Daya daga cikin marubutan da har yanzu suna da inganci da ayyukansu, wato Giovanni Boccaccio Sanannen wasansa mai suna The Decameron. Wasu labarai da yawa an saƙa daga gare ta. Ayyukansa sun kasance suna daidaitawa a cikin soyayya, ko da yake ba shi da sa'a a wannan fanni na rayuwa. Kada ku rasa wannan labari mai ban sha'awa. Na tabbata za ku so shi.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Ranar haihuwar Giovanni Boccaccio ita ce ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1313, kuma ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1375. Tattaunawa game da wurin da aka haife shi ya faru tsakanin garuruwan Certaldo da Florence, a Italiya. Ya yi fice don kasancewa sanannen marubuci kuma babban ɗan adam na asalin Italiyanci. Mafi yawan abubuwan da aka rubuta na adabi na John Boccaccio An rubuta su a cikin harshen Latin.
Daga cikin ayyukan mafi mahimmancin ayyukan wannan marubuci, akwai mai suna Decameron. Wannan aikin yana wakiltar littafi mai mahimmanci don koyarwar ilimi a fagen wallafe-wallafen Turai. Salon da ke siffanta wannan aikin adabi shine ɗan gajeren labari, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da labari.
[su_note] Yin la'akari da cewa ana amfani da ruwaya, an tsara shi azaman hanyar fasaha. Haka nan, ta hanyar wannan aikin, an inganta harsashin wata babbar makaranta mai suna Novellieri, wadda ta kwaikwayi aikinsa.[/su_note]
Tasirin wannan aikin adabi ya rinjayi duniyar fasaha, tun da za mu iya morewa Giovanni Boccaccio Painting Ayyukan Sandro Boticelli wanda ke ɗaukar hotuna a kan zane-zane daban-daban akan labarun Decameron. Daga cikin waɗanda suka sami mafi yawan fitarwa za mu iya ambaton Tarihin Nastgio degli Onesti. Wannan aikin yana nuna mana labari na biyar na Rana ta Hudu. Ma’ana, yana bayyana yadda saurayin da matar da yake ƙauna ba ta rama ba, ya lura da yadda wani jarumi da maƙiyi biyu ke bi da budurwar ƙaunataccen kuma don ya cece ta ya ba da zuciyarsa ga karnuka don su ci.
Tarihin Rayuwa
A cewar Biography na giovanni boccaccio An haife shi a watan Yuni na shekara ta 1313. Mahaifinsa shi ne dan kasuwa Boccaccio di Chellino. Ya kasance wakilin wani kamfani mai ƙarfi irin na kasuwa na Bardi.
Duk da haka, dangane da mahaifiyarsa, ba shi da cikakken bayani game da tabbas. Ko da takamaiman wurin haifuwar Boccaccio ana jayayya. Ana tsammanin zai iya kasancewa a cikin Florence, ko watakila a Certaldo. Akwai ma wadanda suka tabbatar da cewa zai iya kasancewa a Paris, domin mahaifinsa ya yi tafiya zuwa wannan birni a lokuta da yawa saboda aikinsa.
Hakanan, abin da aka sani game da ƙuruciyarsa shine ya ci gaba a Florence, kuma mahaifinsa ne ke kula da tarbiyyarsa da ilimi. Har ma ya ci gaba da zama a gidan mahaifinsa bayan shekara ta 1319, a lokacin mahaifinsa ya auri Margherita dei Mardoli.
A cikin shekaru daga 1325 zuwa 1327, wurin zama na Giovanni Boccaccio biography ya bayyana mana cewa Florence ce. Hakan ne sakamakon mahaifinsa ya tura shi yin aiki a ofishin mallakar Bardi da ke Naples.
Domin Giovanni Boccaccio ya nuna cewa bai fi karkata ga batun kasuwanci ba, sai mahaifinsa ya yanke shawara a cikin shekara ta 1331, don jagorantar shi zuwa nazarin Canon Law. Wannan ma babban gazawa ne.
Daga cikin Giovanni Bocaccio ayyuka mafi mahimmanci Suna iya komawa zuwa farauta don Diana, Filoloco, Filolastro, The Teseida, The Comedy na Florentine Nymphs (Ameto), hangen nesa mai ƙauna, Elegy na Madonna Fiammetta, Ninfale fiesolano, The Decameron, The Corbacho, da sauransu.
fara da haruffa
Bayan gazawar karatunsa na dokokin canon, yanzu yana iya ba da kansa gabaɗaya ga wasiƙa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin manyan malamai na kotun Neapolitan, kamar Paolo da Perugia da kuma Andaló di Negro. Daga nan sai ya fara yawan tsabtace yanayin kotun Robert na Anjou, wanda abokin mahaifinsa ne.
Don haka, lokacin da shekarun 1330 zuwa 1331 suka isa, matashin Giovanni Boccaccio ya sami babban tasiri na mawaƙin Stilnovista Cino da Pistoia, wanda ya ci gaba da koyar da Shari'a a Jami'ar Naples.
Da safiyar ranar 30 ga Maris, 1331, musamman ranar Asabar mai tsarki, Giovanni Bocaccio bai cika shekara goma sha bakwai ba. A wannan rana ya sadu da wata mace 'yar asalin Neapolitan. Soyayya ya kamashi sosai.
