Littafin Alexander, aiki ne na adabi mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya ƙunshi fayil na stanzas da ayoyi, da yawa suna nuni ga abubuwan duniya da yanayi, da wanzuwar Alexander the Great, tun daga haihuwarsa. Labari ne mai ban sha'awa don sanin.
Littafin Alexander
Littafin Alexandre yana nuni ne ga wani kyakkyawan aiki da aka ba da labari a aya, na uku na farko da ya yi daidai da ƙarni na sha uku, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu ban al’ajabi na rayuwar Alexander the Great, tun daga haihuwarsa har zuwa mutuwarsa.
Wannan aikin adabin yana kunshe ne a cikin abin da aka sani da cuaderna via, wanda ke nufin nau'in stanza na ma'aunin Mutanen Espanya, wanda Mester de Clerecía ke amfani da shi, makarantar ba da labari ta tsakiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin irin wannan aikin sun ƙunshi stanzas 2.675 da ayoyi 10.700.
Aiki ne wanda ya kunshi manyan jigogi na adabin kasashen yammacin turai, fadin rubutun kamar yadda muka ambata, ya zarce ayoyi dubu goma, da fifikon madogara, jigogin da suke magana akai, da kuma hikima mai girma. wanda aka gabatar , da kuma yanayin kasa da kasa na jayayya, ya ba da damar Libro de Alexandre ya sanya kansa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin aiki na waɗannan lokutan.
Daga cikin ainihin wannan littafi, an ba da kwafi guda biyu, an ba da shi ga Juan Lorenzo de Astorga, mawaƙin Sipaniya daga tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, wanda ya tsara sanannen littafin Alexandre, kuma wanda ya shigar da babban adadin Leonisms, Maganar nahawu irin na León, Asturias, a cikin ainihin da aka sake bugawa. Muna kuma ba da shawarar karantawa Mai ba'a na Seville
Wannan kuma ana kiransa da rubutun hannu O, sunan da aka ba shi domin an rubuta shi da hannu, wanda aka bayyana a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX a birnin Paris, kuma ya yarda da yaren Riojan, wanda ke nufin saitin yare na Mutanen Espanya. a cikin yankin Mutanen Espanya La Rioja, kuma an kwatanta shi da rubutun P, wanda kuma yana nufin rubutun hannu a kan takarda, a cikin rubuce-rubucensa ya bayyana wakilcin aikin zuwa Gonzalo de Berceo, mawaƙin zamani, asali daga Berceo, matsakaicin wakilin mester de limaman.
A halin yanzu, ƙwararrun masana a kan batun, sun bayyana cewa a fili ba Juan Lorenzo, ko marubucin Mu'ujiza na Uwargidanmu ba, an ba da kyautar marubucin Libro de Alexandre, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aikin ya kasance ba a san shi ba. Amma duk da haka, saboda yanayin yanayin marubucin wanda ke cikin sanannun lardunan Logroño ko Soria a Spain. Kuna iya samun wani aiki mai ban sha'awa don haɓaka karatun ku ta danna kan lazarillo de tormes
Dangane da kwanan watan, a halin yanzu akwai haɗin kai cewa zai iya kasancewa kusan shekara ta 1230, ko da yake babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi, yayin da wasu ka'idoji bisa ƙididdiga suka tabbatar da cewa zai iya kasancewa daga stanza 1799, gano aikin a farkon shekarun karni na sha uku. Sicart yayi la'akari da cewa an samo shi a cikin shekaru 1208 da 1216, yayin da Vincent Serverat ya tabbatar da cewa zai iya kasancewa a cikin lokaci kusa da shekaru 1202 da 1205.
Babban rubutun da ya yi aiki a matsayin abin koyi don ɗaga ci gaba da gaskiyar tarihi, yana da ɗanɗanar al'amari game da sauran waqoqin malamai, kasancewar na Berceo.
