Kun san menene? tarihin x-ray Kuma ta yaya aka kafa su, ta yaya zai yiwu a yi irin wannan tasirin? Menene tushen wanzuwarsa, ko hanyoyin don dalilai da amfani, muna gayyatar ku don koyo game da tarihin ban sha'awa na X-ray da sauran bayanai masu dacewa game da wannan batu mai ban sha'awa.
Ma'anar X-ray
Da farko, don fahimtar menene X-ray, yana da mahimmanci don magance rarrabuwa a cikin abin da aka samo abin da aka ce. Ya kamata a lura da cewa Electromagnetic radiation An yi shi da jerin igiyoyin lantarki na lantarki, wasu daga cikinsu suna kewaye da mu.
Wadannan raƙuman ruwa yawanci ana samun su ta dabi'a a cikin nau'ikan igiyoyin lantarki, bisa ga wannan bayanin, ya kamata a lura cewa akwai nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa nau'ikan igiyoyin lantarki. Daga cikin raƙuman ruwa da kimiyyar lissafi ta yi nazari cikin kulawa da tsafta, muna samun kamar haka:
- Gamma haskoki
- X-ray
- Infrared
- Jan wuta
- Hasken Violet
- Ultraviolet
- Kayan lantarki
- FM Radio - TV
- AM Radio
Kamar yadda muke iya gani, haskoki na X-ray suna wakiltar nau'in igiyar ruwa guda ɗaya kawai wanda ke cikin rarrabuwa na radiation na lantarki. Wannan radiation ba a iya gani a idanun mutane. Don haka, X-ray wani nau'i ne na radiation na lantarki wanda aikinsa shi ne shigar da wani jiki ko kwayoyin halitta don gudanar da bugu na hotuna da ke nuna wani yanki na musamman na jiki.
Irin wannan nau'in radiation na electromagnetic yana aiwatar da wasu ayyuka waɗanda ake aiwatar da su a kan lokaci saboda halayen da ke tare da shi, daga cikinsu muna iya ambaton su masu mahimmanci kuma a lokaci guda cikakke, sune:
Ikon shiga kowane jiki
Wannan yana wakiltar madaidaicin mahimmiyar canji a cikin halayen da ke ayyana radiyon X, godiya ga wannan ƙarfin da ya ce radiation ya mallaka, yana yiwuwa a yi da kyau a cikin tsarin da ke aiwatar da abin da aka faɗa. Yin la'akari da cewa ana yin amfani da shi ne kawai don dalilai masu amfani a fannin magani, yana gudanar da ba da damar ganin wasu sassan jiki ta hanyar X-ray.
Godiya ga tsarin digitization na yanzu, a yau yana yiwuwa a lura da hoto, wanda aka nuna jikin da ya shiga, yana ba da damar sanin da fassara hoton da aka ce ko da daga na'urar lantarki, kamar kwamfuta ko tarho.
Wannan makamashin da aka ware shi da X-ray yana tsaye ne a tsakanin bangarori biyu da muka ambata a baya, wadannan su ne ultraviolet radiation da kuma, bi da bi, gamma haskoki, wanda ke tasowa ta hanyar halitta. A nata bangaren, X-ray na aiwatar da wani tsari da ake kira ionizing. Tasirin da ke fassara zuwa ga fahimtar da ke ba da hanya ga adadin barbashi waɗanda ke haifar da cajin ion ta hanyar ƙarfin lantarki
gano x-rays
El asali da tarihin x-ray An tabbatar da godiya ga William Crookes, ɗalibin kimiyya wanda ya jaddada tare da zurfafa nazarinsa game da sakamakon da sakamakon iskar gas da aka yi wa fitar da makamashi, da nufin lura da tasirin da suka haifar. Hanyan Ta yaya aka gano x-rays? ana mayar da ita ta hanyar gwaji ko gwaji da aka yi ta amfani da kayan aikin bututun da ba kowa. Wanda kuma ya kasance tare da na'urorin lantarki, don samar da wutar lantarki.
Masanin kimiyyar ya ba da sunan don ya ce gwaji, ya ƙara sunansa na ƙarshe. Don haka, an bayyana shi azaman bututun Crookes. Hotunan da aka bazu sun nuna ta cikin waɗannan bututun, duk da haka, gwajin ya ci gaba kuma William ya shiga cikin wannan tasiri mai ban sha'awa wanda bututun ya haifar. Na gaba, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa masanin kimiyyar ya jaddada tasirin cutarwa da irin wannan radiation zai iya haifarwa.