[su_note] Ya kamata a lura cewa an kwatanta wannan taron a cikin aikin marubucin Filocolo. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan macen tana dawwama da sunan Fiammetta “llamita”, wadda ta yi zawarcinta ba tare da gajiyawa ba ta hanyar waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi daban-daban.[/su_note]
Fiammeta: Maria Aquinas
Daya daga cikin Bocaccio yana aiki mai suna Fiammeta. Wataƙila Fiammetta ita ce Maria de Aquinas. Ita ce halacciyar 'yar ko wacce sarki. Bugu da kari, wannan matar da ta dauki hankalin marubucin, matar wani mutumi ne na kotu. Koyaya, dole ne mu haskaka gaskiyar cewa ba a sami takaddun da ke tabbatar da hakan ba.
Sannan Fiammetta, shine mabudin da zai bude kofofin kotun ga Giovanni Boccaccio. Kazalika abin da ya fi muhimmanci, don tallata shi a fagen adabi da aka fara a wancan lokacin. Don haka a karkashin wannan tasirin, Giovanni Boccaccio ya ci gaba da rubuta litattafansa da kuma wakokinsa na matasa na kotu, daga inda za a iya ambata su. Giovanni Boccaccio aiki kamar:
[icon su_list = "icon: duba" icon_color="#15ab16″]
- Philocolus
- Philostratus
- Wadannan
- amethyst
- hangen nesa mai ƙauna
- Elegy na Madonna Fiammetta.
[/ su_ jerin]
Bayan haka, bayan ya kasance a Naples na kimanin shekaru goma sha uku, a cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1340, lokacinsa ya koma Florence. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa mahaifinsa ya fuskanci koma baya na kudi sosai.
Daga baya tsakanin shekarun 1346 da 1348, ya ci gaba da zama a Ravenna, a cikin kotun Ostasio da Polenta, da kuma Forli kasancewar bako na Francesco Ordelaffi. Don haka a can ne, ya ci gaba da ganawa da fitattun mawaka Nereo Morandi da Checco di Melletto, wadanda daga baya ya ci gaba da tuntubar su ta hanyar wasiku.
Shaidar Annoba da mutuwar uban
Ga yadda shekara ta 1348 ta zo sa’ad da ya koma Florence, inda ya zama shaida ga annoba, wadda aka kwatanta daidai a cikin Decameron. Sai kuma a shekara ta 1349, ya fuskanci rashin lafiyar mahaifinsa.
Da yake a lokacin Giovanni Boccaccio ya ci gaba da gaske, ya zauna a Florence. Domin ya kula da abin da ya rage na dukiyar mahaifinsa.
A cikin birnin Arno Giovanni Boccaccio ya zama abin godiya ga al'adun wallafe-wallafensa. Sa'an nan kuma kashi na farko na abun da ke ciki na The Decameron, ya faru ne a lokacin da ya zauna a Florence, tsakanin shekarun 1349 zuwa 1351. Haka kuma, nasarar da ya samu ya sa aka nada shi a jerin mukamai na jama'a, wanda 'yan uwansa suka gabatar da shi. 'yan ƙasa. Daga ciki za a iya yin cikakken bayani:
[icon su_list = "icon: duba" icon_color="#15ab16″]
- Ambasada ga sarakunan Romagna - shekara ta 1350
- Chamberlain na Municipality - shekara ta 1351
- Jakadan Florence a cikin kotun papal na Avignon - shekara ta 1354 da 1365. [/su_list]
Sa'an nan, a cikin shekara ta 1351, an ba shi aikin da ya dace da ƙaura zuwa Padua, inda Petrarch ya zauna. Wanda ya sadu da shi a shekarar da ta gabata, domin ya gayyace shi ya zauna a matsayin farfesa a Florence.
Kasancewa lamarin cewa, ko da lokacin da Petrarch ya ki amincewa da shawarwarin da ake magana a kai, an sami kyakkyawar abota tsakanin marubutan biyu. Zai sami tsawaitawa, har sai a shekara ta 1374 mutuwar Petrarch ta faru.
Haka nan, rayuwar shiru da Giovanni Boccaccio ya yi a matsayin malami ta katse kwatsam. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ra’ayin da ɗan ƙasar Sienese Gioacchino CIani ya ba shi, wanda ya ƙarfafa shi ya watsar da littattafai.
Yiwuwar lalata ayyukansa
Kamar duk muhawarar da aka yi la'akari da su a matsayin lalata. Sa'an nan, irin wannan ra'ayi ne cewa wannan sufi ya haifar a Giovanni Boccaccio, cewa wannan marubucin ya yi tunanin kona ayyukansa, wanda Petrarch ya yi sa'a ya hana shi.
Lokacin da shekara ta 1362 ta isa, Giovanni Boccaccio ya koma Naples. Sakamakon gayyata da abokan Florentine suka yi masa, tun yana fatan ya sami wasu sana'o'i a can, wanda zai ba shi damar ci gaba da rayuwarsa ta hanyar aiki da kwanciyar hankali, wanda a baya ya sami damar jagoranci.
Ƙari, duk da haka, a lokacin John I na Anjou, birnin Naples ya bambanta da birnin da ya sani a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, wanda ke da fa'idodin kasancewa:
[icon su_list = "icon: duba" icon_color="#15ab16″]
- wadata
- al'ada
- Serena.[/su_list]
Don haka Giovanni Boccaccio ya ci gaba da watsar da ita da sauri. Kuma bayan ɗan lokaci a Venice, don yin gaisuwa ga Petrarch a cikin shekara ta 1370, ya ci gaba da yin ritaya zuwa gidansa da ke Certaldo, tun da yake wannan wuri yana kusa da Florence.