Domin musamman yana amfani da Gautier's Alexandreis de Châtillon, waƙar Latin, tun daga shekara ta 1180, iri ɗaya tare da salon malamai; duk da haka, an gyaggyara shi don amfanin sa, kuma yana ƙarfafa shi tare da ƙididdiga da aka samo daga ayyuka daban-daban, irin su Historia de Proeliis, wani tsari na dadewa na littafin Alexander na karni na uku, da kuma tarin bayanai na bibliographical yana nufin ba tare da tushe ga Callisthenes ba. ko Roman d'Alexandre, waƙar Homeric ta Faransa daga ƙarni na XNUMX.
Yana biye da shi game da hujjar waƙar, duk da haka, babban manufarsa ita ce nishadi da koyarwa kamar yadda mawaƙin ya ci gaba a farkon aikin, da Flavius Josephus's Judaic Antiquities, Physiologus, Disticha Catonis, Metamorphoses na Ovid kuma, ba shakka, Littafi Mai-Tsarki, musamman Farawa da Fitowa, tare da gabatarwar, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin: Jawabin Aristotle ga Alexander a cikin stanzas daga 51 zuwa 85, wanda shine ainihin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai.
Taskar Shaida
Littafin Alexandre, kamar sauran manyan nau'ikan guda biyu, kasancewar rubutun National Library of Madrid, ko rubutun hannu O, wanda aka kiyaye shi a cikin Laburare na Duke na Osuna, daga karni na 488, ko watakila a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, an rubuta shi a cikin zaki na Juan Lorenzo de Astorga, tare da babban abun ciki na leonesismos; da wanda aka adana a cikin Bibliothèque Nationale a Paris, Rubutun espagnol XNUMX, daga ƙarni na XNUMX.
A cikin abubuwan da ke cikinsa akwai jimillar maganganun Aragonese, irin na Aragon, rubutun P, wanda Gonzalo de Berceo ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin magatakarda, wanda ɗan Hispaniya Alfred Morel Fatio ya ƙaddamar a cikin bugu na Dresden na 1906, yana da mahimmanci a nuna. cewa kananan guda da yawa sun tsira, cewa ba su da alaƙa da manyan rubuce-rubucen, cewa babu ɗayansu da ya ƙare.
Daidaitaccen yanki da aka samu a cikin Ducal Archive of Medinaceli ya fito ne daga karni na 7, kuma abin da ke cikinsa yana karanta ayoyi ashirin da bakwai, wanda ke nufin ya kai har zuwa aya c ta stanza ta XNUMX.
An ce an yi asarar rubutun bugedo, duk da haka, an adana guda uku, waɗanda aka buga a cikin aikin ƙarshe na Francisco de Bivar. Marci Maximi Caesaraugustani, viri doctissimi continuatio Chronici omnimodae Historiae ab Anno Christi.
A cikin tsarin El Victorial ko Crónica de don Pero Niño, wanda aka tsara a karni na sha biyar ta Gutierre Díez de Games, wani sojan Castilian kuma masanin tarihi na karni na sha biyar, yana kiyaye wasu stanzas iri ɗaya, a cikin nau'i biyu, wanda za'a iya samuwa. daya a cikin fitowar Llaguno da Amirola, dayan kuma a cikin rubutun tarihin karni na sha biyar, wanda ke kan fayil a Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi, tare da ƙwarewar da aka rubuta a cikin nau'i na rubutu.
Halayen harshe da mawallafi
Ana iya samun shaida a cikin Littafin Alexandre, rubutun hannu O, wanda aka samo shi a kan folio 45v, inda ya keɓanta Alexander the Great arming, yayin da yake jawabi ga sojojinsa.
Mabiyan Leonese guda ɗaya, yayin da marubucin marubuci Juan Lorenzo, an danganta shi ga Tomás Antonio Sánchez a cikin 1782, Emil Gessner a 1867 da Ramón Méndez Pidal.
Tare da yaren yankin yamma na kansa, Joan Corominas da Yákov Malkiel suna samuwa. Amma, Alfred Morel-Fatio, yawanci shine farkon duk wanda ke nuna cewa mai yiwuwa mawallafin Leonese ya ƙara wasu fasalulluka na harshe ga ɗan ƙasar Castilian.
