rabe ba kamar yadda ka’idar Alfred Wegener ta bayyana, lamarin da ya faro ne a karshen zamanin Mesozoic. A farkon Cenozoic, fashewar ci gaban mahaifa ya faru, wanda, ba tare da ƙware a farkon ba, da sauri ya bambanta saboda rashin kariya daga masu fafatawa a cikin sabbin wuraren muhallin da suka mamaye.
Ƙungiyar mahaifa tana da kishiyoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa ko mafarauta, marsupials da monotremes, na ƙarshen sun riga sun sami damar ƙware a fannoni daban-daban. Kuma baya ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, manyan tsuntsayen kasa. 'Yancin kai da cikakken matakin ci gaban da zuriyar wadannan 'yan ta'adda na farko suka samo asali sun zarce sauran kungiyoyin masu jinni a cikin adadin rayuwar jarirai, don haka ya fi son tarwatsa su.
A farkon Paleocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 65 da suka wuce, babu dabbobi masu shayarwa masu cin nama, dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu rarrafe sun riga sun cika da dabbobin dabbobi da suka taso a baya: manyan tsuntsaye masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu rarrafe da kuma marsupials.
Ragewar Pangea wanda ya fara a farkon Cretaceous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 150-140 da suka wuce, yana ba da maɓalli ga wuri da yada ƙungiyoyin dabbobi, lokacin da aka fara rarraba Gondwana supercontinent. A cikin Pangea an sami fissure wanda ya haɗa daga Tekun Tethys zuwa gabas, zuwa Pacific zuwa yamma.
Wannan ragi ya raba Laurasia, kuma tare da ita Arewacin Amirka, daga Gondwana kuma ya haifar da fitowar sabon teku mai zuwa, Tekun Atlantika. Wannan ruwa mai yawa bai bude daidai ba, amma ya fara ne a Arewa ta Tsakiyar Atlantic; Kudancin Atlantic ba zai fara buɗewa ba har sai Cretaceous.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots) da Dinornithidae (moas), nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda biyu da suka kamu da New Zealand, sun haɓaka cikin keɓance na dogon lokaci yayin da aka raba New Zealand daga yankin. zuwa Cenozoic shekaru miliyan 80 da suka wuce).
Wannan ya faru tun kafin yaduwar dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda bai isa New Zealand ba kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa sun isa Australia, ta hanyar Antarctica, daga Kudancin Amirka, lokacin da yawancin nahiyoyi uku suka kasance da haɗin kai kuma kafin sanyi na Antarctica, sun ware Australia kafin zuwan. mahaifa masu shayarwa. Waɗannan tsuntsayen sun sami nasarar ɓullowa saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda ya ba su damar mamaye wuraren farauta na farko da su.
Kudancin Amurka da Afirka, tare da sauran nahiyoyi, sun kafa babbar nahiyar da ake kira Gondwana. Duk da cewa rukunin da suka hada da mahaifa da marsupials sun bulla a Asiya, a kasar Sin ta yau kuma a can an raba su zuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, adadin nau'in ba su da yawa kuma ba su da kwarewa sosai. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun zama masu yawa kuma sun bambanta a wannan babban nahiyar kudanci.
Mahaifa ko eutherians, tare da tsarin haifuwa mafi inganci fiye da na marsupials da monotremes, sun tilasta waɗannan ƙungiyoyi zuwa ƙananan yankuna yayin da suke fafatawa a wasu wurare na muhalli. Amma ba su fara fadada su ba sai da aka raba kashi daya Afirka-Madagascar-Eurasia da sauran Kudancin Amurka-Antarctica-Australia. Masu placenta ba su sami damar mamaye yawan jama'ar Kudancin Amurka-Antarctica-Australia ba.
A wancan lokacin, manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun kasance monotremes irin su Teinolophos trusleri, wanda zai kasance a cikin babban nahiyar kudu ko da yake Ostiraliya ta hade da Antarctica don haka a cikin yanayi mai sanyi fiye da Australia a yau. Bayan Antarctica ta ƙaura daga Ostiraliya, Antarctica ta matsa zuwa iyakar kudu, a hankali a hankali, kuma Ostiraliya ta matsa zuwa ga equator, a hankali dumi.