Duk wannan tare da manufar rayuwa wani abu keɓe kuma ta wannan hanyar samun damar sadaukar da lokaci ga tunani na addini tare da yin karatu. Kasancewar an katse waɗannan ayyukan ne kawai, ta wasu taƙaitaccen tafiye-tafiye zuwa Naples a cikin shekarun 1370 da 1371.
Sa’an nan, a lokacin ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, da kuma ta majalisar birnin Florence, an ba shi umurni ya gudanar da karatun jama’a na The Divine Comedy. Wanne aiki ne na Dante, gaskiyar cewa abin takaici ya kasa gamawa. Sakamakon cutar da ta yi sanadiyar mutuwarsa, ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1375.
Ayyukan Giovanni Boccaccio
A cikin Giovanni Boccaccio aiki, akwai da yawa daga cikin manyan wakoki da kyau. Saboda haka, za mu sami a ƙasa wasu mafi mahimmanci da kyau. Domin sanin ɗan ƙaramin aikin wannan shahararren ɗan wasan Italiyanci.
Babban aikin Giovanny Bocaccio: Decameron
Decameron yana wakiltar Babban aikin Giovanni Bocaccio. A shekara ta 1348, a Florence, lokacin da annoba ta zo da ta halaka mazauna birnin da kuma abin da marubucin ya shaida, an ƙarfafa shi ya rubuta wannan aikin.
Aikin yana game da taron matasa goma a cocin Santa Isabel María Novella, wanda akwai maza uku da mata bakwai. Wadannan yaran sun yanke shawarar komawa wani kauye, wanda ke da nisa da birnin, domin tsira daga annobar da ta addabi birnin.
Matakin da ya yanke shi ne kada a yi musu rajista a zukatansu abubuwan da suka faru a baya. Matasan sun ci gaba da ba da labari a tsakaninsu. Haka suka yi kwana goma sha hudu a villa. Duk da haka, da Juma'a da Asabar suka zo, ba su ba da labari ba.
Kwanaki goma ana ba da labari, don haka sunan aikin. Kowane daga cikin matasan ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon kamar shi sarki ne, kuma ya yanke shawara game da abin da labaran za su yi magana akai.
Wannan ya kasance banda na farko da kwanaki tara. A cikin abin da labarun za su kasance jigo na kyauta. Wannan shi ne yadda gaba ɗaya, an yi adadin labaran 100, tare da tsawaita rashin daidaituwa a tsakanin su.
[su_note] Dangane da tushen Giovanni Boccaccio, sun bambanta, tunda sun taso ne daga al'adun gargajiyar da suka kasance Greco-Latin har sai sun isa fabliaux na Faransanci waɗanda suke na zamani. Babu shakka wannan shine aikin da ya mutu Giovanni Bocaccio.[/su_note]
Farautar Diana ta Giovanni Boccaccio
Wani daga cikin Giovanni Boccaccio yana aiki A cikin abin da aka sani da "farautar Diana" - La caccia di Diana, yana da kwanan watan rubutawa a cikin shekara ta 1334, a birnin Naples. Don haka wata gajeriyar waka ce ta batsa, wacce ta kunshi wakoki goma sha takwas, wadanda ake iya ganin su an gabatar da su sau uku.
Amma game da hujjarsa, ana iya taƙaita shi kamar haka: A lokacin da Giovanni Boccaccio ya shiga cikin soyayyar baƙin ciki da ya ji, allahn Diana ya aiko da ruhu mai laushi, wanda ya kira mafi kyawun matan Naples, sunayensu, sunayen sunaye. har ma ana nakalto munafunci ko sunaye na soyayya, ga kotu “dell'alta idea”.
Kasancewar masoyin mawakin ne ya jagorance su da ba a san su ba, sai suka yi nasarar isa wani kwari. A can ne suke wanka a cikin kogi. Kuma daga baya Diana, allahiya, ta raba 'yan mata zuwa rukuni hudu kuma farauta ta fara.
A lokacin da aka tattara madatsun ruwa a cikin makiyaya, Diana ta gayyaci matan don yin hadaya ga Jupiter. Kazalika don tsarkake kansu ga al'ada daidai da tsabta. Sa'an nan kuma, wanda yake ƙaunataccen Giovanni Boccaccio ya ci gaba da yin tawaye kuma yana magana a madadin kowa, ya bayyana cewa ra'ayinsa ya bambanta.
Siffar Venus
Don haka Diana ta ɓace cikin sararin sama, kuma Donna Al'ummai, wanda shine ƙaunataccen mawaƙin, yayi furcin addu'a ga Venus. Dalilin da ya sa allahn ya yi bayyanar ta, kuma ya ci gaba da canza dabbobin da aka kama.
A ciki kuma akwai mawaki, wanda ya kasance a cikin surar barewa, a cikin wasu matasa masu ban sha'awa. Kasancewa ƙarshen waƙar, hoton da ya dace da ikon fansa na ƙauna, wanda ya kasance maƙasudi a cikin aikin Boccaccio.
Sabili da haka, manufar wannan waka shine yabo kyakkyawa, mafi kyawun mata a cikin birni, wanda ya sa ya zama kusa da Dante's Vita Nuova.
The Philocolo ta Giovanni Boccaccio
Dangane da El Filocolo, wannan labari ne, mai faɗi kuma mai ban sha'awa, tare da ra'ayoyinsa na ban mamaki da rashin hankali waɗanda ke ba da kansu ga rudani. An rubuta shi a cikin nau'i na wallafe-wallafe, kuma ya ba da labarin almara mai alaka da Florio da Biancofiore - Flores da Blancaflor.