Bisa ga abin da Julius Cornu ya bayyana a shekara ta 1880, yana kula da yanayin Castilian wanda aka lura da shi a matsayin fice, yayin da Gottfried Baist, a cikin wannan shekarar, yana nufin samuwar Castilian na farko, wanda ya kamata a gauraye, saboda saboda. yana kare marubucin Gonzalo de Berceo. An samar da waɗannan ikirari kafin bayyanar da rubutun P, da kuma samun sa ta Bibliothèque Nationale a cikin 1887.
An ambaci kimantawar Chenery, WH (1905), Emil Müller (1910) da Ruth I. Moll (1938), waɗanda ke cikin ka'idar Castilian, a kan gaskiyar cewa harshen rubutun ba asalin Leonese bane kuma akan haɗuwa da ke gabatarwa, wanda ke fitowa daga ƙin Leonism na biyu, yana kula da ka'idar matashi Berceo a matsayin marubucin wallafe-wallafe.
Masanin ilimin harshe na Spain Emilio Alarcos, a cikin shekara ta 1948, bayan yin nazari da shawarwari daban-daban, har yanzu yana karkata zuwa ga tsohon Castilian.
Ko da yake ba a san sunan marubucin ba, amma tabbas yana yiwuwa a sami nassoshi masu mahimmanci game da halayensa: yana nufin wani malamin coci, wanda ya ce "mu limamai ne masu saukin kai da miyagu." Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekara ta 1824, ya bayyana cewa shi mutum ne mai girman al'ada, ya karanta adadi mai kyau a cikin Latin da Faransanci, kuma aikinsa ya ƙunshi nau'o'in tushe da karatu, duk da shaida na fasaha na minstrel. Ya fito daga cikin ma'abocin hankali, sai ya ji kamar wani halitta wanda yake bisansa.
Ta hanyar rashin da'a a cikin aikin, ana iya ganin yadda mawallafin da babban hali suka ji. Mutum ne mai kama da ƙarni nasa, don haka ya ɗaukaka manyan dabi'u, mafi mahimmanci da halaye da kuma sha'awar waɗannan lokutan, rinjaye jaruntakar mayaka, aminci ga ubangiji na asali, mai himma ga Allah, jinƙai mai addini, kuma ya ƙi. duk abin da ya shafi keta haddin dabi'u, daga cikinsu an ambaci tsoro, cin amana, rashin gaskiya da zunubai na mutuwa.
Don taƙaita ƙarin bayani game da gano mawallafin, akwai ra'ayoyi iri-iri, inda aka danganta shi ga Alfonso X el Sabio, ba tare da tushe ba, ko tabbatar da shaidar da za ta tabbatar da shi, yana da yawa har akwai shawarar wani. masani irin su Gonzalo de Berceo, wanda ya dogara da takamaiman magana game da shi, a cikin aikin. Ba za a iya barin Juan Lorenzo wanda ba a san shi ba, wanda mutane da yawa ke fassara a matsayin mai fassara.
Duk da haka, zaɓin da ya fi shahara shi ne wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin marubucin da ba a san sunansa ba, mai addini, a cikin wakilcinsa na yau da kuma a zamanin da.
Kwanan abun ciki
Idan aka zo ga sanin ko tabbatar da ranar da aka tsara aikin, haka nan babu wata yarjejeniya ta zahiri, duk da cewa an ce tana wajen tsaka mai wuya a tsakiyar karni na 1182, watakila zai iya wuce shekara ta 1250. , kwanan wata inda waƙar Latin na Gautier de Châtillon, Alexandreis, wanda aka fassara wani yanki mai kyau, kuma kafin shekara ta XNUMX, kwanan wata kusa da Poema de Fernán González, wanda ya shiga cikin aikin.
Duk da haka, Francisco Adolfo Marcos Marín masanin harshe ne na Spain, a cikin bincikensa inda ya kammala cewa mai yiwuwa daga rubutun da kansa, wanda aka samo a cikin stanza 1799, kwanan wata na iya kasancewa tsakanin shekarun 1202 da 1207, tare da wanda ya haramta marubucin Gonzalo de Berceo, domin a wannan ranar ba zai wuce shekaru tara ba.
