Fullerene rukuni ne na ƙwayoyin carbon waɗanda yawanci ke samar da nau'in bututun carbon, ana amfani da waɗannan musamman don nanotechnology. A cikin labarin na gaba za mu san komai game da wannan da ƙari mai yawa.
Menene Fullerene kuma menene amfaninsa?
Abin da ake kira Fullerene, wanda kuma aka sani da "Buckminsterfullerene", ya ƙunshi nau'in kwayoyin halitta maras amfani waɗanda ke samar da wani nau'i na rufaffiyar keji da ake kira "buckyballs" ko kuma nau'in silinda mai carbon nanotubes.
Fullerenes yawanci nau'in ƙwayoyin carbon ne tare da wani nau'in gini na musamman wanda ke ɗaukar hanyoyin jiki kamar nau'in yanki ko bututu. Kwayoyin da aka ce a cikin hanya ɗaya na iya samun siffofi kamar su hexagonal da kuma pentagonal. Duk da haka, menene Fullerene kuma menene don? Fullerenes wani nau'in abubuwa ne masu amfani a wasu nau'ikan aikace-aikacen kwamfuta, musamman a cikin ilimin gini da ake kira nanotechnologies.
Tarihin Fullerene
An samo Fullerene a cikin 1985 ta ƙungiyar mutane masu suna Richard Smalley, James Heath, Robert Curl, Sean O'Brien da kuma a ƙarshe Harold Kroto yayin da yake Jami'ar Rice. Ya ce farko fullerene gudanar da za a gano da sunan buckminsterfullerene a kimiyance ake kira "C60", kuma sunansa ya biya Buckminster Fuller. Robert Curl shine mutumin da ya lashe kyautar Nobel don gano fullerenes a 1996.
Duk da haka, gano abin da ake kira "Bucky-ball" an gudanar da bincike a kan wani nau'i na sabon nau'in kayan da aka lissafa a matsayin fullerenes, ko kuma "buckminsterfullerene" wanda shine wanda ke nufin mafi ƙanƙanta fullerene. . Kamar yadda muka riga muka sani daga wasu allotropes na carbon, waɗanda ke iyakance ga abubuwan ma'adinai kamar:
- Diamonds
- Shafin
- Nanotubes
- Haɗa Kai
- Carbon Amorphous
Gano abin da ake kira "bucky-balls" shine abin da ya haɓaka carbon allotropes kuma ya zama batun wani nau'i na bincike mai zurfi a cikin tsarin tsarin microelectromechanical wanda aka sani da acronym "MEMS", wanda ya ƙunshi:
- Kimiyyar Material
- Lantarki
- nanotechnology
Nazarin daban-daban sune waɗanda suka bayyana cewa nau'in aikin fullerene shine wanda ya fi dacewa da tsarin ka'idoji da gwaji daban-daban.
Tsarin Fullerene
Fullerenes sun yi kama da tsarin su zuwa graphite, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i na nau'i na zoben da ke da alaka da hexagonally, duk da haka, sun ƙunshi zoben pentagonal ko kuma a lokuta da yawa a matsayin heptagonal wanda ke hana zanen gadon zama lebur.
Fullerenes suna da sp2 da sp3 matasan carbon atom. Wadannan kwayoyin suna da matukar kusanci ga electrons kuma su ne wadanda za'a iya rage su don su sha electrons.
Duk da cewa molecule da aka ce ana yin su ta hanyar zoben carbon da aka haɗa su, electrons a wannan lokacin ba a canza su ba, wanda waɗannan kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya ne waɗanda ba su da mallaki na superomaticity. Irin wadannan kwayoyin suna dauke da nau'in karfin juriya sosai kuma su ne wadanda ke dawo da surarsu ta asali bayan fuskantar matsin yanayi sama da 3.
Wannan saboda musamman kaddarorin da aka ce allotrope na carbon, don haka suna da aji na aikace-aikace. Saboda dangantaka da sauƙi na kira, abin da ake kira Farashin C60 Ya ci gaba da zama sananne sosai kuma an gudanar da bincike mai yawa don aikace-aikacen sa a matakin mafi girma.
