Jose de San Martin, wani mutum da aka haife shi da manyan akidu na gwagwarmaya da 'yanci, ya gudanar da karatun soja don samun 'yantar da kasashe da dama, daga cikinsu an ambaci kasashen Peru, Chile da Argentina. Labari ne mai ban sha'awa na babban jarumi, kar a rasa shi.
Jose de San Martin: Iyali
An haifi José de San Martín a cikin dangin da suka hada da iyayensa Juan de San Martínez Gómez, wanda aka haifa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1728, a Cervatos de la Cueza, Palencia, Spain, wanda ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1796 a Malaga Spain. , yana da shekaru 68 a duniya an binne shi a makabartar Recoleta, Buenos Aires Argentina.
Mahaifin José de San Martín, wanda aka fi sani da Juan de San Martín, ɗan Andrés de San Martín ne da Isidora Gómez, wanda ya fito daga garin Cervatos de la Cueza, a halin yanzu lardin Palencia, a da Masarautar León a Spain. , shi ne Laftanar gwamna na sashen.
Ya yi aiki a matsayin soja ga Crown Mutanen Espanya, kuma a cikin 1774 an nada shi a matsayin gwamnan Sashen Yapeyú, wanda wani bangare ne na Gwamnatin Guaraní Missions, wanda aka kafa don gudanar da gudanar da ayyukan Guaraní Jesuit talatin, bayan an ba da odar. An kore shi daga Amurka ta hanyar umarnin Carlos III a shekara ta 1767, tushen a Yapeyú.
Juan de San Martín ya auri Gregoria Matorras ta wakili, wanda kyaftin din dodanni mai suna Juan Francisco de Somalo ya wakilta a cikin wannan doka a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1770, amma, tare da albarkar Bishop Manuel Antonio de the Tower, a Buenos Aires. .
Daga baya, sun yi tafiya zuwa Calera de las Vacas, a yau da ake kira Calera de las Huérfanas a Uruguay, don zama mai kula da gonar Jesuit, inda aka haifi 'ya'yansu uku.
An nada shi Laftanar gwamnan Yapeyú, a shekara ta 1775, an haifi sauran ’ya’yansa a wurin, José shi ne auta a cikin ’ya’yansa. Juan de San Martín ya tsara kuma ya aiwatar da ƙungiyar sojoji na 'yan asalin Guarani, wanda ya ƙunshi mutane 500, waɗanda ke da alhakin kayar da ci gaban Portuguese da mamayewar 'yan asalin Charrúa.
A shekara ta 1779, Juan de San Martín ya sami matsayi na kyaftin a cikin sojojin sarauta, bayan Gregoria Matorras ya koma Buenos Aires tare da yara biyar, ya sadu da mijinta a 1781. A Afrilu 1784, Juan de San Martín San Martín da iyalinsa sun isa Buenos Aires. in Cadiz.
Gregoria Matorras, saboda mutuwar mijinta, ya ba ta fensho mai sauƙi kuma ya zauna tare da 'yarta María Elena da jikanyarta Petronila. Ya mutu a Orense, Galicia, ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1813.
An haifi mahaifiyarsa Gregoria Matorras del Ser a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1738, a Paredes de Navas, Castilla, Spain, ta yi baftisma a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1738, a Paredes de Navas, Castilla, Spain. Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1813, a Orense, Galicia, Spain yana da shekaru 75.
Kakanninku, kannenku da yayyenku
Daga cikin kakanninta na uba, kawunta da yayyenta akwai: Andrés de San Martín y de la Riguera, da Micaela Baez; Andres de San Martin de la Riguera, Isidora Gomez. Daga cikin kakanninsa na uwarsa, kawunsa da yayyensa, an ambaci Domingo Matorras da González de Nava, da María del Ser Anton, Miguel Matorras del Ser, Domingo Matorras del Ser, Paula Matorras del Ser, Francisca Matorras del Ser, Ventura Matorras del Ser. , Gregoria Matorras na Kasancewa.
Yan'uwanku maza da mata
'Yan'uwansa maza da mata sun hada da María Elena de San Martín y Matorras, ya auri Rafael González y Álvarez de Menchaca, ɗan'uwansa Manuel Tadeo de San Martín, ya auri Josefa Manuela Español de Alburu, da ɗan'uwansa Justo Rufino de San Martín y Matorras. , Juan Fermin na San Martin da Matorras.
Sa’ad da yake ƙasar Sipaniya, dukan ’yan’uwansa sun ci gaba da aikin soja kuma da ƙyar ba su yi magana ba. Amma, José de San Martín ya yi magana da ’yan’uwansa ta wasiƙu, kamar yadda ’yar’uwarsa María Elena ta yi.
Wataƙila dan gudun hijira a Turai, San Martín ba shi da labarin ɗan'uwansa Juan Fermín, wanda ya mutu a Manila kuma mai yiwuwa ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu; don haka an ɗauka cewa zuriyar dukan ’yan’uwanta ita ce Petronila González Menchaca, ’yar María Elena.