Haka mawallafin, a cikin babinsa inda ya nuna Littafin Alexandre, na Kamus na Harsuna wanda ya dace da wallafe-wallafen Mutanen Espanya, na shekara ta 2002, ya nuna cewa akwai sharhin waƙar da ke bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a jere zuwa shekara ta 1207, kuma ya ba da shawara. Har zuwa yau aikin a shekara ta 1228, duk saboda wata yuwuwar zagi ga sarkin Sicily, da kuma balaguron da aka yi a wannan shekarar, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa a yau tarihin abubuwan da aka tsara yana samuwa musamman a farkon karni na uku na karni na goma sha uku. .
A ƙarshe da wannan guntu, za a iya ambata cewa ranar da aka tsara abu ne mai wuyar gaske don kafawa, duk da ƙoƙarin da wasu marubuta suka yi, duk da haka wasu abubuwan da suka faru na iya ba da hasken haske don ganowa kamar: ambaton yakin crusades , har zuwa mutuwar Sarkin Farisa Darius, ko kuma a madadin shekarar gicciye Almasihu, na iya gano aikin a wannan lokacin.
Abin da ke da gaske shi ne cewa daga baya ya tafi na Alexandreis de Châtillon, a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX.
siffar sarki
Wakar dai an yi ta ne ta musamman domin a fitar da ita a gaban kotu. Don abin da ba shi da ma'ana ga Raymond Willis, zai jefa don shekara ta 1956, tunanin cewa za a sami aikin a matsayin ƙa'idar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, ko rubuce-rubuce kan ilimin sarakuna, wanda aka yi magana musamman ga Fernando III the Saint, ko kuma. zuwa ga babban dansa Alfonso X. Muhimman ma'anar wannan adadi da ke fitowa daga sarki.
Yaya aka kwatanta Alexander the Great? Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, an nuna shi a cikin nau'i biyu a matsayin jarumi, inda ya bayyana: (Ina so in karanta littafin wani sarki arna / wanda ya kasance babban ƙoƙari na coraçon loçano, ya ci nasara da dukan duniya da hannunsa). da kuma a matsayin malami (wanda ya kasance mai gaskiya kuma fardido da hikima mai girma). Halaye na biyu yana bayyana a cikin stanzas masu alamar lambobi 14 zuwa 19 da kuma daga 38 zuwa 45.
Sauran abubuwan da aka banbance su da karfi su ne na karamcinsa, domin sarki dole ne ya kasance mutum ne wanda ya yi kawanya da bayi nagari, duk da amfanin kansa.
Duk da haka, da yake ya san cewa marubucin waƙar ya san cewa tana nufin wani sarki na Al’ummai, ya ba shi cancanta a zamanin da, alhali kuwa ba ya jinkirin ba shi halaye na gaba na Kiristanci, kamar yadda za a iya gani a cikin ayoyi daga 120. zuwa 123, inda ya nuna cewa dole ne mutum ya yi addu’a ga Allah daya; da kuma stanza 1161 inda ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne ya girmama mahalicci, ko kuma a cikin 2592 inda ya yi addu’a ya daga idanunsa da mika hannayensa zuwa ga Allah. A taqaice a aya ta 235, inda ya nuna cewa shi cikakken mutum ne.
Haka shi ne abin da ya ambata cewa tabo ɗaya ce kawai a kan hoton: kwaɗayi, wanda aka kiyaye shi a matsayin wuce gona da iri, kasancewar babban abin da ya yi sanadin mutuwarsa, ana iya gani a cikin kofin lambobi 2324 da 2452.
A gaskiya ma Darío, babban abokin hamayyar Alexander, an ruwaito shi a wasu lokuta a hanya mai kyau, wato, tare da halin da ya bambanta da na Roman d'Alexandre. Ta haka ya zo a aya ta 804, a zahiri a da b, wanda ya nuna cewa sarki mutumin kirki ne.
A cikin stanza mai alama 847 c, an kwatanta shi a matsayin sarki mai kyau, kuma a cikin stanza 1437 c, an nuna wani sarki mai aminci na bangaskiya mai kyau. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin mai tauhidi a cikin stanzas mai lamba 950 a da b, da 1088 da 1090, 1437 b, da kuma daga 1702 zuwa 1709.
