Juan daga Austriya, babban jarumin da aka haifa daga dangantakar soyayya tsakanin Sarki Carlos I na Spain da Bárbara Blomberg, kasancewarsa shege dansa, amma hakan bai hana shi zama babban mayaki domin yancin al'umma ba. Labari ne mai ban sha'awa na jarumi mai burin zama Mai martaba Sarki.
John na Austria: Biography
An haifi John na Austria a Regensburg, Jamus, a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1545, iyayensa Sarki Charles I na Spain da na V na Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, da mahaifiyarsa Barbara Blomberg. An haife shi a ƙarƙashin zinar mahaifinsa, kuma yana cikin dangin sarauta na Spain, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma soja, a lokacin mulkin ɗan'uwansa ta mahaifinsa, Felipe II.
shekarunsa na farko
A cikin tarihin Juan de Austria ba a bayyana ranar da aka haife shi ba, ana iya tabbatar da shi a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen cewa ya zo duniya a shekara ta 1545 kamar yadda aka kafa ta tarihin tarihin farko da aka ba da labari a shekara ta 1627 ta Vander Hammer, a fili. mafi aminci da za a rubuta bayan mutuwarsa.
A cikin wannan tarihin, ya kuma nuna wurin, ranar da lokacin haihuwarsa kamar: Regensburg ranar 25 ga Fabrairu da karfe 12.30:1547, yayin da wasu, misali, irin su G. Parker ko P. Pierson, suka bayar da rahoton cewa. ya kasance a shekara ta XNUMX.
Pierson a cikin labarinsa mai suna Don Juan de Austria ya ba da labarin cewa wasu mazauna wannan zamani sun tabbatar da cewa an haife shi a shekara ta 1545 sannan kuma ya yi tsokaci kan wasu “shaida a cikin bukukuwan jama’a”, ba tare da fayyace ba, batun da ya tabbatar da ranar shekara ta 1547.
Duk da haka, akwai wasu da suka yi iƙirarin ba da kwanan wata a matsayin abin da zai yiwu, amma, a cikin waɗannan shekarun sarki ya kasance a Ghent bisa ga abin da Manuel de Foronda ya fada a cikin aikinsa, ya ba da labarin cewa da an yi cikinsa don a haife shi a kan biyun. kwanakin .
Ba tare da tabbatar da shekarar da aka haife shi ba, abin da ya tabbata shi ne cewa yana da rajistar ranar haihuwar Fabrairu 24, wanda suka ce Juan da kansa ya zaba, wannan shine ranar haihuwar mahaifinsa Carlos I.
Mahaifiyar Juan, sa’ad da yake ƙarami, ta auri Jerónimo Píramo Kegell, Jerôme Pyramus Kegel, don haka wataƙila sunan yaron zai kasance “Jerome” ko “Jeromín”, ya fito ne daga sunan ubansa.
Carlos I, ya yanke shawarar cewa dansa ya kamata ya yi girma a Spain. Duk wanda ya kasance mai kula da shi, Don Luis de Quijada, ya yarda, kuma sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Brussels a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1550, tare da Francisco Massy, wanda shi ne dan wasan violin na kotun daular, ya auri Ana de Medina, na asalin Mutanen Espanya. ya amince da alkawarinsa na musayar ducai hamsin a kowace shekara, don kula da ilimin yara.
A tsakiyar shekara ta 1551 sun isa Leganés, inda matarsa Ana de Medina ta mallaki fili mai yawa.
A cikin shekara ta 1554 da kuma lokacin bazara, yaron ya koma gidan sarauta na Don Luis de Quijada, a cikin Villagarcía de Campos, Valladolid, a nan yaron ya kasance na tsawon shekaru 5. Matarsa, Doña Magdalena de Ulloa, ita ce ke kula da iliminsa, wanda malamin Latin Guillén Prieto, limamin coci García de Morales da squire Juan Galarza suka goyi bayansa.
Kafin mutuwarsa, Carlos I ya sadaukar da kansa don rubuta wasiƙarsa mai kwanan wata 6 ga Yuni, 1554, inda ya faɗi a fili cewa: ““Muddin ina Jamus, bayan da na yi kuskure, na haifi ɗa na halitta daga mace ɗaya, wanda ake kira Geronimo.
Yayin da yake cikin gidan sufi na Yuste, sarki ya ba da umarnin don ba Luis de Quijada don ya rayu a wannan wurin, yayin da na ƙarshe ya karɓi umarnin da aka karɓa kuma ya tafi ƙauyen Cuacos de Yuste. Duk da haka, a hukumance sarki ya bambanta Don Juan de Austria a matsayin dansa, ya bar shi da nasa rubuce-rubucen a cikin wasiyya, wanda aka bayyana bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1558.
A cikin wannan an rubuta cewa za a kira ɗansa Jerónimo Juan, yana girmama sunan da Sarauniya Juana, Carlos I za ta sanya shi.
Felipe II, magaji, a lokacin yana wajen Spain. Sa'an nan, da yawa comments fara game da uban yaro, wanda Quijada ya musanta, yayin da ya rubuta wa sarki neman umarni. Muna gayyatar ku don sanin tarihin Jose de San Martin
Wanda ya mayar da martani nan take da wata wasika da sakatare Eraso ya rubuta cewa a cikin rugujewar sa da gyara an lura da rudanin da yake da shi game da yadda za a tafiyar da irin wannan matsala, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya jira har sai sarki ya dawo Spain. .