Kasancewar asalinsa na Faransanci, wanda kuma ya sami yaɗuwar yawa a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban. Zai yiwu cewa wahayi na Giovanni Boccaccio ya fito ne daga aikin Tuscan mai suna "Il Cantare di Fiorio e Biancifiore", wanda kuma ya dogara ne akan wata waka ta asali daga karni na goma sha biyu.
Har ila yau, wannan aikin yana kunshe ne a tsakanin shekarun 1336 da 1338. Bisa ga buƙatar Fiammetta, bisa ga abin da Giovanni Boccaccio kansa ya yi magana a cikin gabatarwa. Dangane da take, ya fito a matsayin sabon marubucin. Baya ga wani mugun Greek wanda watakila, Ina so in yi ma'anar wani abu kamar "ƙauna gajiya".
Don haka ne a cikin haka ne muka sami kanmu, tare da riwayoyin ɓarna da suka yi daidai da matasa biyu. Suna cikin soyayya kuma su ne Florio, wanda dan Sarki Felice na Spain ne, da Biancofiore, wadda ta kasance yarinya marayu, wadda ta kai ga maraba a kotu ta hanyar ibada.
Kuma wanda yake game da 'yar wasu masu daraja waɗanda suke Romawa. Wadanda suka mutu lokacin da suka sami kansu a aikin hajji a Santiago de Compostela.
Kuma suka yi soyayya
Sa'an nan waɗannan matasan biyu suka ci gaba da girma tare kuma suna ƙaunar juna lokacin da suka girma. Duk da haka, sarkin, don hana su aure, ya ci gaba da sayar da Biancofiore kamar ita bawa ga wasu 'yan kasuwa. Wanda daga baya zai mika shi ga Admiral na Iskandariya.
Don haka Florio, mai tsananin bege, ya ci gaba da ɗaukar sunan Filicolo kuma ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don neman ƙaunataccensa. Duk da haka, da ya same ta a ƙarshe, sai ya zama an gano shi kuma suka kama shi. A karshe a yanke wa matasan biyu hukuncin kisa bisa umarnin Admiral.
Ya kamata a ƙara bayyana cewa, kafin a aiwatar da wannan kisa, Admiral ya gane Florio a matsayin ɗan'uwansa. Da yake shi ma ya gano, asali mai daraja da Biacofiore ya mallaka. Da wanda wadannan masoyan biyu suka samu damar komawa kasar Italiya cikin farin ciki, kuma daga karshe suka kulla aurensu.
[su_note] Yana da kyau a lura cewa gabatarwar da ta yi daidai da wannan aikin na Giovanni Boccaccio, bayan ya koma asalin mulkin Naples, inda aka yi amfani da ɗimbin maganganu na tatsuniyoyi, marubucin kuma ya yi nuni ga hanyar. ya kamu da son Fiammetta.[/su_note]
Da yake ya dube ta a ranar Asabar mai tsarki a coci, wadda ke cikin gidan zuhudu. Da kuma yadda ta nemi ya rubuta waka da wulakanci, wanda ke nuni da cewa novel ne. Hakanan, ana iya tsara Filocolo, a cikin abin da aka sani da nau'in novel na Byzantine.
The Philostratus na Giovanni Boccaccio
Wannan aikin na Giovanni Boccaccio waka ce irin ta labari. Shi da kansa ya gabatar da hujjar da ta saba. Wanda aka rubuta a ainihin octaves. Kazalika an kafa sashensa a cikin wakoki takwas. Dangane da take, an kafa ta da wata kalma ta asalin Hellenanci, da wata asalin Latin. Mai yiwuwa fassararsa ta zama na wani abu kamar "Ƙauna ta Kashe".
Sannan hujjar wakar ita ce salon tatsuniyoyi. Da yake ya ba da labarin soyayyar da Troilus ya ji, wanda shi ne auta a cikin 'ya'yan Priam, ga Cresida, wadda 'yar Calchas ce. Da yake la'akari da cewa wannan shi ne boka na asalin Trojan, wanda, da yake yana da masaniya game da faduwar birnin, sa'an nan kuma ya koma gefen Helenawa.
Don haka Troilo ya yi nasarar cin nasarar Crésida, ta hanyar taimakon abokinsa Pándaro, wanda dan uwan yarinyar ne. Koyaya, yayin musayar fursunoni na gaba, sun ƙare tura Cressida zuwa sansanin Girka. Sa'an nan kuma a can ne jarumin asalin Girkanci mai suna Diomedes ya ci gaba da soyayya da ita. La'akari da cewa ban da haka, ya zama abin ramawa daga wannan budurwa.
Daga nan sai Troilus ya yi nasarar gano irin cin amanar da ƙaunataccensa ya yi masa, a daidai lokacin da Trojan Deiphobus ya tafi da kayan da ya kwaso daga Diomedes a yaƙi. La'akari da cewa a kan shi, akwai wani brooch wanda na Cresida.
[su_box title=”A karshe an harbe shi” radius=”6″]
Wannan shi ne yadda Troilus, ya fusata, ya ƙare ya jefa kansa cikin yaƙi ta hanyar neman yin adawa da Diomedes. Duk da haka, ko da lokacin da ya sami damar haifar da wani rikici a cikin sahu na Helenawa, ba zai iya samunsa ba sannan ya ƙare har Achilles ya harbe shi.