Waka mai kamannin repertoire
Littafin Alexandre, rubuce-rubuce ne na farko da ke aiki a matsayin misali don ɗaga abubuwan da suka faru na labarin da ke kewaye da waƙa a cikin hexameters na Latin Alexandreis de Gautier de Châtillon, wanda ya koma shekara ta 1180.
Farkon wannan aikin Littafin Alexandre, an tsara shi ne a cikin mahallin waƙar, duk da haka, tare da manufar ban mamaki da koyarwa kawai, kamar yadda mawaƙin da kansa ya bayyana a farkon aikin, amma, wanda ya sa ya zama mai yawa tare da shi. Takaitattun abubuwan da aka samo daga wasu wallafe-wallafe, kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance na aikin kasada na Girka, wanda Pseudo Callisthenes ya tsara a ƙarni na uku, kamar tatsuniyar preliis a cikin larabci na Latin, wanda aka lissafta ga limamin Ikklesiya Leo na Naples.
Hakanan ana iya gani a cikin Roman d'Alexandre ta Alexandre de Bernay da Lambert li Tors, aikin da ke cikin yaren Picard, wanda ke nufin harshen Romance kusa da harshen Faransanci; da kuma Latin Ilias na Pseudo-Píndaro Tebano, wanda ya haifar da sanannen iyaye game da yakin Trojan.
Har ila yau, an yaba shi a cikin tarihin Alejandro de Quinto Curcio, wanda labarin ya fito; Epitome na Julio Valerio; Etymologies na San Isidoro de Sevilla; Antiquities na Yahudanci na Flavius Josephus; likitan ilimin halittar jiki; Disticha Catonis; Metamorphoses na Ovid, da kuma wasu sassa na nassosi masu tsarki, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga surori na “Farawa” da “Fitowa”.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, babban mahallin aikin ya dogara ne akan ba da labarin rayuwar Alexander the Great, ko da yake ana ci gaba da samun ci gaba ta hanyar shigar da adadin ƙima da ke magana akan batutuwa daban-daban.
Daga cikin waɗanda za a iya ba da haske kamar yadda aka keɓance su a cikin maƙasudai masu zuwa:
- Stanzas daga 8 zuwa 11: An nuna Alexander a matsayin halin allahntaka
- Ayoyi daga lamba 51 zuwa 85: Adireshin Aristotle zuwa Alexander, kasancewarsa daga 51 zuwa 85, kasancewarsa ingantacciyar ƙa'ida, wanda ke fassara gabatarwar sarakuna.
- Stanzas daga lamba 276 zuwa 294: yana nufin sassa uku da suka haɗa duniya
- Ayoyi daga lamba 335 zuwa 772: Takaitaccen bayani na sarkin Girka wanda ya yi nuni ga Yaƙin Trojan. Domin kawo farin ciki ga mutane masu aminci da zuciya mai kyau.
- Stanzas daga 989 zuwa 1004: A wasu lokuta yana jin daɗin cikakkun bayanai, misali makaman Darío.
- Ayoyi daga 1151 zuwa 1162: An ruwaito shi daga hangen nesa mai fahimta ta jarumin.
- Stanzas daga lamba 1460 zuwa 1533: Bayanin Babila
- Ayoyi daga 1462 zuwa 1469: Inda aka saka ƙaramin akwatin kayan ado.
- Stanzas daga 1805 zuwa 1805: Zunuban mutum da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban a Turai ta tsakiyar zamani.
- Ayoyi daga 1950 zuwa 1954: Bayanin bazara
- Stanzas daga 2119 zuwa 2142: Fadar Sarkin Hindu Poro.
- Ayoyi na 2324 zuwa 2452: Saukowar Halitta, zuwa iyakokin duniya domin Shaiɗan ya kama kwaɗayin da ba a kula da shi daga bangaren sarkin Girka.
- A cikin stanza 2478: Gidan sarauta a tsibirin da Diana ke zaune.
- Ayoyi daga 2482 zuwa 2494: Bishiyoyi, Rana da wata, waɗanda ke sanar da mugun ƙarewa.