Fullerene C60 an yi shi ne da kusan 60 carbons a cikin kusan madaidaitan 60 waɗanda su ne ke samar da nau'in sifa mai siffa. Wannan an yi shi ne da kusan zobba 12 waɗanda ke da hexagonal waɗanda galibi suna kusa da juna. Ana haɗa zoben da aka faɗa tare da shaidu biyu.
Tsawon madaidaicin CC don zoben hexagonal yawanci kusan 1,40 A° da kusan 1,46 A° don zoben pentagonal, tare da ajin tsayin junction daidai da 1,44 A°
Nau'in Fullerene
Fullerenes suna da nau'ikan bambance-bambancen tsari iri-iri, kuma sun sami kyakkyawan ci gaba a cikin 1985. Waɗannan da za mu bayyana su ne wasu misalan nau'ikan Fullerenes waɗanda ke aiki da kyau:
Nanotubes ko Cylindrical Fullerenes
Waɗannan suna da siffa maras fa'ida, na girma waɗanda aka rage su sosai. Nanotubes da aka samu na carbon suna da faɗi gabaɗaya kuma ana iya bambanta su daga ƴan nanometers zuwa yawancin mm (milimita) tsayin su. Suna da rufaffiyar ƙarshen ɗaya da ƙarshen buɗewa ɗaya.
Masana'antar lantarki ita ce wadda ta fi amfani da carbon nanotubes, wani yanki kuma shine fasahar sararin samaniya don samun damar samar da manyan igiyoyin carbon na juriya waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga masu hawan sararin samaniya da kuma na'urorin jirgin ruwa.
Bunches na Buckyballs
Wannan shine mafi ƙarancin fullerene da aka samu a yanayi. Mafi ƙarancin memba na wannan shine dodecahedron kuma mafi yawanci ya ƙunshi C60 wanda shine icosahedron wanda yayi kama da ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan hexagons 20 da pentagons 12. Karamin fullerene yana da matukar mahimmanci dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na halitta, kuma ana iya samun shi a cikin soot ko ma kwal.
Megatubes
Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, wannan shine Mega, wanda ke nufin Manyan, suna da bututun da suka fi girma a diamita fiye da na nanotubes. Ana shirya bangon megatubes tare da kauri daban-daban. Ire-iren bututun da aka ce ana amfani da su a zahiri wajen jigilar kwayoyin halitta iri-iri masu girma dabam.
polymers
Waɗannan ana kiran su macromolecules waɗanda ke haɗa su ta hanyar haɗin sinadarai na covalent. Abubuwan da ake kira polymers ana yin su ne ta hanyar sarƙoƙi na carbon. Karkashin matsin lamba da kuma yanayin zafi yawanci sukan samar da polymers masu girma biyu da kuma masu girma uku.
Nano - Albasa
Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙaƙƙarfan siffar buckyball, tare da barbashi masu siffa mai siffar zobe waɗanda suka dogara akan nau'ikan carbon da yawa.
"Ball and Chain" Dimers United
Waɗannan ƙwalla ne guda biyu na buckyballs waɗanda ake riƙe tare da sarkar carbon guda ɗaya.
The Fullerene Zobba
Nau'in na ƙarshe na Fullerene wanda ya rage don bayyana su shine Fullerene Rings, duk da haka, babu bayanai da yawa game da waɗannan, kawai cewa an kafa shi ta zobe ko zobe na fullerenes buckyballs.
Amfanin Fullerene - Aikace-aikace
Tare da farkon abin da ake kira "Nanotechnology" an gabatar da abubuwa daban-daban ga dukan duniya. Abubuwan da ake kira Fullerenes sune wadanda suka sami babban abin da aka mayar da hankali a fagen nanotechnology. Babbar kungiyar sararin samaniya da ake kira NASA, tare da hadin gwiwar fitaccen masanin ilmin kimiyyar lissafi Lynn Becker, sun yi nasarar gano cikar da aka halicce su ta dabi'a.
Saboda sinadarai na musamman a cikin ilimin kimiyyar abu, manyan masu bincike sun sami damar gano aikace-aikace daban-daban na fullerenes, waɗanda zasu haɗa da aikace-aikacen likitanci, fiber na gani, da superconductors.
Antioxidants
Fullerenes sune masu samar da antioxidants masu kyau, irin wannan kadarar ita ce abin da za a iya danganta shi da nau'i-nau'i biyu na haɗin gwiwar da suke da su da kuma wani nau'i mai mahimmanci na lantarki na kwayoyin da aka ce, wannan saboda makamashi na kwayoyin halitta wanda ke kewaye da shi. low kuma ba kowa. Fullerenes na iya mayar da martani tare da radicals na sarkar tun kafin a cinye su.