Yana da kyau a ambata cewa wannan labarin bai zo kai tsaye daga tatsuniya ba. Maimakon haka, Roman de Troie ne, wanda ya kasance sake yin aiki na asalin Faransanci na tsakiya, daidai da almara na Trojan da Benoît de Sainte-Maure ya yi, a cikin karni na goma sha biyu.
Kuma Giovanni Boccaccio ya san hakan a cikin sigar da aka yi da Italiyanci, ta marubucin Guido delle Colonne. Kazalika, waƙar Boccaccio ta ci gaba da zaburar da Geoffrey Chaucer, a cikin wace ce waƙarsa Troilus da Criseyde, mai ɗauke da hujja iri ɗaya.
Dangane da hujjar da ke da alaƙa da Philostratus, yana yiwuwa a karanta shi azaman rubutun da ke cikin maɓallin adabi na soyayyarsa da FIammetta. Kasancewar an saita waƙar kamar kotun Naples.
Hakazalika, ilimin halin ɗan adam ya juya ya zama an kwatanta shi da wasu bayanan sirri. Hakazalika, babu yarjejeniya kan ranar da ya ci gaba da rubuta wannan aikin. Kuma cewa a cewar wasu ana iya rubuta shi a shekara ta 1335, yayin da a wasu ra’ayi, kwanan watan ya yi daidai da shekara ta 1340.[/su_box]
Wadannan
Abin lura ne cewa bisa ga wasu mawallafa aikin Teseida, wanda cikakken sunansa Teseida delle nozze di Emilia, wanda ke nufin "Teseida na bikin aure na Emilia", ya zama waka na farko na almara da aka yi a cikin harshen Italiyanci.
Kasancewar a cikinta ne marubucin ya yi amfani da ainihin octave, kamar yadda yake a cikin Filostrato. Don haka Giovanni Boccaccio, ya ba da labari a cikin wannan aikin, na menene yaƙe-yaƙe da aka ci gaba, tsakanin jarumin asalin Girkanci Theseus tare da Amazons. Kamar yadda a kan birnin Thebes. A wannan yanayin, an raba waƙar zuwa waƙoƙi goma sha biyu, tana kwaikwayon Virgil's Aeneid da kuma Estacio's Thebaid.
Ko da yake bangaren wannan aikin ya zama almara, Giovanni Boccaccio bai ɓoye ainihin jigon soyayya a cikin ci gabansa ba. Don haka, Teseida ta kuma ba da labarin arangamar da ta faru tsakanin samari biyu da suka fito daga Thebes. Kuma su ne Palemon da Arcita.
Kasancewa lamarin cewa waɗannan rigingimu sun kasance masu tasiri, don ƙaunar Emilia, ita ce 'yar'uwar sarauniyar Amazons. Kazalika da matar Theseus, mai suna Hippolyta.
Hakazalika, wannan aikin kuma ya ƙunshi wasiƙa mai faɗi da kuma haɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa Fiammetta. Kazalika tsarin tare da adadin sonnets goma sha biyu. Sun yi taƙaice dai dai, ga waƙoƙi goma sha biyu waɗanda waƙar ta ƙunshi.
The Comedy na Florentine Nymphs (Ameto)
Game da aikin Giovanni Boccaccio mai suna The Comedy of the Florentine Nymphs ko "Comedy delle ninfe fiorentine". Wanda kuma aka sani da Ninfale d'Ameto ko ma mafi sauƙi kamar Ameto, daga sunan jarumin. Ya juya ya zama ƙila an haɗa shi tsakanin shekarun 1341 da 1342.
Wannan aikin tatsuniyar tatsuniya ce wacce ba ta da amfani - nau'in almara, wanda aka rubuta a cikin litattafai. Ko da a lokacin da wasu gutsuttsura kuma aka haɗa su a cikin 'yan uku, waɗanda aka daure. Don haka wannan cakudewar larabci da aya ba sabo ba ne ko kadan. Domin ana samun shi a cikin ayyuka masu yawa daga zamanin da, kamar:
[icon su_list = "icon: duba" icon_color="#15ab16″]
- Sabuwar Rayuwa ta Dante
- De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii - Aure na Mercury da Falsafa. [/your_list]
Na karshen shine na Marciano Capella. Sa'an nan kuma a cikin jigon jigon da Giovanni Boccaccio ya yi, an yi tsarin tsarin ikon fansa na ƙauna. Wanda ke baiwa dan Adam damar ketare shingen jahilcinsa zuwa ga ilimi da kuma fahimtar sirrin Ubangiji daidai gwargwado.
Gano na nymphs
Farkon wannan aikin yana tare da makiyayi Ameto, wanda ke yawo a cikin dazuzzuka na Etruria. A wurin ne ya ci gaba da gano gungun ƴan ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴaƴan mata masu kyan gani, waɗanda suke wanka yayin da suke sauraron waƙar Lía. Ameto, sannan ya sami kansa da wannan kyakkyawan waƙar, ya ƙare cikin soyayya da Lía.
Sa'an nan kuma ya ci gaba da gabatar da kansa ga nymphs. Lamarin ne cewa nymphs suka ci gaba da haɗuwa a wuri mai dadi a ranar da aka keɓe ga Venus. Don haka, zaune a kusa da Ameto, suka fara ba da labarun soyayya.
Don haka bayan ya saurari dukkan labaran da suka zo daga numfs guda bakwai, sai wata baiwar Allah Venus ta umarce shi da a yi masa wanka da zai tsarkake shi. Don haka sai ya ba ta izinin sanin abin da ake nufi da nymphs.