Gimbiya Juana, mai koyarwa a cikin babu Felipe II, ta bukaci cewa ta so saduwa da yaron, wanda ta cika a Valladolid a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1559, tare da yarda da shela mai mahimmanci. Hakazalika, ɗan'uwansa Felipe ya yi hakan a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1559 a Santa Espina, wani gari a cikin gundumar Castromonte, Valladolid, Spain.
Sa'an nan Felipe II, cika umarnin mahaifinsa Carlos, da aka bayyana a cikin wasicci na shekara ta 1554, ya gane yaron a matsayin wani ɓangare na membobin da ke cikin gidan sarauta. Don Juan de Austria ne ya canza sunansa. An ba shi gidansa na kansa, inda ya sanya Luis de Quijada a matsayin babban jagoransa.
Sarkin sarakuna Kaisar ba ya son a san masu son sa a bainar jama’a, da kuma lura cewa mahaifiyar yaron ba ta ba da hanya mafi kyau ta renon yaron ba.
Don haka sarki ya dauki yaron daga wurin mahaifiyarsa a hanya mai kyau, mai yiwuwa har yanzu yana cikin aikin jinya. An san cewa ya damka wa mataimakiyarsa Luis de Quijada amana, kuma ya damka wa wata baiwar da ya amince da ita, mai yiwuwa ma’aikaciyar jinya ce da aka zaba da kulawa sosai, kuma ba a rasa ganinta ba. .
Sun ce mutane uku ko hudu ne suka san taron, kuma ko magajin masarautar Don Felipe, bai san lamarin ba sai a shekara ta 1556.
Amma, bayan shekaru uku da rabi, akwai isasshen bayanai game da ilimin ɗan shege na Sarkin sarakuna, wanda ba shi da wata 'yar alamar ra'ayi na zuriyarsa. Duk da haka, mafi ingancin abin da za a iya tabbatarwa shi ne cewa tun lokacin da ya isa garin Leganés na Castilian, ilimin yaron da ba a sani ba ya zama abin koyi.
Daga shekara ta 1550 zuwa 1564, ilimin yaron ya bayyana a matakai uku, kuma a cikin biyu na farko, matashi Jerónimo bai san sirrin haihuwarsa ba, haka ma mutanen da suka kula da shi, ban da Luis Quijada.
Horo
Don Juan na Ostiriya ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Alcalá de Henares inda ya halarci tare da samari biyu da suka girme shi: 'ya'yansa ne, Prince Carlos da Alejandro Farnesio, ɗan Margarita de Parma, kasancewar wata 'yar shege. Sarkin sarakuna Charles.
Masu ba shi shawara sun haɗa da Honorato Juan Tristull, ɗalibin Luis Vives. A cikin shekara ta 1562, "House of Don Juan de Austria" ya bayyana, a cikin kuɗin kuɗi na gidan sarauta, inda aka ba da adadin 15.000 ducats, daidai da Princess Juana.
A cikin shekara ta 1565, Turkawa sun kai farmaki a tsibirin Malta. Don tallafawa kariyar ta, an ƙirƙira jirgin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Barcelona. Don Juan na Ostiriya, ya nemi sarki ya ba shi izinin shiga cikin ƙaunataccensa, wanda aka ƙi. Amma, Don Juan, ya tsere daga kotu kuma ya tafi Barcelona, amma ya kasa isa ga rundunar sojojin. Amma, wasiƙar da ɗan’uwansa ya rubuta da hannu ita ce ta ba shi damar yin watsi da shirinsa na tsallaka kudancin Faransa, don isa ƙasar Italiya kuma ya sami damar isa ga rundunar García de Toledo.
Saboda kasancewar ɗan’uwansa bai motsa shi da aikin addini ba, wanda mahaifinsa, Sarki Felipe II ya tsara, ya naɗa shi Kyaftin Janar na Teku, kamar yadda ya faru a rayuwarsa, ya kewaye shi da masu ba shi shawara. daga cikin su akwai Álvaro de Bazán, Admiral, da Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, Vice Admiral.
Yarima Charles, watakila saboda matsayin da kawunsa ya rike, da kuma abota da ta hada su tsawon shekaru, ya shaida wa Don Juan na Ostiriya cewa yana da shirin tserewa daga Spain, don ƙaura zuwa Netherlands daga Italiya, wanda ya buƙaci. jiragen ruwa da za su ba da izinin tafiya zuwa Italiya.
Domin samun abin da aka nema, ya ba da shawarar mulkin Naples. Sa'an nan, don Juan ya gaya masa cewa zai amsa masa kuma nan da nan ya tafi El Escorial ya gaya wa sarki game da shi. Sarkin ya koma Madrid a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1568, kuma washegari, ranar Lahadi, dukan iyalin suka halarci hidimar addini. Don Carlos, ya tuntubi Don Juan na Austria tare da kiran dakunansa, don tambaye shi game da shawararsa.
Daga martanin da Don Juan ya ba shi, wataƙila ya kammala cewa ba zai haɗa kai ba kuma wataƙila ya gano shi, wanda hakan ya sa ya fitar da wuƙar ya kai wa kawun nasa hari daga baya, wanda ya yi nasarar kare kansa har sai da bayin suka iso. kuma ya rinjaye shi har ya kai shi dakunansa. Bayan haka, saboda tsare Yarima Carlos, ya jagoranci Don Juan na Ostiriya don yin sutura cikin makoki, duk da haka, Sarki Felipe ya ba shi takamaiman umarnin cewa zai cire.