A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1793, ɗan'uwansa Justo Rufino de San Martín ya nemi shiga cikin sojojin Spain kuma an yarda da shi cikin Royal Corps of Corps Guards a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1795. Sa'an nan kuma aka shigar da shi a cikin Hussar Cavalry Regiment na Aragon, tare da matsayi. na kyaftin. Ya shiga yakin 'yancin kai, da kuma a cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi shi.
Da zarar José de San Martín ya yi hijira, ɗan’uwansa Justo yana tare da shi sau da yawa a tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Brussels da Paris tsakanin 1824 zuwa 1832. Ya rasu a shekara ta 1832 a Madrid.
wasu
Ubangidansa a lokacin baftisma, Mista José Patricio Thomas Ramón Balcare Roca Mora.
Auren ku
Ya yi aure a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1812, a Buenos Aires, United Provinces na Río de la Plata, tare da María de los Remedios de Escalada, yana da shekaru 14 kawai, an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1797, a Buenos Aires. Mataimakin sarauta na Río de la Plata, daular Sipaniya, ya yi baftisma a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1797, a Buenos Aires, Mataimakin Sarauta na Río de la Plata, Daular Spain.
'Yar Antonio José Escalada da Tomasa de la Quintana da Aoiz. Ya kasance dan gida mai arziki da daraja, mai alaka da harkar kishin kasa. Iyalinsa sun yi tasiri sosai wajen kafa Rundunar Horse Grenadier.
Sa'an nan, wanda aka kafa a Mendoza, Remedios de Escalada, shi ne mahaliccin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata, don tallafa wa rundunar sojojin Andes. Haɗin kai tare da ba da gudummawar duk kayan adon ku.
Amma kafin ta tafi Turai a shekara ta 1824, mijinta ya ba da gudummawar gina wani pantheon a cikin makabartar La Recolecta, kuma a kan kabarinta ta sanya wani rubutu da ke cewa: "A nan ne Remedios de Escalada, matarsa kuma abokin Janar San Martin. "
Ta mutu a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1823, a Buenos Aires Argentina, lokacin tana da shekaru 25, an binne ta a makabartar Recolecta.
Manuel de Olazábal da Laureana Ferrari Salomón sun kasance a matsayin shaidun aurensu.
'Ya'yansu
'Ya'yansu Mercedes Tomasa de San Martín da Escalada, kasancewar 'ya daya tilo da San Martín da matarsa suka haifa. An haife shi a Mendoza a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1836, kuma ya mutu a Brunoy, Faransa, ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1875.
Ta auri Mariano Antonio Severo González Balcarce Buchardo. Jikokinsa María Mercedes Balcarce da José de San Martín, Josefa Dominga Balcarce y San Martín, sun auri Eduardo María de los Dolores Gutiérrez de Estrada y Gómez de la Cortina.
A cikin 1830, San Martín ya yi hijira na dindindin zuwa Paris, inda ya tafi tare da 'yarsa. Saboda yawan boren juyin juya hali, dangi sun yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa wani gari mai nisa, wanda aka sani da Boulogne-sur-Mer.
Kasancewar a wannan wuri, sun kamu da cutar kwalara, yayin da likitan dan kasar Argentina kuma jami'in diflomasiyya mai suna Marino Severo Balcarce, ke kula da ba su kulawar lafiya.
A ƙarshe, tare da mutuwar mahaifinsa, da kuma Balcarce ya yi ritaya daga diflomasiyya, iyalin sun yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Brunoy, kusa da Paris. Mercedes ta mutu a wannan wuri tana da shekaru 58.
A cikin shekara ta 1951, an dawo da sauran jana'izar ta, na mijinta da babbar 'yarta, kuma a halin yanzu suna hutawa a cikin pantheon na Basilica na San Francisco a Mendoza.
An haifi José de San Martín a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1778 a Yapeyú, tsohon manufa da ke kan gabar kogin Uruguay a cikin Gwamnatin Guarani Ofishin Jakadancin na Mataimakin Shugabancin Río de La Plata, a cikin sanannen Lardin Argentina.
Da yake matashi sosai, ya riga ya nuna sha'awar aikin soja da kuma halin jagoranci, daga cikin abubuwan nishaɗinsa akwai waƙoƙin yaki, muryoyin umarni.
zauna a Turai
A cikin watan Afrilu 1784, yana ɗan shekara shida, ya isa birnin Cádiz na ƙasar Spain tare da iyalinsa, kafin su zauna a Buenos Aires, kuma daga baya ya zauna a birnin Malaga.
Ya yi karatu a Royal Seminary of Nobles a Madrid, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Temporalities a Malaga a 1786. A cikin wannan gidan karatu, ya koyi harsuna daban-daban da fasaha kamar: Spanish, Latin, French, German, rawa. , zane , adabi na waka, wasan zorro, baka, lissafi, tarihi da labarin kasa.
Aikin soja a cikin Sojan Mutanen Espanya
A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1789, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya, San Martín ya shiga cikin sojojin Spain, yana zana aikin soja a Murcia Regiment, ya fara a matsayin ɗan ƙarami.