Kasancewar su ne wakilcin kyawawan halaye guda bakwai, uku ne na tauhidi da hudu kuma su ne kadinal. Bugu da ƙari kuma an ba shi izinin ganawarsa da Lía, wanda ke da ma'anar canjin kansa daga dabba zuwa mutum. Samun sai da damar sanin Allah.
[su_note] Abin lura ne cewa ko da yake an nuna wani wuri da jigo daban-daban, dangane da tsarin wannan aikin, an riga an sanar da babban aikin Giovanni Boccaccio, wanda shine Decameron.[/su_note]
hangen nesa mai ƙauna
Wannan aiki mai suna Amorosa hangen nesa – Amorosa visione, don haka waka ce da ke da kwatankwacin ma’aurata uku da aka daure. Kamar yadda kuma aka haɗa shi, kamar na Ameto, kusan farkon shekaru goma daidai da shekara ta 1340. Lokacin da wannan marubucin ya riga ya kasance a Florence.
Dangane da rabonsa, gajerun wakoki hamsin ne. Hakanan, yana bin tsarin da ya dace da hangen nesa a cikin somnis "Vision in dreams". A ciki an samar da ruwayar yadda wata kyakkyawar mace ta zama wadda Cupid ya aika wa mawaki. Ci gaba da kiran shi don barin "jin daɗin banza", don neman farin ciki na gaske.
Don haka matar ta ci gaba da zama jagorar mawaƙin zuwa wani katafaren gida. Tunda ya ki shiga ta wata kofa mai kunkuntar, wannan shine wakilcin nagarta. Alhali idan ya yarda ya shiga abin da yake faffadar kofa, wadda ita ce alamar dukiya da jin dadin duniya.
frescoes a cikin dakuna
Sa'an nan kuma, akwai ɗakin da aka yi wa ado da frescoes guda biyu wanda ya cancanci Giotto: a cikin wannan yanayin waɗanda aka samo a cikin ɗakin farko, za su wakilci nasarorin da suka dace da hikima. Hakanan ana kewaye da taswirar ilimomin da suka dace da:
[icon su_list = "icon: duba" icon_color="#15ab16″]
- Trivium - Grammar, yare da rhetoric
- Quadrivium - Geometry, lissafi, ilmin taurari da kiɗa. [/your_list]
Wanda yayi daidai da daukakar dukiya da soyayya. Sa'an nan a cikin daki na biyu akwai wakilcin nasara na Fortune. Hakanan, adadin haruffa daban-daban daga tarihi, da kuma alkaluma na Littafi Mai Tsarki da tatsuniyoyi suna wakilta a cikin frescoes. Kamar shahararrun marubuta.
Don haka, bayan da mawaƙin ya yi la'akari da waɗannan zane-zane, ya tashi zuwa lambun da ke cikin gidan. Kasancewar a cikinta ma za ka samu wasu mata kamar:
[icon su_list = "icon: duba" icon_color="#15ab16″]
- Lombard mai kyau
- Kuma Sicula Nymph - mai yiwuwa Fiammetta. [/your_list]
Kuma jim kadan bayan an katse waƙar kwatsam. Ya kamata a lura cewa aikin Giovanni Boccaccio, Ƙaunar Ƙauna, ya fito ne don samun adadi mai yawa na kamance da aikin The Divine Comedy. Ko da kuwa aiki ne na ƙasƙanta.
Har ila yau, masu suka sun danganta shi da wani aikin da ke da sifa, wanda shine Triumphs na Petrarch. Ko da bisa wasu mawallafa, samfurin wannan katafaren ya zama kwatanci ga Castelnuovo di Napoli. Waɗanda ke da ɗakunan da Giotto ya yi wa ado da frescoes daban-daban, a lokacin Roberto de Anjou.
Elegy na Madonna Fiammetta
Aikin Elegy na Madonna Fiammetta - "Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta". Kwanan abin da aka tsara shi yana tsakanin shekarun 1343 da 1344. Kasancewar ta sami cancantar masu suka a matsayin "labari na ilimin halin dan Adam".
An samar da tsarinsa a cikin litattafai, inda aka gabatar da gabatarwa kamar na rubutaccen wasiƙar da ya yi nasara. A ciki, jarumar, Fiammetta, ta ba da labari game da soyayyar kuruciyarta ga duk wanda ya kasance Pánfilo.
Wannan yana cikin birnin Naples. Sannan akwai tsagewa tsakanin su biyun. Domin Pánfilo yana buƙatar tafiya zuwa Florence. Don haka Fiammetta ta ci gaba da jin cewa masoyinta ya yashe ta, wanda saboda haka ta yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansa.
Sai da aka kai karshen wasan, wannan jarumin ya sake jin bege, jin cewa Pánfilo ya dawo birni. Amma ya gano cewa wani ne kawai mai suna iri ɗaya. Marubucin ya sadaukar da wannan aikin, ga duk matan da ke cikin soyayya.
Ko da yake wannan aikin ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin mahimmanci na tarihin rayuwa, wanda ke nufin dangantakar da marubucin ya yi da Fiammetta mai ban mamaki, wanda ya sami ci gaba daban-daban, abin da ke da alaka da maganinsa wanda ya dace da sha'awar sha'awa, yana da yawa na bashi. sauran ayyukan adabi kamar:
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- Ovid's jarumai
- Pamphilus de amore - Ba a san shi ba
- De Amore na Andreas Capellanus. [/your_list]
Nymphale Fiesolano
Daga cikin Mafi mahimmancin ayyukan Giovanni Boccaccio na iya komawa ga wanda mai suna Ninfale Fiesolano, wanda kwanansa ya rubuta tsakanin 1344 da 1346. Tatsuniya ce ta etiological, wadda aka yi niyya don ba da bayani, game da sunayen da suka dace da koguna guda biyu da ke cikin Tuscany, wadanda su ne:
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- Afirka
- Mensola [/your_list]
Dangane da saitinsa, makiyaya ne, kamar aikin Ameto. Haka nan kuma, an gudanar da rubuce-rubucen nasa a cikin octaves, kuma ya ba da labarin da ya dace da harkokin soyayya. Waɗanda suka taso tsakanin Africo wanda makiyayi ne da Mensola wanda ya kasance nymph. Kazalika game da haihuwar Proneus, wanda ɗan su biyu ne.