- Ayoyi daga 2494 zuwa 2514: Tafiya ta iska ta Griffins
Babban tushen waƙar
Kamar yadda aka ambata, akwai madogara da dama da suka shiga cikin wannan waka, wato, ana iya ganinsu a cikin:
Abubuwan da ke cikin El Alexandreis, wanda aka nuna a cikin lambar 1180, wanda shine ayar labari a cikin nau'in hexameters na Latin ta Gautier de Châtillon, wanda aka motsa a cikin aikin da aka nuna, da kuma wani ɓangare na tarihin tarihin Alexandri Magni Macedonis, nasa ne. zuwa karni na XNUMX na Quinto Curcio.
Duk da haka, masana sun nuna cewa babban tushen ci gaban Libro de Alexandre, a cikin Mutanen Espanya, ya dogara ne akan almara na Latin na tsakiyar karni na XNUMX.
Tarihin preliis, wanda shine tsarin tsaka-tsaki na aikin Alexander, wanda aka danganta ga Callisthenes, kuma ana kiransa Pseudo Callisthenes, wanda a cikin abun ciki yana da tarihin tarihi, game da rayuwar Alexander the Great, wanda ya ƙunshi. Mujalladi goma, kasancewar babban tushe da aka tallafa don ba da labarin fayyace tatsuniyoyi na tsakiyar zamanai.
A ƙarshe, Littafin Alexandre, ya ƙare a hanyar da ta dace da ƙarni na uku, ko dai ta hanyar fassarar zuwa Latin, wanda Julio Valerio Alejandro Polemio ya yi, a farkon ƙarni na huɗu, wanda aka danganta, watakila ga wani mai suna Aesop. .
Ci gaba da tushen tushen da suka shafi ci gaban Littafin Alexandre, ana iya ambaton su:
Epic epithets da ekphrasis
Kasancewar Libro de Alexandre na Mester de Clerecía ne, ana ɗaukar wannan aikin azaman al'ada. Ana iya bayyana wannan sifa a fili ta wasu bangarori, kamar amfani da sifofin baki. A cikinsu guda biyu sun yi fice, wato:
Ci gaba da amfani da cancantar Homeric (epithets) don komawa zuwa Alexander, King Alexandre, da kuma bayyanar wasu haruffa.
Ekphrasis shine wakilcin baki na rubutaccen bayanin a sigar gani, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi, kuma yawanci ana haɗa shi cikin labari.
Kamar yadda ake iya gani a juzu'i na 96, inda Alejandro ke da zanen tudu da teku.
- A cikin 654 zuwa 658, an tabbatar da Achilles yana nuna duk yanayinsa, ayyukan da ɗan adam ya yi, yanayi huɗu da taurari.
- A cikin stanzas 990 zuwa 1000, an lura da tunanin Dario, inda duk abin da aka rubuta tare da yakin sarakuna da haruffa tare da mummunan ƙarewa, misali: ƙattai, Nebukadnezzar, Cyrus.
- A cikin stanza 1244 zuwa 1248: Matar Darío ta bayyana kamar buɗaɗɗen rubutu, inda aka ba da labari na Tsohon Alkawari, da kuma wasu abubuwan da suka faru na mutanen arna.
- Stanzas daga 1792 zuwa 1799: Magana game da Dario a matsayin recapitation na astronomy da geography.
- Aya ta 250 zuwa 2551: An ƙera sararin samaniya tare da mala'iku a kan silin
- Aya ta 2552: Kattai da Hasumiyar Babel
- Aya ta 2553: Ruwan Ruwan Duniya
- Aya ta 2554 zuwa 2556: A gefen dama na ƙofar wurin, an tsara kalandar: shekaru da watanni, manyan halayensu da duk abin da ya shafi ayyukan noma.