A lokaci guda kuma juyin juya halin Faransa ya fara. Ya shiga yaki a Arewacin Afirka, yana yakar Moors a Milla da Orán, da kuma yakin Napoleon a Spain, ya yi yaki da Bailén da La Albuera.
Domin ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1793, an ba shi matsayi na biyu na Laftanar, saboda shisshigin da ya yi a Pyrenees, yana yakar Faransanci. A cikin watan Agusta na wannan shekara, sojojinsa, waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da sojojin ruwa da jiragen ruwa na Ingila a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, sun sha kashi.
A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1794, ya kai matsayin Laftanar na biyu na 1st, a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1795 ya kai matsayin Laftanar na biyu, kuma a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 26, ya samu matsayin mataimakin na 1802.
A cikin shekara ta 1802, ya yi mamaki tare da raunata shi da yawa daga 'yan fashi a lokacin da yake dauke da biyan kuɗin sojojin, wanda ya sa aka hukunta shi a kan wannan taron. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da tarihi da mahimman haruffa, muna ba da shawarar karanta labarin Emiliano Zapata.
A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1804, an ƙara masa girma zuwa matsayin kyaftin. A wannan lokacin, ya yi yaƙi tare da matsayi na kyaftin na 2 na sojojin haske, a cikin abubuwa da yawa, a cikin Yaƙin Oranges da Portugal, kasancewar shekara ta 1802, kuma a cikin 1804 a Gibraltar da Cádiz a kan Birtaniya.
A ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1808, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Zinariya ta Jaruman Bailén, lambar yabo ta sojan Spain da aka ba San Martín, bisa ga umarnin Kwamitin Koli na Seville, don sanin babban rawar da ya taka a yakin da ya fatattaki Faransawa. , wanda hakan ne ma ya sa aka kara masa girma zuwa Laftanar Kanal.
A cikin shekara ta 1808, sojojin Sarkin Faransa Napoleon Bonaparte sun kai hari a yankin Iberian Peninsula, yayin da aka kama Fernando VII na Spain. Ba da daɗewa ba, barkewar tawaye ya fara yaƙi da sarki da ɗan'uwansa José Bonaparte, wanda aka sanar a matsayin sarkin Spain.
Nan da nan aka shigar da Hukumar Gudanarwar Jama'a, wanda ya fara aiki a Seville kuma daga baya a cikin birnin Cádiz. Sa'an nan, San Martín ya sami daukaka daga Hukumar Gwamnatin Tsakiya zuwa matsayi na mataimaki na 1st na Campo Mayor Volunteer Regiment. Hakazalika, ya ba da rancen hidimar nasa na tsawon shekara guda ga jirgin yakin Dorotea.
Domin fitattun ayyukan da ya yi a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Mutanen Espanya da sojojin Faransa, an ƙara masa girma zuwa matsayin kyaftin na Rundunar Sojojin Bourbon. Babban aikin da ya yi shi ne nasara a yakin Bailén, wanda ya faru a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1808, saboda muhimmancin aikinsa na mataimaki ga Janar Marquis de Coupigny, a yayin da aka durƙusa, wanda tare da goyon bayan maza ashirin da ɗaya kawai. , sun mamaye babban runduna gaba daya.
Wannan nasara ita ce babbar nasara ta farko a kan sojojin Napoleon, wanda ya baiwa sojojin Andalus damar ceto birnin Madrid. Don karramawar da ya yi mai daraja, San Martín ya samu mukamin Laftanar Kanar a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1808. Hakazalika, an ba da lambar zinare ta Jaruman Bailén ga duka sojojin.
Ta haka ne ya ci gaba da yakin da yake yi da sojojin da ke karkashin jagorancin Napoleon suka hade a Roussillon, Portugal, Ingila da Spain. A lokacin yakin La Albuera, ya yi yaki a karkashin jagorancin Janar William Carr Beresford na Ingila, wanda shekaru biyu da suka wuce, a farkon mamayewa na Ingilishi, ya yi ƙoƙari ya dauki Buenos Aires da Montevideo ba tare da nasara ba.
A cikin wadannan fadace-fadacen ne ya hadu da James Duff, wani fitaccen dan kasar Scotland wanda ya shigar da shi cikin tarurrukan bokaye da ke yunkurin samun ‘yancin kai na Kudancin Amurka. A wannan wuri, ya fara tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da na juyin juya hali waɗanda suka goyi bayan fafutukar kwato 'yancin kan Amurka. Muna gayyatar ku don sanin tarihin ban sha'awa na Orchard Victorian
San Martín ya shiga cikin al'amuran yaƙi guda 17, kamar: Plaza de Orán, Port Vendres, Baturi, Coliombré, yaƙin yaƙi Dorotea a yaƙi da jirgin ruwan Birtaniyya El León, Torre Batera, Cruz de Yerro, Mauboles, San Margal, Batura na Villalonga. , Bañuelos, The Heights, Hermitage na San Luc, Arrecife de Arjonilla, yakin Bailén, fama na Villa de Arjonilla da kuma yakin Albuera.
