La Ƙarfin Nukiliya mai rauni yana daya daga cikin muhimman rukunan kimiyyar lissafi guda hudu ta hanyar da barbashi ke mu'amala da juna, tare da karfi mai karfi, nauyi da kuma electromagnetism, wannan Rauni na Nukiliya yana da rauni sosai. Ƙara koyo game da wannan batu mai ban sha'awa a nan!
Ƙarfin Nukiliya mai rauni
Karfi mai rauni daya ne daga cikin hudun Muhimman Sojojin Halitta wanda ke tafiyar da duk wani abu da ke cikin sararin samaniya, sauran ukun su ne nauyi, electromagnetism, da karfi mai karfi, yayin da sauran rundunonin suka hada abubuwa tare, karfi mai rauni yana taka rawa a cikin abubuwan da ke rushewa ko faduwa .
Ƙarfi mai rauni, ko raunin hulɗa, ya fi ƙarfin nauyi, amma yana da aminci ga ɗan gajeren nesa, yana aiki a matakin subatomic, kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya taurari da ƙirƙirar abubuwa, da kuma kasancewa alhakin yawancin na halitta radiation samuwa a cikin sararin samaniya.
Masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Italiya Enrico Fermi yayi tunani game da hasashe a cikin 1933 don bayyana rubewar beta, wanda shine tsarin da neutron a cikin tsakiya ya juya ya zama proton kuma yana fitar da na'urar lantarki, galibi ana kiransa barbashi beta a cikin wannan mahallin.
Ya bayyana wani sabon nau'in karfi, wanda ake kira ma'amala mai rauni, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa kuma tushen tsarinsa shine canza neutron zuwa proton, electron da neutrino, wanda daga baya aka ƙaddara ya zama anti-neutrino. , Giulio Maltese ya rubuta. , ɗan Italiyanci mai tarihin kimiyyar lissafi, akan barbashi na mutum.
A cewar Maltese, Fermi da farko ya bayyana cewa wannan yana nufin abin da ke kama da nisa ko kuma karfi wanda za a yi hulɗa da barbashi biyu don ci gaba da aikin, tun daga lokacin an tabbatar da cewa mai rauni karfi ne mai ban sha'awa da ke gudana. a cikin ɗan gajeren kewayon aƙalla kashi 0.1 na diamita na proton.
Propiedades
La Ƙarfin Nukiliya mai rauni Yana da jerin kaddarorin da muka ambata a ƙasa, ƙarfi mai rauni ya bambanta da sauran dakarun:
- Ita ce kawai ƙarfin da ya saba wa daidaitattun daidaito (P).
- Ita ce kawai ƙarfin da ya keta ma'anar caji (CP).
- Ita ce kawai hulɗar da za ta iya canza nau'in quark ɗaya zuwa wani ko dandano.
- Ƙarfin mai rauni yana yaduwa ta ɓangarorin masu ɗaukar hoto waɗanda ke da babban taro (kimanin 90 GeV/c).
Maɓalli maɓalli na ƙididdige adadin ga barbashi masu mu'amala da ɓarna abu ne na zahiri da aka sani da rauni isospin, wanda yayi daidai da rawar da centrifuge na lantarki ke takawa a cikin ƙarfin lantarki da cajin launi a cikin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.
Wannan adadi ne da aka adana, saboda haka ne duk wani ma'amala mai rauni zai sami jimlar jimlar isospin a ƙarshen hulɗar da kuma a farkon hulɗar.
Barbashi masu zuwa suna da raunin isospin na + 1 / 2:
- lantarki neutrino
- mun neutrino
- tau neutrino
- Tashi
- fara'a
- saman kwarkwata
Barbashi masu zuwa suna da raunin isospin na- 1 / 2:
- Lantarki
- Muon
- Tau
- quak down
- ban mamaki quark
- bangon quark
Bosons na Z da W sun fi sauran mitoci girma da yawa waɗanda ke shiga tsakani da sauran rundunonin, ɓangarorin suna da girma har suna lalacewa da sauri a mafi yawan lokuta.
Ƙarfin mai rauni yana da alaƙa tare da ƙarfin lantarki a matsayin ƙarfin mahimmanci guda ɗaya na electrodepression, wanda aka ayyana a babban makamashi, alal misali, waɗanda aka samo a cikin abubuwan ƙara kuzari.