A lokacin, Don Juan na Ostiriya, ya koma Tekun Bahar Rum, don kula da jiragen ruwa. Bayan ya gana da masu ba shi shawara a Cartagena a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1568, ya tafi teku don ya kai hari ga ma'aikatan jirgin. A cikin watanni uku ya yi tafiya tare da dukan bakin tekun, har ya sauka a Oran da Melilla.
Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Valois da Yarima Charles sun mutu a shekara ta 1568. Don Juan ya tafi tare da jiragen ruwa zuwa Cartagena sannan ya tafi Madrid. Bayan ya bayyana a gaban sarki, ya je ya ziyarci Doña Magdalena de Ulloa, kuma ya kulle kansa na wani lokaci a gidan sufi na Franciscan El Abrojo, a Laguna de Duero, gunduma da birni a Spain.
Tawayen Alpujarras
A wata doka mai kwanan watan Janairu 1, 1567, ya bukaci Moriscos da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar Granada, musamman a yankin Alpujarras, da su nisanta kansu gaba daya daga al'adunsu, yarensu, tufafinsu da al'adun addininsu. Gaskiyar cewa sun kafa ka'idoji, wanda ya haifar da cewa a cikin watan Afrilu 1568, za a shirya zanga-zangar bude baki. A karshen wannan shekarar, kimanin mazauna dari biyu ne suka fara juyin juya hali.
A lokacin, sarkin ya cire Marquis na Mondéjar, kuma ya nada Don Juan na Austria Kyaftin Janar, wanda ke nufin, babban kwamandan sojojin sarauta. Ya ba da amintattun mashawarta ga kamfaninsa waɗanda ya kamata ya yi tunani da su, daga cikinsu akwai Masu Bukatar. Ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1569, Don Juan ya isa Granada.
Manufar da ake da ita game da gudun hijira ta sa lamarin ya yi muni. Duk da haka, don samun nasara mai kyau, don Juan ya bukaci ɗan'uwansa ya ba shi izinin fara harin. Sarki ya ba shi, wanda Don Juan ya tafi Granada, a shugaban rundunar sojoji. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1569, ya yi iya ƙoƙarinsa ya gamsar da Güéjar Sierra, wani garin Sifen, kuma ya yi wa Galera hari.
Yanayin ya shanye: kagara ne mai wuyar ɗauka. Don Juan na Ostiriya, ya ba da izinin mamaye gaba ɗaya, ta yin amfani da dukkan makaman atilare da dabarun nawa. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1570, ya shiga garin, ya kashe dukan mazajen mazauna, yayin da ya daure mata, yara da tsofaffi, ya bar yankin ya zama kufai, daga baya kuma ya rufe shi da gishiri.
Sa'an nan ya koma sansanin Serón, wani gundumomi a Spain, inda aka harbe shi a kai, kuma Don Luis de Quijada ya ji rauni, ya mutu bayan mako guda, a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, a Caniles, wani gari na Spain. Nan da nan, ya ɗauki Terque ya ci dukan tsakiyar kwarin Almería.
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1570, Juan de Austria, ya amince ya yi sulhu da El Habaquí. Alcudia de Guadix El Habaqui. A lokacin bazara da kaka a shekara ta 1570, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙarshe don fatattakar ’yan tawaye.
A cikin watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1571, Felipe II, ya sanya hannu kan dokar korar duk Moriscos da ke cikin masarautar Granada. A cikin wasiƙun don Juan, waɗannan ’yan gudun hijirar da suka wajaba na iyalai da yawa, da suka haɗa da mata da yara, sun bayyana, wanda ya cancanci zama babban “baƙin ciki” da aka kwatanta.
lepanto
Ƙungiyar Santa, shirin da tun 1568, ya faranta wa Paparoma Saint Pius V dadi, kuma dangane da wannan Philip II, bai yarda ba. Daga baya a cikin shekara ta 1570, a zahiri ya warware batun Moors, Felipe II, ya yarda ya shiga Venice da Papacy a kan Turkawa.
Mulkin Spain yana da sha'awar ƙasashen da ke kusa kamar Tunisiya, duk da haka sauran ƙawayen sun amince su kare Cyprus, wadda Selim II ke kai wa hari, a lokacin rani na 1570. Ko da yake ba a iya sanin manufar jirgin ba, Philip II, ya zo ga. sanya umarnin Don Juan na Austria.
An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1571. Bayanin ya isa Madrid a watan Yuni, lokacin da sarki ya ɗauki kimanin kwanaki ashirin don rubuta ainihin umarnin da ɗan'uwansa zai ɗauka. Har yanzu, zai sanya a cikin kamfaninsa amintattun mutane waɗanda zai ci gaba da tuntuɓar su, daga cikinsu akwai Luis de Requesens, da mabiyinsa daga Alcalá de Henares, Alejandro Farnesio.
Sa'an nan, da Mutanen Espanya rundunar jiragen ruwa zo su hadu a Barcelona, inda Don Juan na Austria ya jira har sai 'yan uwansa, Archdukes Rodolfo da Ernesto, ya zo, wanda ya faru a ranar 20 ga Yuli, wanda ya kai su Genoa. A ranar 8 ga Agusta, jiragen ruwa sun isa Naples, don samarwa.