Bayan lokaci, a cikin shekara ta 1793, sojojinsa sun zama wani ɓangare na sojojin Aragon, nan da nan bayan Rosetón, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Jamhuriyar Faransa a karkashin jagorancin Janar Ricardos, yana daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshin Spain, tare da ƙarin sharuɗɗa. kuma wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara mai kyau ga matashin ɗan wasan San Martín.
A cikin 1794, lokacin da Janar Ricardos, wanda aka fi sani da Murcia, ya mutu, ƙungiyar da yake cikinta ta mika wuya ga Faransanci. A cikin shekara ta 1797, San Martín ya yi baftisma a ƙarƙashin wuta a teku, domin yana Murcia, a cikin jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya da ke yaki da Ingilishi a cikin Bahar Rum, ya kuma halarci yakin Cabo San Vicente.
A cikin shekarun 1800 zuwa 1807, San Martín ya shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na Mutanen Espanya da suka kasance a kan Portugal, amma, a ƙarshe, ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Fontainebleau na birnin Faransa da Spain, an raba Portugal da yankuna daban-daban.
London
Ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1810, juyin juya hali na Mayu ya faru a birnin Buenos Aires, wanda ya ƙare har ya kori mataimakinsa, ta hanyar mataimakin shugaban Río de la Plata, da kuma aiwatar da nadin kwamitin farko.
A lokacin tsarin 'yancin kai, an buɗe sabon yanayi na yanayin soja don amfanin sojojin Kudancin Amirka, ciki har da José de San Martín, da kuma neman a gyara abin da ke da cikakken aminci, saboda ƙasarsu ta asali ba ta cikin Mulkin Spain. inda ya fito.
Ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1811, San Martín ya yi watsi da aikinsa na soja a Spain, ya bar dukan gwagwarmayar da ya yi, kuma ya nemi shugaban ya ba shi fasfo don tafiya zuwa London. Abin da aka ba da, da kuma wasiƙun shawarwari, wanda aka aika wa Lord Macduff, yana tafiya a ranar 14 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, don ya zauna a Park Road, mai lamba 23 a gundumar Westminster.
A wannan wurin ya sadu da Carlos María de Alvear, José Matías Zapiola, Andrés Bello da Tomás Guido, da sauran abokansa da yawa.
Wasu masana a fagen tarihi sun ce suna cikin rukunin Babban Taron Amirka, al'ummar da ake zaton ta samo asali ne daga Masonic, wanda Francisco de Miranda ya kirkiro, wanda tare da Simón Bolívar, wanda ya riga ya yi gwagwarmaya a Amurka. don 'yancin kai na Venezuela.
Wataƙila a cikin ƴan uwantaka, akwai alaƙar siyasa ta Biritaniya waɗanda suka sanar da Tsarin Maitland, dabarar da Amurka za ta 'yantar daga Spain.
Koma zuwa Plate din Kogi
Ya koma Buenos Aires kuma ya san matsayinsa na Laftanar Kanal ta First Triumvirate.
A cikin shekara ta 1812, yana da shekaru 34, yana da mukamin Laftanar Kanar, kuma bayan ya tsaya a Landan, ya matsa kan jirgin ruwan Burtaniya George Canning, ya koma birnin Buenos Aires, don mika wuya ga hidimar 'yancin kai. na Lardunan United na Río de la Plata.
Jami'an sun gabatar da kansu ga membobin First Triumvirate, wadanda suka yarda da shi don samar da ayyukansu ga gwamnati.
Ƙirƙirar Rundunar Sojojin Grenadier
A ranar 16 ga Maris, Triumvirate na farko ya yarda da shawarar da José de San Martín ya gabatar na samar da gawawwakin sojan doki, wanda aka ba shi izini ya kafa Regiment na Grenadiers a kan Doki, don kare iyakokin kogin Paraná. A cikin shekara ta 1812, ya sadaukar da kansa don koyar da tsarin mulki na sabbin dabarun yaki, wanda ya samu daga kwarewar turawa yayin yakar sojojin Napoleon.
Gidauniyar Lautaro Lodge
A cikin kamfanin Carlos María de Alvear, wanda ya dawo kwanan nan, ya ƙirƙiri a tsakiyar 1812 wata hukumar Lodge of Rational Knights, wanda aka sake masa suna Lodge Lautaro.
Sunan ya samo asali ne daga Mapuche lonko Lautaro, wanda ya kasance fitaccen shugaban sojan Mapuche a yakin Arauco a lokacin yakin farko na mamayar Sipaniya, wanda kuma a karni na XNUMX ya tashi kan Mutanen Espanya.
An yi kafuwar kamar wuraren zama na Cadiz da London Masonic, kwatankwacin waɗanda suka wanzu a wancan lokacin a Venezuela, a matsayin manyan mambobi Francisco de Miranda, Simón Bolívar da Andrés Bello.
Babban aikinsa shine "aiki tare da tsari da shirin 'yancin kai na Amurka da farin ciki." Daga cikin manyan membobinta, akwai kuma San Martín da Alvear, sune José Matías Zapiola, Bernardo Monteagudo da Juan Martín de Pueyrredón.