[su_note] Bisa ga aikin, tudun Fiesole suna zama da nymphs, tun da yake mabiyan Diana ne. Kuma su ma suna farauta. Don haka sai ya zama makiyayi mai suna Africo ya ci gaba da soyayya da daya daga cikinsu mai suna Mensola. Amma al'amarin shine, lokacin ƙoƙarin kusanci, nymphs suna ci gaba da gudu cikin firgita.[/su_note]
[su_box title=”Suna kokarin raba shi daga murkushe shi” radius=”6″]
Sai mahaifin Africo, mai suna Girafone, ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi magana da shi don kada ya damu. Don haka ya ba da labarin da ya dace da Mugnone, wanda ya ƙare har ya zama kogi. Domin ya jajirce ya so miyau.
Duk da haka, Africo ya ci gaba da dagewa a kokarinsa sannan kuma ya sami taimakon allahn Venus. Da wanda a karshe ya samu damar hada kai da masoyinsa. Yanzu ya zama cewa Mensola ta yi ciki kuma ta guje wa kamfanin na Afirka.
Don haka, ya yi imani cewa Mensola ya raina shi, ya ci gaba da kashe kansa ta hanyar jefa kansa cikin kogi. Wanda daga wannan lokacin zai dauki sunansa. Daga nan Diana ta gano haihuwar Mensola kuma ta ci gaba da la'antar ta. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ita ma ta yanke shawarar kashe kanta ta hanyar jefa kanta a cikin kogin, wanda daga baya zai ci gaba da sunanta.
Sa'an nan kuma ɗan duka, mai suna Proneus, ya zama iyayen Afirka. Da yake ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka zauna a birnin Fiesole.[/su_box]
Dangane da wannan aikin, tana gudanar da yin tasiri sosai a kan ayyukan da suka inganta taken makiyaya a cikin ƙarni na baya, kamar:
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- The Rooms - Stanze ta Angelo Poliziano
- Nencia da Barberino - Lorenzo the Magnificent. [/your_list]
da corbacho
Daga cikin Giovanni Boccaccio yana aiki Muna da wanda ake kira El Corbacho - Corbaccio, yana da kwanan watan rubuta shekarun da ke tsakanin 1354 da 1355. Saboda haka labari ne wanda aka gabatar da wani shiri mai tsauri da kuma na wucin gadi. Kasancewar ba wani abu bane illa hujjar kafa mahawara ta ɗabi'a da jin daɗi.
Wannan haka yake, duka don sautinsa da ma manufarsa. An rubuta wannan aikin a cikin al'adar wallafe-wallafen misogynistic. Dangane da taken iri ɗaya, ana iya yin nuni ga hankaka.
Kasancewar ana la'akari da shi a matsayin alama ce da ke haɓaka munanan al'amura da kuma sha'awar da ba ta da iko. A cewar wasu, har ma yana nufin Spanish corbacho, wanda shine vergajo da kwamitin ya yi wa bayin katako bulala.
Dangane da aikin, yana da taken Laberinto de amor - Laberinto d'Amore. Kasancewa bugu na farko da aka yi a Florence a cikin shekara ta 1487.
Dangane da sautin misogynist wanda ke bayyana kansa a cikin Corbacho, yana iya yiwuwa a ce sakamakon ya yi daidai da rikicin, wanda Giovanni Boccaccio ya sha wahala game da limamin Sienese.
Hakazalika, akwai ayyuka masu yawa na nau'in wallafe-wallafe a cikin al'adar Yammacin Turai, waɗanda ke da halin rashin fahimta. Kasancewa a cikinsu, daga Juvenal zuwa Jerónimo de Estridón, don kawai yin nadin wasu.
Abubuwan da ke cikin wannan aikin
Hakanan, dangane da abun da ke ciki, yana da asalinsa dangane da murkushe Boccaccio, wanda ya juya baya samun nasara kaɗan. Bayan ya isa shekaru goma na arba'in, sai ya ci gaba da soyayya da wata kyakkyawar gwauruwa kuma ya rubuta wasiƙa inda yake buƙatar ƙaunarta.
Sai matar ta ci gaba da nuna wa ’yan’uwanta wasiƙun, tana yi wa Boccaccio ba’a. Domin yana da asali na kowa, haka kuma saboda shekarunsa. Don haka, littafin ya zama abin kunya ga marubucin, wanda ba kawai aka yi wa gwauruwa ba, amma kuma ya yi gaba da dukan jinsin mace.
Haka nan marubucin ya ci gaba da mafarkin cewa ya tsinci kansa yana tafiya ta wuraren da suka zama sihirce, wanda ake nuni da shi a matsayin lallashin soyayya. Da kwatsam ya tsinci kansa a cikin wani daji wanda ba zai iya misaltuwa ba. Wanda shine labyrinth na soyayya, wanda kuma ake kira Venus Pigsty.