Pius V ya aika Don Juan tutar League, wanda ya karbe shi da jin daɗi kuma a cikin wani babban aiki da aka gudanar a wani taron a coci na Santa Chiara. A ƙarshen watan Agusta, jiragen ruwa sun isa Messina, inda aka haɗa ƙungiyar League. A wannan wurin Don Juan ya duba kuma ya karɓi bikin, tare da sauran ma'aikatan Navy. Kuna iya samun abin sha'awa don karanta tarihin rayuwar Porfirio Diaz
Don Juan na Ostiriya ya mayar da hankalin majalisar yaki a cikin jirgin ruwansa, don yanke shawara game da taron. Famagusta, wani birni na Girka da ke gabashin Cyprus, ya fuskanci bala'i a farkon watan Agusta. Rashin nasarar da kungiyar ta yi ya nuna cewa gabar tekun Mediterrenean na Spain da Italiya sun kasance ba su da kariya gaba daya daga Turkawa.
Don Juan na Ostiriya, ya kare ra'ayin yakin zalunci: nemi jiragen ruwa na Turkiyya, inda za a same shi ya lalata shi; kasancewa shirin da ƙwararrun ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ke goyan bayan, irin su Álvaro de Bazán. Don Juan ya yi nasarar tabbatar da ikonsa, a kan mafi girman matsayi, a ranar 15 ga Satumba, jiragen ruwa sun tashi daga Messina zuwa gabashin Bahar Rum.
An yi fafatawa ne a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1571, a Tekun Lepanto, inda Turkawa suka fake. Tashar jiragen ruwa, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin umarnin don Juan, suna tsakiyar ɓangaren kafuwar.
Matakin da Don Juan de Ostiriya ya dauka, an dauki shi a matsayin tabbataccen nasarar da kungiyar ta samu, saboda yunƙurin neman nasara da ya yi, da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na kashin kansa a cikin irin wannan gwagwarmaya, inda sojojin ruwa da na ƙasa suka kasance. sun hade, saboda lokacin da aka harba jiragen, sun yi yaki sosai.
Don haka, haka ne masana a fannin irin su Braudel ko M. Fernández Álvarez suka nuna su, kuma waɗanda suka yi zamani irin su Miguel de Cervantes suka tabbatar da su.
Turkawa, sun yi la'akari da cewa Lepanto, ya fassara asarar sojojinsa, yana mai da shi a matsayin babban gazawar da sarkin musulmi ya fuskanta tun bayan yakin Angora a shekara ta 1402, baya ga gargadin da ke tafe cewa za a kai hari kan yankunansa.
Ga ikon mallaka na Spain da Jamhuriyar Italiya, an bar haɗarin da Turkawa ke ciki a Yammacin Bahar Rum. Hakazalika, ya haifar da riba ta hanyar ganima, inda suka kame manyan kwale-kwalen. Tare da samun waɗannan, jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya, sun sami damar samun ƙarfi mafi girma, kuma sun kafa kanta a matsayin mai karfi a cikin Bahar Rum.
Duk da cewa bai samu damar yin amfani da wannan fa'idar ba, saboda rashin lamuni. Hakika, Don Juan na Ostiriya ya yi nasarar ‘yantar da Kiristocin da suka yi tuƙi a cikin kwale-kwalen Turkiyya, kusan 15.000, da kuma fursunonin da ke cikin kwale-kwalen na Spain, waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da aminci a gasar.
Tunisiya da Italiya
Sakamakon nasarar Lepanto, ya sanya Don Juan na Austriya ya zama gwarzo a cikin yanayin Turai. Da shigewar lokaci, burinsa ya ƙaru: ya yi marmarin samun mulkin kansa, kuma a yi masa kamar sarki, wanda shi ma aka hana shi.
A shekara ta 1572, kwamitin Albaniya ya yi alkawarin don Juan kursiyin. Wannan ya yi shawara da ɗan'uwansa sarki, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa kada ya yarda da shawarar, amma, cewa ba zai rabu da dangantaka da Albaniyawa ba.
Sa'an nan, tare da izini daga sarki, Don Juan a cikin watanni daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba, ya tashi don neman Uluj Ali, wanda ya tsira daga Lepanto, wanda bai yi nasara ba, domin ya san girman girman sojojin ruwa na Spain, ya gane hakan. a guje shi.
A shekara ta gaba, Jamhuriyar Venice ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta dabam da Turkawa. Tare da wanda aka lalata Ƙungiyar Mai Tsarki bisa hukuma, kuma Don Juan ya maye gurbin tutar League tare da na Castile a kan jirgin ruwa.
Game da wannan taron, sojojin Mutanen Espanya suna da 'yanci don ci gaba da manufofinsu, kuma Don Juan bai rasa damar ba: ya nemi izini don fara cin nasara a Tunisia. Daga La Goleta, wani katafaren sansanin da wasu sahabbai Mutanen Espanya ke mamaye da shi, ya dauki kasar Tunisia a wani mummunan yakin da ya faru a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1573.
Suka sake ba shi damar samun mulkinsa, amma a ci shi da kansa. Ba a yi watsi da kwadayinsa ba, domin Paparoma Gregory na IX da kansa ya tunkari Sarki Philip II a farkon shekara ta 1574, yana neman a ba Don Juan sarautar Sarkin Tunis.
An musanta amsar, duk da haka, Sarkin ya bayyana cewa cancantar da dan'uwansa ya samu zai sami ladan su.
Babu shakka, Felipe II, bai da cikakken gaba gaɗi ga manufar ɗan’uwansa. Don haka ya yi amfani da sakatarensa, Antonio Pérez, a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don sanin da sarrafa abubuwan da Don Juan ke so. Pérez ya ba shi kuɗi don saka hannun jari a cikin jiragen ruwa, kuma an zarge shi da ba shi mukamin vicar janar a Italiya.