A cikin shekara ta 1985, tarihi ya ba da haske ga sauran nazarin da aka yi akan Hittorff Crookes tubes, wannan lokacin na Wilhelm Roentgen, wanda aka lasafta shi da farko na rediyo. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da cewa halin da aka ce ya gano ainihin walƙiya, kuma an gudanar da shi a jere don ɗaukar hoton farko na hannu, duk da haka. wanda ya gano x-ray shi ne masanin kimiyya Crooker, a karkashin lura da wasu zato wanda daga baya kwararru daban-daban suka zurfafa a fannin.
Hasashen magana na kimiyya ya gudanar ta hanyar lura don gano wasu abubuwa da suka ba shi damar zayyana ka'idar da za ta sami takamaiman amsoshi. Binciken tasirin mai kyalli wanda ya haskaka bi da bi, hasken violet, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar haskoki daban-daban na cathode.
Bayan wannan abin ban mamaki, ya zo ga gano cewa wasu bututun da aka yi da baƙar fata sun sami nasarar kawar da hasken da ake iya gani. Tare da wannan, an haifar da rashin ƙarfi na haske a cikin nau'i na radiation tare da sautin rawaya, tare da sautunan kore, wanda ya fito daga makafi mai rufi na platinum, a cikin sautin cyanide, wanda a ƙarshe ya ɓace lokacin da bututun ya bace.
Ƙarshensa ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa hasken ya haifar da wani nau'i na radiation wanda ya kutsa sosai, la'akari da cewa ya yi amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban kamar takarda da kuma kayan ƙarfe masu haske. Ya mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da faranti na hoto don isa wurin nunin cewa an nuna abubuwa a bayyane a kan na'urar X-ray, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kauri mai canzawa.
Nasarorin sun kasance masu girma kuma nan da nan, da tarihin x-ray don haka duba shi. Masanin kimiyya ya gudanar da aikin rediyo na farko na ɗan adam. Wannan x-ray ya nuna hannu, matarsa ce ta ba da kansa don yin x-ray. Da yake fuskantar wannan gwaji na nasara, ya yanke shawarar suna wannan aikin, a ƙarƙashin ƙarshen haskoki da ba a sani ba. Domin kuwa har yanzu bai gano musabbabin abin da ya gano ba. A karkashin waɗannan zato, bayanan da aka samu a lokacin shine cewa radiation ta haifar da hasken cathode lokacin da ya buga wasu abubuwa.
Daga baya labarin ya jaddada cewa an bayyana sabbin bincike mai zurfi a kan asalin haskoki. Koyaya, duk da cewa wasu masana kimiyya sun sami nasarar gano wasu bayanan da suka dace, kimiyya ta zaɓi kiyaye sunan farko da aka ba shi. Yana zuwa ta wannan hanyar da za a san shi a ƙarƙashin cancantar Roentgen, wanda ya kirkiro x-ray
Wilhelm Roetngen ya sami karbuwa da yawa saboda wahayin binciken kimiyya na X-ray, gaskiyar da aka rubuta a tarihi. Mai martaba ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physics a shekarar 1901. Haka kuma, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Crown, kasancewar shi da kansa Sarkin Jamus Wilhelm II wanda ya taya shi murna tare da ba shi lambar yabo mai mahimmanci. Daga karshe na shekarar 1986 kungiyar Royal Society of London ita ma ta ba shi lambar yabo don girmama kokarinsa.
X-ray samar
Yana yiwuwa a iya nuna wanzuwar haskoki na X-ray tun lokacin da ana iya ganin su daga lokacin da igiyar lantarki tare da manyan cajin makamashi ke sarrafa rage gudu lokacin da ya ci karo da wani karfe. Wannan aikin yana haifar da radiation, sabili da haka, ana haifar da sakamako bisa ga samar da a Bakan lantarki wanda kuma yana fitar da bakan daban-daban akai-akai wanda a karshe aka ayyana shi da X-ray.
An bayyana wannan radiation da "braking radiation" wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar wani ɗan gajeren zango wanda ya dogara da wasu makamashin da electrons ke fitarwa, la'akari da cewa wasu atom da ke fitowa daga wani abu a cikin nau'i na karfe suna haifar da hasken X-ray na su. an bayyana su azaman monochromatic. Wani tushe kuma shine radiation na synchrotron wanda ke bayyana ta hanyar ƙararrawa accelerators.