Juyin juya halin Oktoba 8, 1812
A cikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1812, a Buenos Aires an ba da labarin nasarar kishin kasa da sojojin arewa suka yi a yakin Tucumán, wanda Janar Manuel Belgrano ya jagoranta. A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, sun yi amfani da wannan taron, don haka José de San Martín y Alvear ya jagoranci zanga-zangar jama'a da soja wanda Lautaro Lodge ya umarta, wanda aka fi sani da juyin juya halin Oktoba 8, 1812.
Rikicin ya ƙare tare da korar gwamnatin First Triumvirate, wanda ake ganin "ƙananan yanke shawara ta 'yancin kai."
Da yake gano kansu da karfin soja da kuma mutane, an nada Triumvirate na biyu, wanda Juan José Paso, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña da Antonio Álvarez Jonte suka kafa. Hakazalika an bukaci a kira babban taron wakilai na dukkan larduna, da nufin ayyana ‘yancin kai da kuma bayyana sabon kundin tsarin mulki.
A cikin Disamba 1812, Triumvirate na Biyu ya haɓaka San Martín zuwa matsayin Kanar kuma ya nada shi Kwamandan Horse Grenadiers bisa ga ƙungiyoyi uku da suka wanzu.
Yaƙin San Lorenzo
Labarin ya ci gaba da cewa taron soja na farko a San Martín, tare da Regiment na Grenadiers akan Horseback da aka kafa kwanan nan, an kai ga dakatar da ɓarna da sarakunan Montevideo suka lalata gaɓar kogin Paraná, mafi mahimmancin fasinja shine Río. de la Plata, da hanyar sadarwa da ake buƙata don yankin.
Sa'an nan, Colonel José de San Martín, tare da sojojinsa, suka zauna a cikin convent na San Carlos, a kan hanyar zuwa San Lorenzo a kudu, a halin yanzu lardin Santa Fe. A cikin watan Fabrairu 1813, kuma saboda zuwan. na 300 royalists, yakin San Lorenzo da aka yi yaƙi, a kan bankunan kogin da kuma kusa da gaban da convent.
Domin akwai shakku mai karfi game da amincinsa ga manufar 'yancin kai, ganin zuwan San Martín na baya-bayan nan, ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da jagorantar kananan sojojin dawakai.
Don haka dokin nasa ya samu munanan raunuka kuma an murkushe San Martin a karkashin dabbar, yayin da wani dan sarki ya kusa kashe shi. Amma, saboda shiga tsakani na wani soja daga Corrientes mai suna Juan Bautista Cabral, wanda ya sanya jikinsa don a ji masa rauni a wurin da bayonet.
An kara wa wannan soja karin girma ne bayan mutuwar José de San Martín, saboda wannan dalili ana kiransa Sajan Cabral. Yaƙi ne, inda sojojin biyu ke da mayaƙa masu yawa, suna nuna kansu a matsayin wani abu na biyu, duk da haka, ya yi nasarar raba har abada sojojin masarautar da suka haye kogin Paraná, suna kai hari ga garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da su.
Shugaban Sojojin Arewa
Saboda rashin nasarar da Manuel Belgrano, Janar a babban hafsan Sojan Arewa, ya sha wahala wajen fuskantar 'yan sarauta a gasar Vilcapugio da Ayohúma, kuma saboda nasarar da aka samu a yakin San Lorenzo, abin da ake kira Triumvirate na biyu ya maye gurbin Belgrano. San Martín a matsayin kwamandan sojojin Arewa.
A ganawar da ya yi da shugaban mai barin gado, wanda bai san shi da kansa ba, an bayyana shi a matsayin " rungumar Yatasto ", domin al'ada ta amince da shi a gidan sojan doki na Yasto, da ke lardin Salta.
A cewar binciken da masanin Julio Arturo Benencia ya gudanar, ya tabbatar da cewa taron ya gudana ne a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1814, a hanyar fita daga tashar Algarrobos, kusa da kogin Juramento kuma a nesa na 14 leagues daga Yatasto.
A matsayinsa na kwamandan Sojojin Taimakawa na Peru, dole ne ya sake kafa rundunar da ba ta da taimako saboda yankunan Vilcapugio da Ayohúma. Da nufin ya fayyace gaskiyar lamarin, ya koma San Miguel de Tucumán, inda ya kafa sansanin soja a wani katafaren kagara, wanda ake kira Ciudadela, sa’ad da ya ƙudiri aniyar ƙarfafa ta kuma ya ba su horo ta hanyar da ta dace.
Ƙirƙirar halittarta ta kasance tare da yaƙin San Lorenzo. Daga baya, an ba shi alhakin jagorancin sojojin Arewa, wanda ya maye gurbin Janar Manuel Belgrano.
A cikin wannan gudanarwa, ya sami damar cimma shirinsa na nahiyar, yana sane da cewa nasarar kishin kasa a yakin neman 'yancin kai na Spain da Amurka ba za a samu ba ne kawai tare da lalata dukkanin kungiyoyin sarauta, kasancewar manyan cibiyoyi masu aminci da ke kula da tsarin mulkin mallaka. a Amurka.