Zaman Don Juan a Italiya ya amfanar da Uluj Ali ya murmure daga Tunisia. A wancan lokacin, kwadayin Don Juan na Ostiriya ya kasance a wani matakin: shigar Katolika na Ingila, aure tare da María I Estuardo, da kuma samun mulkin kansa; Wani shiri ne da ake ganin yana da haɗin gwiwar Paparoma, da Katolika na Ingila.
A gaskiya ma, a wani lokaci, wakilin Sarauniya ya bincika shi, game da yiwuwar yin aure tare da Elizabeth ta Ingila da kanta, wanda aka sanar da Sarki Felipe, wanda bai yarda ba kuma bai yarda da shi ba.
Don Juan yana da babban niyya da fatan komawa Madrid don magana game da batun. Duk da haka, sarkin ya ba shi umarni da ya ci gaba da zama babban magatakarda a Italiya, inda ya aiwatar da dabarun zaman lafiya ga garuruwan da ake rikici a cikin shekara.
Ya yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin tsibirin Italiya, yana tafiya daga Sicily zuwa Lombardy. A ƙarshen wannan shekarar, don Juan ya fahimci cewa, tun 1566, Juan de Escobedo, sakataren Baitulmali, ya maye gurbinsa da babban sakatarensa, Juan de Soto, da kuma mutumin da ke da alaƙa da Antonio Pérez, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya sani da cikakkun bayanai. don ayyukan Juan da ra'ayoyin.
Hakazalika, Sarki Felipe na biyu ya koyi shekaru da yawa game da abin da ke cikin wasiƙun da a bayyane yake cewa suna da sirri, tsakanin Antonio Pérez da Don Juan de Austriya, domin ba wai kawai ya kula da su ba amma kuma ya yi musu gyara, yana ƙarfafa suka da aka yi masa. , domin ya koyi tsare-tsare, ra'ayoyi da ayyukan Don Juan na Austria.
Netherlands
Yayin da duk waɗannan abubuwan suka faru, rikice-rikice a cikin Netherlands sun yi ƙarfi. Tare da ƙaƙƙarfan manufofin danniya wanda aka aiwatar akan umarnin Duke na Alba, wanda aka ci gaba da aunawa Don Luis de Requesens. Duk da haka, Requensens ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1576, wani taron da ke da sha'awar William na Orange nan da nan don kunna tawaye.
A wancan lokacin, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar da ke shugabanta a lokacin a wannan wuri, ta kuma bukaci Sarkin da ya gaggauta nada sabon Gwamna, wanda ya fito daga dangi mai mulki.
Zaɓin ya kasance indubitable, nan da nan sarki ya ba da umarnin don ba Juan na Austria don ya tafi Netherlands tare da matsayin gwamna. Don Juan na Ostiriya, bai bi tsarin sarauta ba, kuma maimakon bin umarnin, sai ya koma Madrid, don gano abubuwan da shirin Ingilishi ya gabatar, ɗan'uwansa ya ba shi goyon baya mai ƙarfi, abin da zai kasance da sharuɗɗan. wanda zai tafi Brussels.
Felipe II, ya sake nuna adawa da bukatarsa ta a ba shi mukamin Infante of Castile, da kuma abin da aka dade ana jira na zama Mai Martaba Sarki, duk da haka, ya kasa yin hakan, ya amince da shawararsa ta ikon mallaka. Har ila yau, Philip II ya kasa bayyana kansa da gaske game da batun harin da ba a zata ba daga Ingila, yayin da Don Juan na Ostiriya ya yi amfani da zamansa a Spain ya gana da Magdalena de Ulloa.
Tare da taimakonta, an ɓarna a cikin tufafinsa, don ya ci gaba da aikinsa na gaba: zai tafi Netherlands, amma wannan lokacin ba zai yi shi daga Italiya ba, amma ta hanyar Faransanci, don haka ya ɓoye a ƙarƙashin rigar bawa. Morisco a hidimar wani ɗan Italiya mai daraja Octavio de Gonzaga.
Ya tsallaka duk ƙasar Faransa har sai da ya isa Luxembourg, lardi ɗaya tilo mai gaskiya. Yayin da yake can, ya sadu da mahaifiyarsa, Misis Barbara Blomberg.
Bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi, Bárbara Blomberg, wadda ba ta son zama a Spain, ta yarda cewa ta yi balaguro zuwa tsibirin, inda aka ba ta gidaje, ban da abin rayuwa, ta mutu a Colindres, gundumar da ke gabashin Cantabria. .
Sojojin Turai na zamani na farko, waɗanda aka fi sani da tsoffin kaso uku na Mutanen Espanya Flanders, waɗanda ke da isasshen lokaci ba tare da isar da kuɗinsu ba, cikin rashin aminci sun shiga birnin Antwerp cikin wani mummunan hari, wanda ya haifar da mummunan yanayi a isowar don Juan de Austria zuwa ga Netherlands.
Ya bi umarnin, musamman don ci gaba da manufofin da Requesens ya kafa, baya ga bayyana kansa a matsayin mai shiga tsakani. Da nufin a amince da shi a matsayin gwamna, baya ga cewa masu tayar da kayar baya za su mutunta addininsa. Ya yarda ya ƙyale sojojinsa, da ɗaukar tsofaffin kashi uku zuwa Spain, ko kuma zuwa Lombardy, kamar yadda ya dace da ikon Flemish.