- A cikin stanzas 2568 zuwa 2574: Labarun Hercules da Paris
- Ayoyi daga 2575 zuwa 2587: Taswirar duniya
- Ayoyi daga 2588 zuwa 2594: Ayyukan sarki nagari
Tsarin Waka
Abubuwan da ke cikin Littafin Alexandre an tsara su ta hanyar tsari wanda zai kasance mai zuwa:
- Aya ta 1 zuwa ta 6: Gabatarwa
- Aya ta 7 zuwa ta 8: Haihuwa da samuwar hankali
- Aya ta 89 zuwa 168: Alejandro Caballero
- Aya ta 169 zuwa 198: Alexander the King
- Aya ta 7 zuwa 2669: Rayuwar Alexander
- Aya ta 7 zuwa ta 198: Yaro da kuruciya
- Aya ta 199 zuwa ta 2265: Babban nasara
- Aya ta 199 zuwa ta 244: Tasiri kan ƙasar Girka da kuma ɓangarori na yaƙi da Darius
- Aya ta 245 zuwa 1967: Gasa da sarkin Farisa
- Stanzas daga 1968 zuwa 2265: Alexander a Indiya
- Stanzas daga 2266 zuwa 2669: Zunubi da mutuwar Alexander
- Ayoyi daga 2266 zuwa 2457: girman kai na Alexander
- Ayoyi daga 2458 zuwa 2537: Kasadar karshe na jarumi
- Aya ta 2538 zuwa 2669: Ƙarshen rayuwar jarumin
- Aya ta 2670 zuwa 2675: Ban kwana
A ci gaba da jigon tsarin aikin, saboda hujjar tana fuskantar tarnaki da al'amura daban-daban, da yawa daga cikin faffadan yanayi, kamar yanayin yakin Trojan, wanda za'a iya rarraba shi a matsayin wakoki na kyauta a cikin abubuwan da suke ciki, kuma Haka nan yana da kyau a ce an riwaito su daban.
Duk da haka, a halin yanzu ana nuna su a matsayin fasaha na fasaha, wanda ba ya canza tsarin tsarin da kuma jigo na abubuwan da ke cikin aikin, sabili da haka za a iya sanya shi a matsayi mai girma na sauran wallafe-wallafen da suka yi magana a kan batun.
Haɗin kai tsarinsa tabbas ya kasance saboda yadda ake danganta makirci da abubuwan da suka faru, al'amarin da ake gani sosai a lokutan riwaya na madaidaiciya. Abin da aka saba sanar da shi a matsayin rabuwa, yana da ma'anar gaske don haskaka batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar lalata girman ɗan adam, ɓatar da halayen jarumi, da makirci na yaudara.
A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, ana daukar ilimi a matsayin tarin ilmantarwa, kuma komawa ga abin da ya gabata ya hada da dakatar da wuce gona da iri na kwadayi, wanda kawai yana da manufar lalata dan Adam.
Sassan aikin
A wannan bangare na labarin, za a sanar da sassan da suka hada da aikin, kamar:
Jarumi gabatarwa da koyo
Halin hali ya bayyana, an nuna shi ga duniya wanda ke bunkasa samuwarsa, yana ba mu damar fahimtar halayensa yayin tafiya na wanzuwarsa. A cikin wannan sashe, an ba da labarin irin girman da ya faru a lokacin da aka haife shi, da kuma koyarwar da Aristotle ya samu, da hazakarsa mai hazaka, da fushin da ya mamaye shi, da zarar ya yi gargadin cewa sarakunan Girka ’yan ta’adda ne na sarki. Persian Darío III, sha'awarsa na kawar da zalunci, da kuma kasancewa jarumin makamai, bai yarda da soke jinginar Darío ba.
Hawan
Ana iya ganin kokarin da ya kamata ta yi har sai ta cimma tasirinta a duk fadin duniya. Gasar farko; Mutuwar Philip II, tana da damar zuwa ga kursiyin, don haka ta ƙarfafa Girka, ta ɗauki biranen: Athens, Thebes da Koranti. Ya koma Farisa kuma ya samu wasu nasarori, kafin ya kalubalanci Darius kai tsaye.
Max iko da sauke
A cikin wannan bangare, an ba da labarin cin nasara da babban iko a duniya: ya yi yaƙi da Darius, yana gudanar da yaƙi da Babila, Susa, Usion, Persepolis. Mutuwar Darío ta masu cin amana Narbazanes da Bessus; girmamawa ga abubuwan da Alexander ya yi da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi masa; cin nasarar Indiya: ya mamaye Poro, sannan ya sanar da kansa a matsayin mai shi kuma mai kula da babban ɓangaren duniya da aka riga aka sani; duk da haka al'amarin da bai faranta masa rai ba.