Tsarin nahiya
Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan da aka kafa a Tucumán, San Miguel, ya ƙaddara cewa ba zai yiwu ba a yi tafiya ta hanyar Alto Perú zuwa birnin Lima, babban birnin Mataimakin Shugaban Peru kuma cibiyar mulkin sarauta a Kudancin Amirka. Wurin da aka aika da mamayewa da nufin ɗaukar yankuna marasa taimako a gaban masu zaman kansu.
A duk lokacin da sojojin masarautar suka fito daga Altiplano da ke daura da kwaruruka na lardin Salta, tabbas an sha kashi, kamar yadda lokacin da sojojin 'yan kishin kasa suka isa Upper Peru, ita ma ta sha kashi.
Dalilin samun dabara mai fa'ida ga babbar hanyar Peruvian, a baya wasu shugabannin sojoji waɗanda ke cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa Upper Peru, daga cikinsu akwai: Eustoquio Díaz Vélez, Tomás Guido da Enrique Paillardell.
José de San Martín, kwararre kuma masanin dabarun soja, da sauri ya fahimci wannan ra'ayin a matsayin nasa kuma ya aiwatar da shirinsa na nahiyar.
Daga nan ne Janar din ya gudanar da aikinsa na tsallaka tsaunukan Andes tare da kai farmaki kan birnin Lima daga tekun Pasifik. Da yake neman kiyaye iyakar arewa, San Martín ya kula da sojojin da ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Salta, wadanda ke karkashin jagorancin Kanar Martín Miguel de Güemes, wanda ya ba da alhakin kare iyakar arewa, kuma ya fara shirye-shiryen na gaba. dabarun soja.
Na dan lokaci kadan, ya ba shi amanar sojojin Arewa a hannun Janar Francisco Fernández de la Cruz, ya yi ritaya zuwa Saldán, lardin Cordoba, da nufin yin jinya ga ciwon ciki.
Yayin da yake wannan wuri, ya kasance cikin tattaunawa akai-akai tare da abokinsa mai suna Tomás Guido, wanda ya tabbatar masa da cewa ya zama dole a mai da yankin mai zaman kansa daga Chile.
Gwamnan Wanda
A cikin shekara ta 1814, Babban Darakta na Lardunan Río de la Plata, mai suna Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, wanda aka nada a matsayin gwamnan yankin Cuyo, a birnin Mendoza na Argentina, ya gudanar da aikinsa, bayan da ya kafa Sojojin Andes, sun ketare dukkanin tsaunukan da ke dauke da suna iri daya, kasancewar shi ne jagoran 'yantar da kasar Chile a lokacin gwagwarmayar Chacabuco da Maipú.
Matsayi a cikin siyasar Chile
Bayan wani lokaci, da kuma bayan kula da ayyukansa, Kanar mai suna Juan Gregorio de Las Heras ya isa, wanda ya fara a cikin sojojin Argentina a Chile, kuma ya yi ritaya saboda rashin jituwa da 'yan kishin Chile.
Ya yanke shawarar mayar da ita da nufin tallafa musu a kan sojojin masarautar, amma wannan ya biyo bayan bala'in Rancagua, inda suka rasa 'yancin kai na Chile. Abin da ya yi nasarar yi shi ne ya ceci hanyar zuwa Mendoza daga yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Chile.
Mutanen Chile sun kasu kashi biyu marasa jituwa, kasancewarsu: masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wadanda ke karkashin umarnin Bernardo O'Higgins, da masu sassaucin ra'ayi wadanda ke karkashin José Miguel Carrera.
Sa'an nan José de San Martín ya yanke shawarar cewa su ci gaba da sauri, don haka ya yanke shawarar O'Higgins. Bayan ya yi kamar ya yi watsi da ikon gwamnan Cuyo, an tsare Janar Carrera a kurkuku, an cire shi daga umurninsa, daga baya kuma aka kore shi daga Mendoza.
Manufar shirin José de San Martín, wanda ya yi tunanin aiwatar da shi daga Chile mai kishin kasa; duk da haka, saboda daukar wannan al'umma a hannun 'yan adawa, shirin ya yi kama da a kawar da shi. Ko da yake, San Martín ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da ci gaba, amma da nufin cewa ya fara da alhakin 'yantar da Chile.
Ƙirƙirar Sojojin Andes
Ko da yake an samu turjiya daga sabon babban darektan, Carlos María de Alvear, wanda San Martín ya samu damar ganawa a Cádiz, kuma ya raka shi, kuma ya ba da shawarar ba da umarnin Sojan Andes.
Ya tara dukan 'yan gudun hijirar Chile, da 'yan tawayen Kuyo, da masu aikin sa kai na lardinsa da yawa, da wasu hafsoshi na sojojin Arewa. Hakanan, ya nema kuma ya sami cewa ƙungiyoyin Horse Grenadier Regiment, waɗanda suka warwatse a ko'ina, duk sun sake haɗuwa a Cuyo.