A nan ne suke yin kaffarar zunubansu, masifu da suka sami kansu sun zama dabbobi. Da kuma cewa soyayyar mace ta yaudare su. Haka kuma, wanda ya yi daidai da marigayin mijin gwauruwa ya bayyana, wanda ya ba shi cikakken bayani game da munanan halaye da lahani na matarsa.
Kuma a matsayin tuba, sai ya ba da umarni ga Boccaccio don ya bayyana duk abin da ya gani kuma ya ji. Ba tare da shakka ba, wannan aikin ya zama babban tasiri, a cikin aikin da aka yi wa lakabi da shi, kuma Alfonso Martínez de Toledo, Archpriest na Talavera ne.
labyrinth na soyayya
Wannan aikin mai taken Labyrinth na soyayya Giovanni Boccaccio yayi magana ne akan jigon rashin soyayyar da marubucin yayi wa gwauruwa. Marubucin dan kasar Italiya ya haukace yana soyayya da wannan kyakykyawar mace wadda ya aike mata da wasiku inda ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da ita kuma ya bukaci a mayar mata. Matashiyar ta nuna wasiƙu ga mutanen da ke kusa da ita, waɗanda ke yin ba'a ga Giovanni Boccaccio saboda matsayinsa na jama'a da kuma saboda shekarunsa. Littafin shi ne makamin da marubucin ya yi amfani da shi wajen cin ramuwar gayya ga matar da mijinta ya rasu da kuma mata.
Sauran ayyuka
Hakazalika, Giovanni Boccaccio kuma ya zama marubucin adadin tarihin rayuwar farko da ya dace da Dante Alighieri, wanda aka sani da Trattatello a cikin laude di Dante. Hakazalika, na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kalmomin da suka dace da 'yan uku waɗanda aka ɗaure. Wannan shi ne irin yanayin da Dante yayi amfani da shi a cikin Divine Comedy.
Hakazalika, dole ne mu ambaci abin da Rima ya kasance, wanda ya zama littafin waƙar soyayya mai yawa kuma wanda aka fassara shi zuwa Italiyanci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata III da IV daidai da Tito Livio.
Yana aiki a cikin Latin
A cikin ayyukan Latin na wannan marubuci, akwai Genealogy na alloli na arna, wanda aka raba zuwa littattafai goma sha biyar. Yana daya daga cikin mafi cikar harhada tatsuniyoyi, daidai da tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya. Kasancewa a can Boccaccio yayi ƙoƙarin yin fassarar wani nau'i mai ma'ana - falsafanci.
[su_note] Wannan aikin ya fara kafin shekara ta 1350. Tun da yake ana gyara shi akai-akai har zuwa lokacin mutuwar marubucin. Don haka ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin littattafan tunani da aka yi amfani da su a tsakanin marubuta har zuwa karni na sha tara. Da yake mawallafin ya ƙara ƙarin juzu'i biyu a cikin Sassa.[/su_note]
Hakanan kuma yana da mawallafin:
Daga casibus virorum illustrium. Inda yake game da nuna cewa kayan duniya sun ƙare. Da kuma na zaluntar arziki. An fada a cikin littattafai tara. Ko da yake ba a gama ba
Daga claris mulieribus. Yana da jerin tarihin rayuwar mata fitattu. Sadaukarwa ga Countess na Altavilla Andrea Acciaiuoli. Marubuta da yawa suka yi amfani da su azaman gardama.
Hakazalika, a cikin layi ɗaya na Genealogy deorum gentilium, Boccaccio ya rubuta wasiƙar haruffa inda aka samo sunayen yanki waɗanda ke cikin tsoffin ayyukan da suka dace da adabin Latin.
Kazalika mawallafin sa, sha shida eclogues wanda ya bi samfura irin su Virgil da Petrarch. Kamar yadda shi ne marubucin wasiƙu 24, waɗanda biyu daga cikinsu an adana su a cikin fassarar Italiyanci kawai.
Tasiri kan adabin Castilian
Ana samun kasancewar tasirin wannan marubucin, daga Elegy of Maddona Fiammetta, wanda ya zama abin koyi ga labarin jin daɗin Mutanen Espanya wanda ya dace da karni na sha biyar.
Haka kuma, Archpriest na Talavera ya hada aiki a farkon rabin karni na sha biyar, inda ya yi koyi da Boccaccio's Corbacho. Har ma yana yin shi da suna iri ɗaya, da kuma sautin anti-feminist iri ɗaya, wanda ke da ban sha'awa yayin sake ƙirƙirar yare masu shahara.
Hakazalika, ana ɗaukar obas guda biyu irin su Comedy of the Florentine Nymphs da Ninfale fiesolano, a matsayin magabatan littafan fastoci, wanda wani nau'i ne da ya bunƙasa a cikin adabin Turai a ƙarni na XNUMX.
[su_note] Amma ba tare da shakka ba, babban aikin Boccaccio shine Decameron. A halin yanzu, a cikin ɗakin karatu na El Escorial, an adana mafi tsufa daga cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka ce aikin, wanda yake cikin Mutanen Espanya da kwanakin daga tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. Ko da yake rabin ainihin an haɗa shi kuma ya kawar da gaba ɗaya labarin da ke tsara labarun cikin aikin marubucin.[/su_note]
Idan kuna son adabi wannan shine wurin da ya dace. Yi bincike tare da mu za ku ga abin da kuke nema da ƙari mai yawa. A yanzu ina gayyatar ku zuwa:
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[/ su_ jerin]