Ya sanya hannu kan Doka ta dindindin a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1577. A watan Mayu, an yi tunanin abubuwan da suka faru sun kwanta, sannan Don Juan ya sami damar shiga Brussels da nasara.
A cikin kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali, Don Juan na Ostiriya ya yi marmarin komawa Madrid don tattauna batun Ingila. A cikin watan Yuni 1577 ya aika da sakatarensa Escobedo, wanda ya amince da shi ta yadda ta hanyar shiga tsakani na Antonio Pérez zai sami komawa Spain, ko kuma ya kasa samun goyon baya don kai hari ga Ingila.
Sarki, kafin wannan gaskiyar, bai yarda da komawa Spain na don Juan de Austria ba. A lokacin, abubuwan sun yi muni a Flanders. Domin watan Yuli 1577, don Juan de Austria ya karya yarjejeniyar kuma ya maye gurbin sojojin Namur tare da Jamusawa. Domin watan Agusta, ya ba da umarni don dawowar Tercios da ke cikin Milan, cewa tare da goyon bayan rundunar sojojin Indiya, wanda ya isa Seville a watan Agusta 1577, sarki yana da isasshen kuɗi don kwangilar kwangilar. biya.
A cikin watan Satumba, William na Orange, memba na House of Nassau, ya gabatar da umarninsa: ya yarda ya mika dukkan yankuna, ba da izini ga sojojin su bar Luxembourg. Ba tare da jiran buƙatar ba, don Juan ya mai da hankali ga zuwan na uku, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon tsohon abokinsa da ɗan'uwansa mai suna Alejandro Farnesio.
Kwanakinsa na ƙarshe na rayuwa
Zuwan na uku ya ba Don Juan damar fara harin soja. Ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1578, tsohon Tercios ya hallaka Janar Estates a cikin rikici na Gembloux, wanda ya ba su damar samun yawancin Kudancin Netherlands don yin biyayya ga sarki kuma, baya ga dawo da Luxembourg da Brabant.
Nasarar da ba kasafai ta samu ba. Nan da nan ya shiga wani hali na bacin rai don bashi da kudi. Kamar dai yadda ya faru ne sojojin biyu suka afkawa Flanders na Spain: wani Bafaranshe wanda ke karkashin umarnin Duke Anjou, wanda daga Kudu ya dauki Mons; yayin da dayan yana karkashin jagorancin Juan Casimir, kuma tare da tallafin kudi na Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Ingila, wanda ya faru daga Gabas.
Don Juan na Ostiriya ya tambayi sakatarensa, Escobedo, wanda ke Spain, ya sarrafa kudaden. A cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Yaƙi, Duke na Alba ya yi gargaɗi game da yanayi mai haɗari saboda cewa ba shi da mutum ko kuɗi.
A cikin wannan yanayi, an aiwatar da kisan gillar Escobedo, lamarin da ya faru a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1578. A halin yanzu, tarihi ya tabbatar da cewa Antonio Pérez ne ya shirya shi tare da izinin sarki, wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama wajibi ga ikon mallaka. .
Ba a fayyace takamaiman dalilan da ya sa sakataren ya rarrashin sarki ba, amma masana tarihi sun ce ko shakka babu ya iya shiga cikin kwadayin John na Ostiriya kuma watakila ya dauki matakin da kansa ya kai wa Ingila hari, ko kuma ya kasa hakan, zai shiga cikin 'yan juyin juya halin Holland, ko kuma zai iya komawa Spain, don ba da umarni ga sojojin da su maye gurbin Felipe II.
Labarin ya nuna cewa babu rubuce-rubucen da suka nuna a wancan lokacin, bayanai na kwanakin da suke bayyana daga wasu yiwuwar, shi ne har zuwa shekara ta 1578, lokacin da babban baƙin ciki na Don Juan de Austria, shi ne game da dindindin imperiousness. sojoji da kudi don fara yakin Flanders.
Da zarar ya sami labarin mutuwar sakatarensa don Juan, ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga sarki, inda ya gaya masa cewa ya fahimci abin da ya faru, kuma ya yarda ya ci gaba da jiran ƙarfafawa daga Spain.
A cikin rubuce-rubucen don Juan, ya tabbata cewa ya yi ishara da halin da yake ciki na baƙin ciki da ya lulluɓe shi a lokacin bazara, a daidai lokacin da cutar da aka fi sani da typhus ko zazzaɓin typhoid ta sake ɗaure jikinsa. Wasu kwanaki ya zama dole ya huta a dakinsa. Amma, abin takaici, lafiyarsa na ƙara samun karyewa, don haka ya yi rashin lafiya sosai a ƙarshen Satumba, yayin da yake sansaninsa da ke Namur.
A ranar 28 ga Satumba, ya nada magajinsa don ya wakilce shi a gaban gwamnatin Netherlands, kasancewar ɗan'uwansa Alejandro Farnesio. Ya aika wa dan uwansa a rubuce, inda ya roke shi da ya mutunta nadin, kuma ya yarda a binne shi tare da mahaifinsa.
Ya rasu a rana irin ta 1 ga Oktoba, 1578. Alejandro Farnesio ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin gwamna. Ragowar don Juan de Austria, an tura su zuwa Spain, kuma suna cikin gidan sufi na San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
Kabarinsa na kewaye da wani mutum-mutumi da aka shimfida a kwance, wanda ke da kyan gani na musamman, wanda ke wakiltar jarumin sanye da sulke, kuma a matsayin abin mamaki, ya kamata a kara da cewa, tun da bai mutu a fada ba, ana nuna shi ba tare da tabo ba. .