Duk da raguwar bambance-bambancen ƙungiyoyin da ba na Eutherian ba, tsarin maye gurbin ya kasance a hankali kuma alal misali ana iya samun wasu nau'ikan halittu masu rai a cikin Manyan Turai. Asalin wadannan dabbobin ana iya gano su a daidai lokacin da aka raba nahiyar daga sauran yankin Gondwana; lokacin da aka fara cin gashin kai na kungiyoyin dabbobi a Kudancin Amurka.
A bayyane yake cewa metatherians da suka taso a Kudancin Amirka sun motsa, har ma tare da talakawan kudancin nahiyar, daga asalinsu zuwa Australia ta hanyar nahiyar Antarctic da kuma akasin haka a ƙarshen lokacin Cretaceous. An karfafa wannan hasashe ne bisa binciken da aka gudanar kan wasu matsugunan Amurkawa daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai abin da ake kira monito del monte, wanda ke da alaka da marsupials na Australia fiye da na Amurka, wanda a halin yanzu harajin dabbobi masu shayarwa americanas. (Ameridelphia) ana kiyasin ya zama paraphyletic kuma ba a yi amfani da shi ba.
Bayan haka, Australasia ta rabu daga Kudancin Amurka-Antarctica, ta yadda ma'auratan suka sami damar rayuwa a Australia, saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan nahiya ta rabu da sauran, a cikin wani lokaci kafin fashewar juyin halitta na mahaifa. A halin da ake ciki, irin wannan abu ya faru a Kudancin Amirka, wanda a lokaci guda ya rabu daga nahiyar Arewacin Amirka, wanda ya sa ya yiwu tare da irin wannan warewa da tsira ga yawancin kwayoyin halitta na wannan rukuni.
A ƙarshen Makarantar, duk da haka, kuma akasin abin da ya faru da Ostiraliya, wanda har yanzu ba a sani ba, Amurka ta Kudu ta sake shiga Arewacin Amirka ta Isthmus na Panama. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya ba da damar a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan ƙaura zuwa kudancin mahaifa, wanda, a halin yanzu, ya sami babban matakin juyin halitta. Wannan ƙaura ya biyo bayan raguwar yawancin namun dajin da ke da su.
A cikin Cretaceous da kuma a farkon matakan zamanin manyan makarantu, marsupials sun yadu sosai, gami da sauran yankuna na duniya. Sun kuma yi zama a zamanin da suka wuce a Afirka, Asiya da Turai. A cikin waɗannan ɗimbin jama'a guda uku na nahiyoyi, marsupials sun ɓace a ko'ina cikin Makarantar Sakandare, kuma magana ta ƙarshe a Turai ta koma Miocene.
A zamanin da, ana ɗaukar dabbobi masu shayarwa masu shayarwa a matsayin, daga mahangar juyin halitta, sun fi na dabbobi masu shayarwa na zamani. Duk da haka, a yau an san cewa rassan biyu sun taso ne daga kakanni guda kimanin shekaru miliyan 100 da suka wuce, a tsakiyar zamanin dinosaur. Tun da kowace ƙungiyar dabba ba ta da 'yanci daga gasar ilimin halitta, canje-canje ba su da fifiko, don haka yanayin juyin halitta yana raguwa idan aka kwatanta da waɗancan ƙungiyoyin da aka sami ƙarin abubuwan canji.
Saboda ƙaramin yanki na yanki don yaɗuwa, fafatawa na farko tare da rukuni mai kama da ilimin halitta, da kuma samun wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi na musamman a cikin wuraren da ba su da gasar placental, ana ɗaukar marsupials, galibi, ba su bambanta ba. fiye da placentals.
Wannan rukunin ya kasance da yawa sosai da daɗewa, amma manyan nau'ikan da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan sun ɓace kwanan nan a keɓe lokacin da suka shiga tare da mafasƙun da suka faru, gami da mutum. Dabbobin Kudancin Amurka na wannan zamanin sun haɗa da nau'ikan da za a haɗa su akai-akai tare da Ostiraliya maimakon Kudancin Amurka. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan misalan sun haɗa da manyan marsupials da endemic monotremes na tsari iri ɗaya da platypus.
Daban-daban na marsupials na Kudancin Amurka sun fito ne daga dabbobi masu tsari na opossums da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu ƙananan girma, zuwa halittu masu girma da girma irin su sparassodonts na genera Thylacosmilus da Borhyaena. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, an taso da shakku game da rarraba sparassodonts a matsayin marsupials saboda binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na burbushin waɗannan mafarauta.