Burinsa shi ne ya mallaki ba kawai duniyar duniyar ba, yana kuma so ya kame iskar ruwan tekuna, amma kafin faɗuwar sa ta zahiri, ya bugu da maci amana Jobas; wanda ya haifar da gyare-gyare da yawa, yana nufin abin da ke da banza na kayan ado masu banƙyama da suka zo tare da rikici na ra'ayi na duniya da kuma tunanin cewa aikin yana da ƙarshensa.
Mawaƙin ya zargi jaruminsa, Alejandro da rashin alheri ba ya samun nasara, domin ba shi da ikon mika wuya ga kansa a cikin halin kirki. Alejandro, wani hali ne wanda ake motsa shi ta hanyar neman ilimi akai-akai, yana da sha'awar ilimi mai yawa, yayin da mulki da mallaka a fili ba su da sha'awarsa, a cikin haɗuwa tsakanin malami da jarumi, Alejandro ba tare da sani ba, lokacin da hikimarsa ta kasa. ya fitar da shi a waje maimakon ya yi wa kansa, wanda ya ba mu damar hango ba tare da wani shakku ba cewa ba irin salon addini ko ɗabi’a ba ne.
Kafin yin watsi da shi don neman ilimi a cikin kansa, Alejandro, yana wakiltar al'amuran arna, ba shi da halin kirki: duniya tana da siffar mutum, kuma mutum yana da ƙananan duniya; Sakamakon haka, yana neman ganin sararinsa a cikinsa, yana cikinsa, da kuma lura da alakarsa da mahalicci.
Al’ummai ba su da ikon sanin kansu, kamar yadda mai mulkin wata duniya, Yesu Kristi, ya iya yi. Don haka, a ƙarshe, Alejandro shine samfurin banza na abubuwan da aka nutsar a cikin wannan duniyar.
Estilo
A cikin Libro de Alexandre, aiki ne inda mafi girman salo shi ne al'adun mawaƙa, inda abubuwa irin su na'urorin fasaha na fasaha ke shiga, wanda kuma ke amfani da su wajen amfani da su.
Akwai yalwar kamanceceniya da kwatancen, tare da kulawa ta musamman lokacin da ake magana akan dabbobi, haka kuma, ana lura da amfani da abubuwa na Homeric minstrel: cancanta da sauran salon bayyana yadda za'a iya tabbatar da hakan a cikin maganganun aikin:
"Sarki Alexandre na gemu mai daraja..."
A cikin wakilcin al'ada, ana iya lura da sanannen yare na harshe:
"Kiristanci yana da jagorancin Turai / Moors suna da sauran don taimakonmu a kan gaba"
Duk da haka, dangane da wannan al'amari musamman, harshen ya bambanta da dabi'a da gaskiyar da Gonzalo de Berceo ya fallasa.
Game da marubucin
Bisa ga labarun minstrels (mutanen tsakiyar zamanai), abin da ake kira "Mester Clerecía" ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na sha uku da goma sha huɗu, wanda ke nufin jerin rubutun da aka sani a cikin makaranta don wallafe-wallafen, wanda kawai ya kasance. zuwa ecclesiastics da lyricists, wanda zai iya amfani da yin amfani da abin da ake kira frame via, ban da sauran rhetorical abubuwa tare da al'ada sautunan, kawai daidaitacce ga addini, halin kirki da Homeric batutuwa, wanda aka nuna a cikin abun ciki na ya waqe .
Sa'an nan, ecclesiastics sun yi riko da rubuce-rubucen da ke cikin harshen Latin don bambance Castilian a matsayin harshe mai wadata a al'adu, tare da ikon rubuta manyan ra'ayoyi da kuma kula da ci gaban jama'a masu girma da ilimi.
Marubucin da ba a san shi ba na kyakkyawan aikin Libro de Alexandre, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa waɗanda ke wakiltar harshenmu, don haka ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na ɗabi'ar ɗan adam ta Spain.