Ponzano daga Zaragoza ne ya kirkiro irin wannan aikin kuma an zana shi a cikin marmara na Carrara ta hanyar tsoma bakin mai zanen Italiya Giuseppe Galeotti.
Rayuwar kaunar ka
Masana tarihi na zamani sun nuna Don Juan na Ostiriya a matsayin matashi mai kyau da kuma kyakkyawar yarjejeniya. Soyayya da yawa ana sanya masa.
A lokacin rayuwarsa ya yi abota na kud da kud da budurwar Éboli, don haka zai iya ƙulla dangantaka da María de Mendoza, a sakamakon wannan dangantakar suka haifi wata yarinya da aka haifa a shekara ta 1567, wadda ake kira Ana.
Don Juan ya mika tarbiyyar yarinyar ga Doña Magdalena de Ulloa. Daga baya, da yarinya aka kai zuwa ga convent na Madrigal, wanda ya shiga cikin "makirci na confectioner na Madrigal".
A lokacin zamansa a Naples, a cikin shekarun bayan nasarar Lepanto, ya yi jima'i da Diana de Falangola, da ita ya haifi wata yarinya mai suna Juana, wadda ta zo duniya a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1573, da mutuwarta. Hakan ya faru. Fabrairu 7, 1630.
Yarinyar Juana an danƙa wa kulawar 'yar'uwarta Margarita. An canza ta zuwa gidan zuhudu na Santa Clara a Naples. Daga baya don Juan yana da alaƙa da ƙauna da Zenobia Saratosia, wanda ya yi cikinsa ɗa, yana mutuwa a lokacin haihuwa; sannan yana da alaƙa da Ana de Toledo, wadda ita ce matar magajin garin Neapolitan.
Bincike
Bisa la'akari da mai binciken tarihi mai suna Manuel Fernández Álvarez, ya ci gaba da cewa Don Juan na Ostiriya "watakila ya fi kyau a cikin kotun Philippine."
Ya kasance mutum ne mai kima sosai a zamaninsa, yana da abokantakar yayansa Yarima Charles, da kuma goyon bayan dan uwansa Alejandro Farnese. A matsayin mai nasara kuma mai nasara na Lepanto, ya zama sananne a duk Turai.
Masanin tarihin Pierson ya bayyana cewa mutanen zamanin ba su da tabbas ko shi “mai takobi ne ko kuma mai mulki”, kuma ya kammala da cewa watakila ya taka rawar biyun. A fagen sojansa, kasancewar sa a yakin Alpujarras ya fito fili, kuma nasarar da aka samu a Lepanto.
Koyaya, ba a bincika ayyukansa na siyasa ba, musamman a fannin diflomasiya da aka haɓaka a Lombardy, da yawancin Italiya. Inda ya samu nasara kadan shine a cikin Netherlands, wurin da yanayin ya kasance mai sarkakiya, ya kuma ji keɓe kuma ba shi da tattalin arziki da kayan masarufi.
Ana sukar sa saboda jinkirin da ya yi wajen zuwa, duk da cewa ya sami takamaiman umarnin ƙaura zuwa yankin, wanda ake ganin cewa ya hana sojojin Spain mamayewa a Antwerp.
Daga dangantakarsa da ɗan’uwansa Felipe II, an nuna kishin da sarkin ya ji don kwaɗayinsa na dindindin. Duk da haka, mu'amalar da ya yi masa ita ce maraba da shi a matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin dangin sarki, ya shiga cikinta, da kuma gaban manyan mutanen Spain, tare da halartar bukukuwan jama'a. Ba a ɗauke shi ɗan jaririn Spain ba, kuma ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin "Maɗaukaki", duk da haka, an ɗauke shi a matsayin "Excelentismo Señor"
Don Juan na Austria a cikin adabi
Don Juan na Ostiriya, gwarzo na tarihi, wanda ya jagoranci rayuwar da ke kewaye da manyan abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya mutu matashi, babu shakka zai zama hoton da ya bayyana a cikin mafi mahimmancin wallafe-wallafen tarihi.
A ƙasa akwai wasu ayyukan da wannan fitaccen hali ya bayyana, wato:
Almara Waƙar Austriya. Marubuci Juan Rufo
Crusader na Ƙarshe: Rayuwar Don Juan na Austria. Mawallafi Louis de Wohl
Jeromin novel. Marubuci Luis Coloma
Don Juan na Austria ko The Vocation. Comedy na Mariano José de Larra
Lepanto almara. Mawallafi GK Chesterton, wanda Jorge Luis Borges ya fassara, zuwa Mutanen Espanya.
Shekara ta 1962, Novel Bomarzo. Marubuci Manuel Mujica Lainez. Babi na Lepanto
Shekarar 1990, Ziyarar cikin lokaci. Marubuci Arturo Uslar Pietri. Novel wanda ya lashe kyautar Rómulo Gallegos a cikin 1992.
1994, Juan de Austria, gwarzo na labari. Mawallafi Juan Manuel González Cremona. Editorial Planet, Barcelona.
Shekara 2003, Juan de Austria, labari na wani buri. Mawallafin Angel Martinez Pons.
Shekarar 2005, Mutumin Halitta. Mawallafin Hungarian Laszlo Passuth. Editorial Altera SL
Shekara 2009, I, Juan de Austria, almara na tarihin kansa. Marubuci Joaquin Javaloys. Styria Editions, Barcelona.