Akwai wasu maganganu game da burbushin halittu masu shayarwa daga Eocene na Ostiraliya, a Tingamarra. Wadannan maganganun sun dogara ne akan hakori guda daya da aka samu wanda ke nuna halayen condylarthrus kuma an tattauna wannan sosai. Kazalika shekarunsa, wasu malamai sun yi tambaya game da yanayin mahaifar wannan burbushin.
na tsari
Ƙungiya ce mai ban sha'awa, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke haifar da placentas (berayen, marmots, moles, wolf na marsupial, da sauransu). Abincinsa na ƙwari ne, mai cin nama, mai ɗanɗano, mai tsiro, kuma a halin yanzu girmansa ya bambanta sosai, tun daga na linzamin kwamfuta, pilbará ninguauí, mai tsayi kimanin santimita 5, zuwa na ƙaton kangaroo, mai aunawa gwargwadon namiji. Diprotodon da batattu, mafi girman sanannun marsupial, shine girman hippopotamus. Mafi girma na marsupial mai cin nama shine Thylacoleo carnifex, memba na tsari Diprotodonta.
Sai dai umarni na possums (didelphimorphs) da linzamin kwamfuta (paucituberculate), wanda muke ƙara sparassodonts maras kyau (waɗanda wasu lokuta ba a la'akari da marsupials na gaskiya ba), sauran marsupials duk sun kamu da yankin Australiya: koala , kangaroos, couscous , Kerkeci na marsupial, wombats, da sauransu. Akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'in arboreal, irin su possums a Amurka da possums a Ostiraliya, da kuma nau'in mazaunan ƙasa gaba ɗaya kamar kangaroos.
Akwai jimillar iyalai goma da suka taru a gida biyu, bisa ga haƙora; na polyprodontos da na diprotodontos. A halin yanzu akwai sassa uku masu rai na marsupials: Amurka marsupials (Ameridelphia), Australiya marsupials (Australidelphia) da kuma bacewar clade na sparasodonts (Sparassodonta), ko da yake wani lokacin, kamar yadda riga aka ambata, na karshen ba a kiyasta a matsayin ingantattun marsupials. , amma dangi na kusa da waɗannan.
Tsarin Microbiotheria, wanda nau'in nau'in rai guda ɗaya kawai aka sani: monito del Monte, yana Kudancin Amurka, amma ya fi masaniya da marsupials na Ostiraliya kuma an ƙirƙira shi a cikin Australidelphia tare da su. Rushewar Sparassodonta idan an ƙiyasta matsayin ƙungiyar marsupial na gaske, tari a ɓangarorin biyun da suka gabata.
A polyprodontos (ƙungiyar da ba a amfani da ita a yau), wanda a zamanin da ake kira zoophages, an kafa shi cikin tsari ta hanyar iyalai tare da aƙalla incisors takwas, a cikin kowane muƙamuƙi, ƙananan su ne kusan kama da juna, kuma an sanye su da canines sama da sama. kasa. An raba su zuwa iyalai daban-daban, Ba'amurke ɗaya, na didelphids, opossums; da sauran fauna na Australiya: dasiurids, Shaidan Tasmania; thylacinids, kyarkeci na marsupial; peramelidae, zomo marsupial; notorictidae, marsupial mole; myrmecobids, marsupial anteaters; da dai sauransu.
The suborder Diprotodonts (a halin yanzu classified a matsayin oda na marsupials) ba shi da fiye da uku incisors a kowane gefen jaws, babu ƙananan canines, kuma na farko ƙananan incisor ya fi sauran girma. Yawanci suna da ciyawa kuma sun ƙunshi wasu manyan dabbobi a cikin fauna ta Australiya.
A shekara ta 2005, an gano wani samfurin halittar Diprotodon a tsakiyar Ostiraliya, tsayinsa ya kai mita 6,09 da tsayin mita 1,82. Ya haɗa da iyalan Phalangerids, Macropod (kangaroos) da Phasscolomids, waɗanda aka ƙara da Tilacoleonids, dangin marsupials masu cin nama wanda a halin yanzu ya ɓace.