Ta wannan hanyar, ana la'akari da cewa a ko'ina cikin tarihin x-ray Ana haɓaka tasirinsa da ayyukansa a wuraren asibitoci, da kuma a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje, waɗanda aka saba amfani da bututun X-ray.
filament tube
Irin wannan nau'in bututu tare da filament yana wakiltar wani abu a cikin nau'i na gilashin da ba a ciki ba, wato, fanko, inda za'a iya samun na'urori 2 a kusa da iyakarsa. Yana da wani sinadari da aka ayyana shi da catado wanda ke tare da filament mai suna tusgten, yana kuma da sinadarin karfe wanda ke da aikin fitar da makamashi.
Hakanan, tsarin yana haifar da haɓakar cathode wanda aka mayar da hankali kan abin da aka yi niyya, yana ba da damar haɓaka hasken X-ray sakamakon wani karo. A ƙarshe, ana kammala radiation da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari wanda yayi daidai da makamashin da aikin X-ray ke fitarwa.
Yin la'akari da cewa sauran suna wakiltar electrons tare da makamashin zafi. Ayyukan anode shine kwantar da kayan don hana abin da aka fada daga fitowa, wannan zai yiwu ne kawai idan kuna amfani da motar da ke aiwatar da juyawa akai-akai.
Lokacin juyawa, digiri na dumama yana nufin rarrabawa a cikin dukan tsawon tsawon anode, kuma kafin irin wannan kisa, yana yiwuwa a aiwatar da aiki mai gamsarwa tare da karfi da juriya. Said tube yana da taga wanda ke bayyana gaba ɗaya ga haskoki na X-ray, wanda aka yi shi da abubuwa masu kyau kuma masu laushi, kamar aluminum da beryllium.
X-ray tube makirci
Bututun yana da abun ciki na iskar gas da ke gabatowa 001 mmHg wanda ke ƙidaya azaman matsa lamba. Ana bincika wannan ta wani nau'in bawul ɗin da ke tare da cathode na kayan haske na sunken, wannan yana yarda da mayar da hankali ga electrons da kuma bi da bi na anode. Wadannan ionized barbashi dauke da nitrogen da kuma oxygen samu a cikin tube kogon wanda bi da bi suna kullum janyo hankalin zuwa cathode da anode.
X-ray detectors
A halin yanzu, ana la'akari da cewa akwai nau'ikan na'urorin gano X-ray iri-iri, daya daga cikin na'urori na farko da za a iya tabbatar da su shine fina-finai na hoto, wanda aikinsa shi ne emulsion wanda ke ba da izni ga tsayin igiyoyin ruwa da suke fitarwa ta hanyar. X-rays.
Wasu daga cikin fina-finan da ake watsawa a wannan mitar ana tantance su ta hanyar wani sinadari ko abin sha da yawa wanda a lokaci guda ke fuskantar ƙuntatawa wanda ke kaiwa ga matsayi na layukan gani. Ana la'akari da wannan ƙarfin hali, wanda ke da iyaka, gaskiyar da ta sa su zama gudun hijira a halin yanzu.
Zamani ya fara ƙirƙira a cikin sabbin na'urori masu ganowa waɗanda ke da ikon yin cikakkun hotuna masu ƙima da ƙima. A matsayin misali na wannan muna iya ambaton sanannun allunan da ake amfani da su a asibitoci.
Wadannan faranti suna da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in phosphorescent, wanda electrons ke ƙara yawan kuzarin da ke sha rayukan X-ray, kuma suna cika aikin tarkon haskoki a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi. Wadannan electrons ne ke da alhakin sakin makamashin bayan hasken farantin da aka samar da hasken laser kuma a lokaci guda suna samar da haske mai karfi daidai da na X-ray da ya buga farantin.
An yi la'akari da cewa masu gano suna da tsari na girman girman da ya fi dacewa da bambanci da fim din hoto. A farkon 2.000, ci gaban ya kasance mai ban mamaki tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da sababbin na'urori tare da kyamarorin kyamarori masu kyau da kuma waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin sababbin faranti da aka sani da PAD.