Ganin cewa Alvear ya yi kokarin yi masa zagon kasa a karkashinsa, nan take ya mika takardar murabus dinsa ga mukamin da ya rike a matsayin gwamna. Sa'an nan, Alvear nan da nan ya sanya Colonel Gregorio Perdriel a matsayin maye gurbinsa, duk da haka, duk mutanen Mendoza sun ƙi shi. Don haka, an naɗa San Martín a matsayin gwamna ta hanyar zaɓen jama'a.
Jim kadan bayan nada Janar Juan Martín de Pueyrredón a matsayin sabon babban darekta, sun gudanar da taro a Cordoba, a matsayin babban batu da suka tattauna batun shirin yakin neman zabe da ya shafi Chile da Peru.
Lokacin da ya isa ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1816, Tomás Guido, ya gabatar da rahoton hukuma, inda ya nuna shirin daki-daki, wanda aka amince da shi kuma ya ba da umarnin aiwatar da umarnin darektan Pueyrredón.
A wancan lokacin, José de San Martín ya rinjayi wakilan Cuyo zuwa Majalisar Tucumán don bayyana 'yancin kai na Lardunan Amurka ta Kudu, wanda ya samu a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1816.
Domin ya ba da kuɗin kamfen ɗinsa, da kuma gudummawar da yawa na Pueyrredón, ya buƙaci su biya "gudunmawar wajibi" ga duk 'yan kasuwa da masu haciendas. A matsayin musayar, an ba su takardar kuɗi, wanda za su iya tattarawa "lokacin da yanayi ya yarda."
Duk da yake, yana da 'yan ra'ayi don kwace kadarorin na Mutanen Espanya waɗanda ba za su goyi bayan manufar 'yancin kai ba.
Ya zo ne ya sami wani babban sansanin soji a El Plumerillo, mai tazarar kusan kilomita bakwai arewa maso gabashin birnin Mendoza. A wannan yanki, ya horar da dukkan sojojinsa da hafsoshinsa, ya yi nasarar kera makamai kamar: bindigu, sabar, bindigu, da riga, da alburusai har ma da foda. Ya sadaukar da kansa wajen kiwon dabbobi kamar su alfadarai, dawakai, da yin takalmi mai kyau.
Jagoran tarurrukan bitar ta, mai suna Luis Beltrán, ya kasance mai hazaka wajen ƙirƙira tsarin jan hankali wanda ke ba da izinin ratsa rafin tare da igwa kuma ana iya jigilar kowace irin gadar dakatarwa.
Sashin lafiya na rundunar ya kasance mai kula da likitan fiɗa dan Ingila James Paroissien. Yayin da Kanar José Antonio Álvarez Condarco ke kula da tsara tsare-tsare na mashigar tsaunukan Andes daban-daban.
Kafin fara rangadin, tare da dukkan sarakunan Mapuche, ya nemi izinin shiga Chile ta yankunanta. Yayin da wasu daga cikin wadannan caciques suka sanar da kyaftin janar na Chile, mai suna Casimiro Marco del Pont, sai ya yi tunanin cewa za a kai farmaki mai karfi daga kudu, don haka ya wargaza sojojinsa.
Sabanin abin da babban darektan Pueyrredón ya zato, tare da mabiyansa, ya shiga cikin sadarwa tare da caudillo mai suna José Gervasio Artigas, yayin da ya ki yarda da kokarinsa na yakin neman 'yanci a Chile da Peru, wanda zai ba su damar yin amfani da su. fuskantar tarayya a bakin tekun Río de la Plata.
Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa daraktocin sashen, musamman Bernardino Rivadavia, suka ayyana shi a matsayin maci amana.
A cikin wata wasika mai kwanan watan Agusta 1816, San Martín yana nufin tsibirin Malvinas. A cikin abun ciki, San Martín, ya nemi gwamnan San Juan, wanda zai saki fursunonin da ke Carmen de Patagones da Malvinas, Puerto de Soledad, domin su shiga cikin sojojin Andes.
Yantar da balaguro zuwa Chile
Ranar Janairu 1817, tafiya don haye Andes zuwa Chile ya fara. Sojojin Andes ana daukarsu daya daga cikin manya-manyan rundunonin soji da hadaddiyar lardunan Río de Plata suka tarwatsa a yakin neman ‘yancin kai na Spain da Amurka, a farkonsa yana da brigadiers uku, hakimai ashirin da takwas, hafsoshi dari biyu da bakwai. da sojoji dubu uku da dari bakwai da saba'in da takwas.
Sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na hafsoshi da sojojin Chile da suka yi hijira zuwa Mendoza, bayan rikicin Rancagua.
Yawancin marubutan asalin ƙasar Chile, irin su Osvaldo Silva da Agustín Toro Dávila, suna magana ne ga ɗimbin kishin ƙasar Chile, duk da haka, babu ɗayansu da ya ambata dalla-dalla tushen bayanan da suka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan ikirari.