Haraji
Taxonomy na Halittu shine ilimin kimiyya wanda ake ba da odar halittu ta hanyar tsarin rarrabuwa wanda ya ƙunshi wasu matsayi. A ƙasa akwai rarrabuwa na umarni da iyalai na marsupials:
- Order Didelphimorphia
- Iyali Didelphidae
- oda Paucituberculata
- Iyali Caenolestidae
- Clade Australidelphia
- oda Microbiothera
- Iyali Microbiotheridae
- oda Dasyuromorphia
- Iyali Thylacinidae
- Iyali Dasyuridae
- Iyali Myrmecobiidae
- oda Peramelemorphia
- Iyali Thylacomyidae
- Iyali Chaeropodidae
- Iyali Peramelidae
- oda Notoryctemorphia
- Family Notoryctidae
- Order Diprotodontia
- Family Phascolarctidae
- Iyali Vombatidae
- Iyali Diprotodontidae
- Iyali Phalangeridae
- Iyali Burramyidae
- Iyali Tarsipedidae
- Iyali Petauridae
- Iyali Pseudocheiridae
- Iyali Potoridae
- Iyali Acrobatidae
- Iyali Hypsiprymnodontidae
- Macropodidae iyali
- Iyali Thylacoleonidae
- oda Microbiothera
misalai na marsupials
Marsupials rukuni ne daban-daban, wanda ya ƙunshi moles, kangaroos, hogs, da berayen. Hakanan yana da girma dabam da tsarin ciyarwa: herbivore, carnivore, insectivore ko frugivore. Yawancin nau'ikansa suna cikin nahiyar Ostiraliya da sauran a Amurka, tunda babu samfuran asali a sauran nahiyoyi. Wasu misalan marsupials sune:
Kangaroo
Ita ce mafi wakilcin marsupials, wanda aka sani a duk duniya saboda yadda yake motsawa ta hanyar tsalle. Daya daga cikin hotunansa da ya saba shine na uwa dauke da jaririnta a cikin buhun da ke cikin mahaifa. Daya daga cikin shahararrun kangaroo shine katon launin toka, wanda ke zaune a cikin ciyayi da dazuzzuka a gabashin Ostiraliya, kuma yana cin ganyaye da ciyawa. Ya yi kama da nau'in jajayen kangaroo, wanda ya bambanta kawai da launi na gashin, wanda namiji zai iya kaiwa tsayi har zuwa mita biyu da nauyin kilo 66.
Arewacin Amurka Opossum
Wannan halitta ita ce kawai marsupial da ke wanzuwa a Arewacin Amurka, musamman arewacin Rio Grande, kuma tana cikin dare. Bugu da ƙari, wannan opossum, wanda girmansa ke da kyan gani na kowa, yana tafiya shi kaɗai kuma yana da ban mamaki. Jin cewa yana cikin haɗari, sai ya ba da wani ƙamshi mai banƙyama, ta jefa kanta a ƙasa kamar ta mutu.
Swamp Wallaby
Wannan dabba, wadda ta zama ruwan dare a arewacin Ostiraliya kuma ba ta cikin haɗarin ɓacewa, tana kama da kangaroo amma ƙarami. Lokacin gestation na wallaby yana da kwanaki 38 kuma daga bisani mahaifiyar ta ɗauki maraƙi na tsawon watanni tara a cikin jaka. Tawagar rugby na wannan al'ummar ta ɗauki sunanta daga wannan marufi.
koala
'Yan asali a Ostiraliya, koala wata halitta ce mai motsi a hankali, mai zaman lafiya tare da kamanni na musamman: ƙaramin jiki, babban kai (da wuya a tsakanin marsupials), zagaye, kunnuwa masu fure, da ƙaton hanci, baki.
Abincinsa ya ƙunshi bishiyar eucalyptus, kuma tun da abincin ba ya wadatar da shi da isassun abubuwan gina jiki, yana haifar da zama mai zaman kansa. Lallai takan ɓata duk lokacinta tana ɗimuwa a cikin rassan bishiyun kuma duk da cewa tana da kamanceceniya da 'teddy bear', ba ya cikin dangin ursid.
Sunan mahaifi Weasel
An rarraba shi a ko'ina cikin nahiyar Kudancin Amirka, overa weasel ya dace da kowane irin mazaunin, ciki har da yankunan birane. Zai iya rayuwa har zuwa matsakaicin shekaru huɗu. Maza sun fi mata girma, kuma duka jinsin suna da doguwar wutsiya mai tsayi kamar jikinsu.