Wasu kayan da ke cikin nau'in ionizing na'urorin kuma ana ƙidaya su azaman na'urar ganowa ta X-ray, aikin su yana cikin auna ionization wanda ke tasowa sakamakon mu'amala ta hanyar X-ray tare da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta da suka hada da gas.
Matsalolin lafiya masu yiwuwa
Akwai nau'o'in tasirin da za a iya haifar da su ta hanyar X-ray a cikin nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta daban-daban, waɗannan haɗari na iya zama ƙasa ko mafi girma, dangane da adadin da aka yi ta hanyar bayyanar da haskoki. A cikin yanayin bayyanar da aka yi a lokacin haɓakar X-ray, tasirin ba shi da illa ko cutarwa ga lafiya.
Duk da haka, ci gaba da bayyanar da mafi girman allurai yana samun nasarar samar da lalacewa mai karfi da ya haifar da bambancin ionizing radiation da ke wanzu. Daga cikin lamuran da suka fi fice a matsayin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwanƙwalwar bayyanar X-ray mun sami:
- duban kirji
- da abs
- Nazarin shiga tsakani irin su hemodynamics
Waɗannan su ne wasu filayen X-ray waɗanda yawanci ke kawo illa ga lafiyar kowane mutum. A saboda wannan dalili, dole ne a aiwatar da sabbin dabarun radiation masu tasiri don wannan aikin, la'akari da cewa dole ne a inganta shi gaba ɗaya don cikakken amfani.
Wasu illolin ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation yana kawo wasu illolin da za su iya zama cutarwa ga lafiya gabaɗaya, ana rarraba waɗannan tasirin kamar haka:
radiation jawo kansa
Yana da alaƙa da illolin da ake samu daga wasu nau'ikan na'urorin X-ray na wani ɗan lokaci, wanda hakan yakan tsawaita a lokuta daban-daban na likitanci, a wannan lokacin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna cikin fallasa akai-akai. Duk da haka, ƙananan lokuta an gabatar da su a ƙarƙashin wannan yanayin.
Tasirin mata masu juna biyu
La tarihin x-ray yana nuna cewa wadannan suna da matukar illa ga mata masu juna biyu. Matsayin haɗarin ya fi girma a wasu lokuta na ciki, idan har bayan makonni shida, a wannan lokacin maganin X-ray na iya zama mai cutarwa sosai, wannan bayyanar yana iya haifar da sakamako kamar:
- Cututtukan tsarin jijiya
- Rashin hankali
- rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta
Wadannan kadan ne daga cikin illolin da ake samu a lokacin daukar ciki a lokacin da ake yin X-ray, ta haka ne ake ba da shawarar kada a gudanar da duk wani nau'in magani da ke bukatar samun irin wannan nau'in radiation.
Sauran illolin da ke faruwa a jikin ɗan adam saboda kuzarin X-ray sune:
- Rashin gashi
- fata konewa
- Cataracts ko hangen nesa
- Ciwon daji
- Rashin hankali
- Rashin lafiya
- Lalacewar kwayoyin halitta ko lahani
- Da sauransu
ƙaddara
An kwatanta su da hatsarori da ke da matukar tsanani, wanda ya shafi yadda amfani da hasken X-ray ba ya ƙidaya a matsayin mafi kyawun zaɓi game da ayyukan likita.
Ƙididdiga na cikin gida
Yana nufin mutanen da ke buƙatar yin aikin X-ray akai-akai, sannan kuma adadin da ake yi yana da ƙarfi sosai ta fuskar makamashin da ake bayarwa. Daga cikin waɗannan jiyya za mu iya ba da haske game da aikin rediyo da kuma ƙaddamar da nazarin da ke buƙatar shiga tsakani a cikin yanayin cututtukan fata.
Wani sakamako mai ban mamaki da ke haifar da haskoki na X-ray shine cutar cataract wanda ke haifar da haɗuwa da hasken X-ray kai tsaye a cikin ido, ko da yake yana da wuya a cikin mutane, irin wannan haɗari yakan faru a cikin waɗanda aka sadaukar da su don yin aiki na wani nau'i na radiation. . Don haka, dole ne a kula da aikin kuma dole ne a kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin wasu matakan rigakafi. A ƙarshe, ta hanyar tarihin x-ray An lura da illolin cutarwa iri-iri waɗanda ke da ƙarfi ga lafiyar ɗan adam.