Abubuwan sha'awar binne Don Juan na Austria
Tabbas, kwata-kwata dukkan shahararrun jaruman tarihi, da zarar sun mutu, ana binne su da daraja da daukaka da jin dadi.
A cikin yanayin da ya shafe mu, Don Juan de Austria, game da mayaƙa ne kuma mai kwarjini, jarumi na Lepanto, wanda wasu masana suka ce mutuwarsa ta faru ne saboda wani abu mai raɗaɗi a Flanders, yayin da ya tashi zuwa Escorial yana da rokoki. da rakiyar makada.
Labarin ya nuna cewa don Juan de Austria, ya mutu a Namur, Flanders, wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Belgium, a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1578, saboda zazzabin typhus ko typhoid, kuma daga baya aka kai shi Pantheon of Infants na San Lorenzo del Escorial, inda ya mutu. an yi jana'izar da dimbin jama'a.
Sai dai masana tarihi sun bayar da rahoton cewa, mutuwar wannan tarihin ta faru ne a cikin kurciyar kurciya da aka yi gaggawar tsaftace ta, sai suka ruga suka kama ta, kuma an yi mata ado da kaset, labule a wajen garin Namur, inda ta yi kamar tana dauke da ‘yan tawaye. a kan Mutanen Espanya waɗanda ke lalata Flanders, kuma a fili yanayi ne mai tada hankali.
An sani a hukumance cewa cutar ta typhus ta kai hari kan da yawa daga cikin kaftin din, amma, saboda sha'awar, duk sun warke sai shi, amma, bisa ga labarin hukuma, ya bari a baya yana mai cewa don Juan ya sha fama da sanannen ciwon. basur.wanda likitocin da ke bakin aikin suka yi ta hanyar da ba daidai ba.
Sai ya riske su da huda leda, wanda hakan ya sa ya zubar da jini a cikin shirin Trevi Fountain, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwarsa kafin ya kai shekaru 30, amma ya samu sauki da daraja a gare su su bayyana cewa ya mutu sakamakon zazzabi. ., kafin rashin lafiyan basur.
Burin Don Juan de Austria a lokacin rayuwarsa shine a binne shi a cikin Panteón de los Infantes de El Escorial, duk da haka, saboda yana da suna a matsayin mayaki kuma ɗan'uwansa, Sarki Felipe II, bai amince da shi da abokansa ba. An yanke shawarar da aka binne a Namur, tare da girmamawa daga sojojin da ake girmama su sosai.
Bayan watanni biyar, Felipe II ya ba da izini cewa a kai gawarsa El Escorial, amma, tare da cikakken sirri da adanawa, gwargwadon yiwuwa. Sarki ya ci gaba da sha'awar sa, yayin da gawar Don Juan, ga ɗan'uwansa shege, ya dame shi, don haka ya yanke shawarar ya ba da umarnin a tono gawar don yin wanka, kuma ya shirya ta don tafiya mai yawa.
An shirya gawar ta musamman, kuma suka ce an yanka su kashi uku ne, za a gyara su da zarar sun isa inda aka nufa. Don haka, lokacin da lokacin jana'izar ya isa, an baje kolin gawar a cikin rufaffiyar yumbu ba tare da gyare-gyare ba, wanda aka canjawa wuri a kan doki.
Bayan haka, bayan wata guda da cire su daga pantheon, a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1579, suka fara komawa Spain da ƙafa da gawar Don Juan da kuma wani kwamiti na musamman wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane 80 ba tare da wani abin da zai iya gane su ba.
A Namur sun tafi Nantes a Faransa kuma daga wannan wuri suka ɗauki jirgin ruwa wanda ya kai su Santander, kasancewar a wannan yanki, sun sake komawa cikin duhu da shiru zuwa Abbey of Párraces, a Segovia, wanda ta hanyar mu'ujiza bayan baƙin ciki. aikin hajji da launin toka, ya zama aiki tare da daraja da alatu.
Wani babban kwamiti na sarauta yana jiran su inda duk manyan masu fada a ji a fadar sarki suka halarta. Daga cikin wadanda suka hada da masu unguwanni, limaman coci, sufaye na El Escorial, jarumai, da sauran su, ciki har da sakataren sarki da bishop na Ávila tare da tawagarsa, gaba dayansu suka fita cikin jerin gwano tare da gawar Don Juan de Austria, tuni. shirya da sanya a cikin akwatin gawa mai kofa biyu.
An dakatar da shi a cikin iska don hanyar kusan kilomita 60, wanda ya raba abbey na Pàrraces da El Escorial. Hukumar ta kara yawan mutane da yawa daga kowane gari da suka wuce, yayin da aka yi gagarumin aikin hajji, a daidai lokacin da aka yi jana'izar a Panteón de Infantes de El Escorial, ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1579.
Don kammalawa, ba za mu iya kasa sake ba da rahoto ba cewa ɗan’uwansa Felipe II ya ƙi amincewa da cin amana da ɗan’uwansa Don Juan ya yi, wanda, saboda tsoma bakin sakatarensa, Antonio Pérez, wanda ya zama ainihin dabarar aikin.
Yayin da ya amince da shi, don Juan na Ostiriya da duk abin da ke kewaye da shi ya zama kamar bai amince da shi ba, duk da haka, lokacin da Philip II ya bayyana rikici, ya lura da amincin yanke hukunci a kan don Juan, wanda ya yanke shawara, ba shi duka. Sarauta ta karrama a cikin jana'izar sa.