Yana iya haifuwa har sau uku a shekara kuma ciki yana ɗaukar kwanaki 14. Bayan wannan lokacin, ta kan haifi 'ya'ya masu tsayin centimeters suna 'manne' a nonon uwa, kuma su zauna a can har tsawon makonni shida. Daga baya sai su hau bayansu sai kawai su sha nonon mahaifiyarsu na tsawon wata shida masu zuwa.
Tasmanian shaidan
A ƙarshe za mu yi magana game da ɗaya daga cikin ƴan dabbobi masu cin nama waɗanda har yanzu suke wanzuwa a doron ƙasa kuma ɗan asalin tsibirin Tasmania ne, kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna. Yana kama da ƙaramin kare, jikinsa an rufe shi da baƙar fata kuma yana da kunnuwa masu launin ja.
Game da halayensa, ana iya lura da cewa yana kururuwa da ƙarfi, yana cin abinci da yawa, yana iya farauta, amma kuma yana ciyar da gawa kuma yawanci shi kaɗai ne. Matasan sun kasance suna makale a jakar mahaifiyarsu har tsawon kwanaki 100, yayin da nauyinsu ya kai gram 200 kuma ana jefar da su daga ciki.
Marsupial Mai Fuskantar Kare
Thylacinus cynocephalus da batattu, wata halitta ce mai kai da jiki irin ta kare, wadda ta dauki ‘ya’yanta a cikin buhu kamar kangaroos, kuma tana da lallausan gashin gashi irin na fir. Wannan dabba mai ban mamaki kuma mai wakilci na Ostiraliya da Tasmania, wani lokaci ana rarraba su da "kerkeci mai ban mamaki" da sauran "Tiger Tasmania", ya kasance ainihin ciwon kai ga masu bincike shekaru da yawa.
Kwanan nan, a wani bincike da masu bincike a Jami’ar Brown (Amurka) suka gudanar, inda aka kwatanta gawarwakinsu da kasusuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa 31 (da suka hada da pumas, panthers, jackals, wolves, hyenas...) dabba yana da alaƙa da kud da kud da kud'i, ko da yake a fili ta zama marsupial.
Bisa ga abin da waɗannan masu binciken suka buga a mujallar Biology Letters, Thylacine yana aiki ne a matsayin mafarauci kaɗai wanda ya kama ganimarsa a cikin kwanton bauna, yanayin da ya bambanta ta a fili da kyarkeci da karnukan daji, waɗanda galibi suna farauta cikin fakiti da kuma ta hanyar tsanantawa.
Thylacinus cynocephalus ya wanzu na miliyoyin shekaru a cikin nahiyar Ostiraliya, kuma ya fara bacewa bayan matsugunan mutane na farko a wannan yanki shekaru 40.000 da suka wuce. Gabatarwar dingo, dabba mai kama da kare, ya fi shafan yawan jama'arta, shekaru 4 da suka gabata. Dabba ta ƙarshe na wannan nau'in, mai suna "Benjamin", ta halaka a gidan zoo na Hobart a 1936.
Yin nazarin ragowar, sun ƙaddara cewa humerus na hannun sama na thylacine ya kasance m kuma ya yi tsayi a ƙarshen kusa da gwiwar hannu, yana nuna cewa ba a haɗa ƙasusuwan gaban hannu, radius da ulna ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa "Tiger Tasmanian" ko thylacine yana da ikon juya tafin hannunta don dabino yana fuskantar sama, kamar kuliyoyi. Wannan motsi na hannu ya ba shi damar yin iko sosai a kan abin da ya gani bayan wani harin ba-zata, masu binciken sun ba da shawara.
Rayuwar Burbushin Marsupial
Masanin burbushin halittu ya taɓa kwatanta aikinsa tare da sake gina gabaɗayan shirin fim ɗin daga firam huɗu da aka gano daga wuta. Abin mamaki sosai, abubuwan da suka faru da yanayi suna kama da haɗuwa don aikin masana kimiyya ya sauƙaƙe. Kuma a karon farko a rayuwa, masu binciken sun sami dukkan fim din. Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru a wani wuri mai nisa a New South Wales (Ostiraliya), inda ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ta sami wata taska mai tarin yawa da ke nuna dukkan matakan haɓakar wata dabbar dabbar da ta mamaye yankin kimanin shekaru miliyan 15 da suka wuce.