Magungunan rigakafi
Fullerenes koyaushe suna jan hankalin hankali saboda ƙarfin su azaman ingantattun magungunan rigakafin cutar. Watakila bayyanarsa ta fi burgewa, dangane da haka, wanda hakan na iya kasancewa saboda iyawarsa na kawar da kwayar cutar ta ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus’ wadda aka fi sani da “HIV”, kuma saboda wannan, yana taimakawa wajen jinkirta kamuwa da cutar da aka samu da aka sani. ta a takaice "AIDS".
An lura cewa dendrofellerene 1 da abin da ya samo asali 2, wanda shine trans isomer, su ne wadanda ke hana nau'in protease na kwayar cutar HIV kuma, sabili da haka, hana maimaita kwayar cutar HIV 1 kanta.
Isar da Magunguna da Bayar da Halittu
Gudanar da magunguna ya zama jigilar nau'in mahadi na magunguna zuwa wurin aiki, yayin da sarrafa kwayoyin halitta ya ƙunshi shigar da DNA na waje a cikin sel don samun damar samar da miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Don haka, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don isar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da matuƙar aminci da inganci. Fullerenes wani nau'i ne na masu ɗaukar inorganic, waɗannan nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta galibi ana fifita su saboda sun nuna dacewa mai kyau, gami da zaɓi mafi girma, suna riƙe abin da ke aikin ilimin halitta, kuma suna da ƙanƙanta kamar yadda zai yiwu a tsawaita.
Masu ɗaukar hoto a cikin Maganin Photodynamic
Photodynamic therapy da aka sani da acronym "PDT" ya ƙunshi nau'i na maganin da ke yin amfani da wani nau'i na fili wanda yake da haske kuma wanda ba mai guba ba, wannan idan an sanya shi a cikin haske, to, idan ya zama mai guba. Ana amfani da shi don magance m ko canza sel. Ana amfani da Fullerenes gabaɗaya don waɗannan nau'ikan mahadi.
A cikin Gilashin Tsaro
Fullerenes suna da iyakantaccen kaddarorin gani. Wannan yana nufin iyawarsu ta rage watsa hasken da ke sauka a kansa. Ana iya amfani da ƙwayoyin da aka ce don haka, azaman nau'in iyakancewar gani da ake amfani da su a cikin tabarau ko ruwan tabarau masu kariya da firikwensin.
Fullerene Properties
Za mu gabatar da menene ainihin kaddarorin Fullenero akan matakin jiki.
Halin Jiki na Fullerene C60
- Yawan yawa: Yana da 1,65 g cm-3
- Daidaitaccen Zafin Ƙirƙira: 9,08 kcal mol-1
- Indexididdigar raɗaɗi: Yana da 2,2 (600nm)
- Wurin tafasa: Yana da daraja a 800 K
- Juriya: Game da 1014 ohms m-1
- Yawan Turi: N / A
- Siffar Crystal: N / A
- Matsi mai Cubic Cubic Hexagonal: 5 x 10-6 torr a dakin da zafin jiki: 8 x 10-4 torrential a 800 K
- Kayayyakin Organoleptic: Yana da bayyanar balloon soot: sosai finely raba baki foda
- Masu Fullerites: Foda mai launin ruwan kasa/baƙar fata
- C60: m baki
- Kamshin: Bayan gida
Fullerenes in Space
Kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, yawanci ana samar da fullerenes a cikin takardar graphite kuma suna ƙara wasu barbashi na pentagons don cimma muryoyinsa. Idan takardar kawai an naɗe shi azaman nau'in silinda, to dole ne su rufe sasanninta tare da lanƙwasa hemispheres tare da pentagons. Abin da za a samu na carbon nanotube.
Wani labarin da aka ba da shawarar yin nazari shine Gudunmawar Blaise Pascal waɗanda galibi suna da amfani ga hanyoyin wannan kashi. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan kayan yawanci sun bambanta da kayan aikin aji na fullerene - nau'in, a takaice, zuwa Cages Round kuma saboda haka suna da kaddarorin daban-daban.