Yayin da Osvaldo Silva a cikin rubutunsa Atlas de la Historia de Chile 2005 ya ci gaba da cewa akwai 'yan Chile dubu ɗaya da ɗari biyu a cikin Sojojin Andes waɗanda aka tsananta a Mendoza. Kuma Agustín Toro Dávila, a cikin rubutunsa na Tarihin Soja na Chile, ya ambaci irin wannan adadin.
Don menene mawallafin plasma rubutu:
Daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin 209, kusan 50 'yan kasar Chile ne, sauran kuma 'yan Argentina ne. Ba a san ainihin adadin mutanen Chile a cikin dakaru 3778 ba. An kiyasta cewa ba zai wuce 30% ba.
Domin ya wargaza sojojin da ke adawa da juna, San Martín ya ba da izinin ci gaban wani ɓangare na sojojin ta hanyar Come Caballos, Guana, Portillo da Planchón. Kasancewa matakan da aka fi so a matsayin manyan buttresses, saboda biyun farko sun kasance zuwa arewa kuma na ƙarshe zuwa kudu.
Wani ci gaba ne na wasu sassa a gaban fiye da kilomita 2000 ta hanyar wucewar wani katon tsaunuka. Matakin da suka yi kokarin yaudarar sojojin masarautar Chile, wadanda ba su da masaniyar inda suka fito, wanda ya tilasta musu wargaza dakarunsu, sannan suka haifar da yunƙurin da ke goyon bayan juyin juya hali a yankuna masu nisa da babban birnin kasar, Santiago de Chile.
Daga ciki akwai wanda Ramón Freire ya jagoranta ya nufi Chillán, wanda ya isa kwanaki kadan kafin sauran, ya kuma gamsar da gwamnan masarautar cewa za a fara daga kudu.
A ƙarshe, José de San Martin ya kammala aikinsa na soja bayan ya yi hira a Guayaquil tare da Simón Bolívar, a cikin 1822, inda ya mika sojojinsa da nasarar 'yantar da Peru.
Ritaya
José de San Martin ya yanke shawarar janyewa sa’ad da ya yi la’akari da cewa ya cika aikinsa na ’yantar da mutane. A cikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1822 ya isa Chile kuma a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1823 ya ketare Andes, ya ratsa ta Mendoza, tare da tunanin zama a wannan yanki da ke waje da rayuwar jama'a.
Sai dai saboda wasu munanan kalamai da suka zarge shi da cewa yana da burin shugabanci, da kuma mutuwar matarsa a watan Fabrairu, ya sa ya tafi Turai a matsayin inda zai tafi, tare da rakiyar diyarsa Mercedes, wadda Ya ke da shekaru bakwai a duniya. lokaci.
Ya zauna na wani lokaci a Burtaniya, sannan ya tafi Brussels, Belgium, inda ya zauna cikin ladabi; Saboda karancin kudin shigarsa, sai da ya biya kudin karatun Mercedes.
Domin shekara ta 1827, lafiyarsa ta karye, saboda rheumatism da bangaren tattalin arziki: samun kudin shiga bai isa ga abincinsa ba. A waɗancan shekarun da ya yi a Turai, ya ji ƙaƙƙarfar kishi ga ƙasarsa ta haihuwa.
Ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarshe na komawa an yi shi ne a cikin 1829, shekaru biyu kafin, ya ba da ayyukansa ga hukumomin Argentina, kuma tare da kwarewar yaƙi don fuskantar daular Brazil. A wannan lokacin, ya nufi Buenos Aires, don yin sulhu a cikin rugujewar rugujewar da tarayya da masu tsakiya suka yi.
To amma da isarsa abin da ya tarar shi ne kasarsa ta haihuwa a cikin wani yanayi na tarwatsewa sakamakon kazamin fadace-fadacen da nufinsa ya yi watsi da shi, duk da bukatar abokai da dama, hakan bai sa ya taka kafarsa a gabar tekun Argentina da ya dade yana jira.
Ya koma Belgium kuma a cikin 1831 ya wuce ta Paris, inda ya zauna kusa da Seine, a cikin wani yanki na Grand-Bourg, wanda ya gode wa abokinsa mai karimci Don Alejandro Aguado, wanda shi ne abokinsa a Spain. A cikin shekara ta 1848, an kafa mazauninsa na dindindin a Boulogne-sur-Mer, Faransa, wanda ya ƙare rayuwarsa saboda mutuwa a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 1850, yana da shekaru 72. An binne shi a cikin Cathedral na Buenos Aires, ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1880.
José de San Martín da Simón Bolívar, ana daukar su a matsayin manyan masu 'yantar da Kudancin Amurka a cikin mulkin mallaka na Spain.
A Argentina ana daukarsa uban al'umma, ana ba shi lambar yabo ta wakilci kuma ana ganin shi a matsayin babban jarumi kuma gwarzon al'umma. A Peru, an san shi a matsayin mai 'yantar da al'umma, yana ba shi lakabin "wanda ya kafa 'yancin Peru", "wanda ya kafa Jamhuriyar", da "Generalissimo na Arms". Sojojin Chile sun gane shi da mukamin Kyaftin Janar.