Ana kiran wurin da ake kira Riversleigh, wani wurin burbushin burbushin halittu da aka amince da shi azaman Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a Boodjamulla National Park, a cikin jihar Queensland. Dutsen farar ƙasa ya ba da damar kyakkyawan wakilcin dabbobin Australiya kafin a daskare su cikin lokaci. A wani yanki da ake kira AL90, Karen Black da mataimakanta sun gano abin da ya kasance wani kogo. "Rukunin da ganuwar kogon sun lalace miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, amma har yanzu benen yana kan matakin kasa," in ji Black Notes.
“Da alama dabbobin sun fado ne ta wata madaidaicin kofar shiga cikin kogon da watakila ba a ganuwa saboda ciyayi kuma suna aiki a matsayin tarkon dabi’a. Wadannan dabbobi, cikinsu akwai uwaye da ’ya’yansu a cikin jaka, ko dai sun mutu ko kuma sun yi nasarar tsira daga faduwa, amma sun makale ba tare da wata hanyar tsira ba,” in ji masanin burbushin halittu.
Sakamakon wannan tarko mai kisa mun sami cikakken tarihin kasusuwan kasusuwa na wadatar da ba a saba gani ba. "Yana da ban mamaki da ban mamaki shafin," in ji Black. Kangaroo, ƴan fashi, jemagu da ƴaƴan dawa iri-iri na daga cikin waɗanda wannan rami ya shafa. Amma binciken da ya fi dacewa shi ne na ɗimbin kwanyar dabba mai kama da mahaifar da ke yanzu, wata halitta da ke haifar da ƙaramar bear.
26 kwanyar
Masana kimiyyar sun sami damar harhada adadin kwankwan kai guda 26 na Nimbadon lavarackorum wanda ya kunshi dukkan matakan wanzuwarsa, tun daga jarirai a cikin buhun mahaifiyarsu har zuwa manya. Black yana ƙayyade yanayin kiyayewa a matsayin "sabon", wanda ya sa ya yiwu a sake gina duk fim ɗin kasancewar wannan dabbar da ta ɓace.
Abin da masana kimiyya suka kammala an buga shi a cikin Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, kuma taƙaitaccen bayanin yadda tsarin kasusuwa na shugabannin waɗannan marsupials ya bambanta a duk lokacin haɓakarsu. Lokacin da har yanzu sun dogara da nono don rayuwa, ƙasusuwan fuskar su ya girma don ba da damar shayarwa. Kamar yadda abincinsu ya bambanta daga madara zuwa ciyawa, kwanyar ta girma a wurin da ake kamawa don kama tsokoki masu ƙarfi da ke da alhakin tauna, yana barin ramuka masu yawa kyauta.
A cewar wani marubucin binciken Mike Archer, "Wannan na iya zama farkon nunin yadda dabbar dabbar da ke tasowa ke biya lokacin da yake buƙatar cin kore: ta hanyar canzawa zuwa iska." Kamar dai na yau, ma’auratan na wancan lokacin an haife su ne bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan kuma sun gama ci gabansu na farko a gidan marsupial. Babu ƙaƙƙarfan ka'idar da aka samu game da dalilin da yasa waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda a wasu sassan duniya suka faɗa cikin yaƙin juyin halitta da mahaifa, suka sami damar yin nasara a Ostiraliya.
Zaɓuɓɓukan Rayuwa Biyu
A zamanin da, ana ɗaukar dabbobi masu shayarwa a matsayin, ta fuskar juyin halitta, sun fi na dabbobi masu shayarwa na zamani. Duk da haka, a yau mun san cewa rassan biyu sun taso ne daga magabata na yau kusan shekaru miliyan 100 da suka shige, sa’ad da ma dinosaur suka mallaki duniya.
Yakin Juyin Halitta
Ko da yake a yau dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke kiwon 'ya'yansu a cikin buhu wakilai ne na Ostiraliya, a wani lokaci sun mamaye duk duniya. An yi kiyasin cewa mahaifar mahaifa sun sami irin wannan nasarar juyin halitta har suka mamaye matsugunan, amma har yanzu ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa suka yi nasara a Oceania ba.
Hakanan kuna iya sha'awar waɗannan wasu labaran:
- Kangaroo
- Dabbobi masu shayarwa
- Dabbobin Dabbobi