An ba da wannan aikin haɗin kai da lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics na 1979, kuma aikin da ya biyo baya ya nuna cewa tushen ilimin lissafi na ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya kasance mai sabuntawa an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics na 1999.
Nau'in Mu'amala
Akwai nau'ikan mu'amala mai rauni iri biyu da ake kira vertices, nau'in farko ana kiransa "charged current interaction" saboda abin da ke shiga tsakani shi ne ta hanyar barbashi da ke dauke da cajin lantarki, shi ke da alhakin faruwar lalatawar beta.
Nau'i na biyu kuma ana kiransa ''neutral current interaction'' saboda tsakani ne ta hanyar wani abu mai tsaka-tsaki, yana da alhakin karkatar da neutrinos, nau'ikan hulɗar guda biyu suna bin ka'idodin zaɓi daban-daban.
Cajin hulɗar Yanzu
A cikin cajin nau'in hulɗar halin yanzu, lepton da aka caje (kamar electron ko muon, wanda ke da cajin -1) zai iya ɗaukar W+ boson, ma'ana barbashi mai cajin +1 kuma daga wannan yanayin ya zama daidai. neutrino tare da cajin 0 inda nau'in neutrino, watau electron, muon ko tau yayi daidai da nau'in lepton a cikin hulɗar.
Hakazalika, nau'in ɓarke ƙasa tare da cajin - 1 / 3 ana iya canza shi zuwa nau'in nau'in quark, tare da cajin + 2 / 3 ), ta hanyar bayar da W- boson ko sha a W+ Boson Ƙarin daidai, nau'in quark na ƙasa ya zama babban matsayi na nau'i na nau'i na sama: wato, yana da damar zama ɗaya daga cikin nau'in nau'i na sama uku, tare da yuwuwar da aka bayar a cikin matrix tables.
Sabanin haka, quark na sama na iya fitar da W+
boson, ko sha a W- boson, don haka ya zama ƙwanƙwasa-ƙasa.
W boson ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, don haka zai lalace da sauri, tare da ɗan gajeren rayuwa, lalatawar W boson ga sauran samfuran na iya faruwa, tare da yuwuwar mabambanta.
A cikin abin da ake kira lalata beta na neutron, raguwar quark a cikin neutron yana bayyana a sarari W.- boson don haka ya canza zuwa sama quark, yana canza neutron zuwa proton.
Saboda makamashin da ke cikin aikin, wato, bambancin yawan taro tsakanin ƙwanƙarar ƙasa da quark na sama, da W.- boson zai iya zama electron ne kawai da kuma electron antineutrino.
Ma'amala Mai Tsaki A Yanzu
A cikin hulɗar tsaka-tsaki na yanzu, quark ko lepton (misali, electron ko muon) suna fitarwa ko ɗaukar madaidaicin Z boson, kamar W± bosons, boson shima yana rubewa da sauri.
Ba kamar hulɗar da aka caje ta yanzu ba, wanda ƙa'idodin zaɓin sa ke iyakance ta chirality, cajin lantarki, ko raunin isospin, tsaka tsaki na yanzu Z0 hulɗar na iya haifar da fermions guda biyu a cikin daidaitaccen samfurin don karkatar da su: barbashi da antiparticles na kowane cajin lantarki, da hagu da dama na chirality, kodayake ƙarfin hulɗar ya bambanta.
keta haddi
Rushewar sinadari wani lamari ne da ke faruwa a cikin ƙananan hazo da ke gudana kan tsarin da ke ratsawa a cikin wani muhimmin batu ya ƙare makomar tsarin ta hanyar kafa rassan da aka ɗauka, ga mataimaki na waje, ba tare da sanin tashin hankali ba, zabin zai taso ba tare da adalci ba.
Ana kiran wannan tsari cin zarafi, saboda irin waɗannan sauye-sauye gabaɗaya suna canja tsarin daga ma'auni amma maras kyau a ƙarƙashin ɗaya ko fiye da takamaiman yanayi, ana tunanin hargitsi a cikin ƙima suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙirar.
Tare da raguwa kai tsaye, ma'auni na yanzu na tsarin suna tsaye, amma tsarin ba saboda tushen tsarin ba ne ba tare da bambanci ba, irin wannan ɓarkewar simintin ana daidaita shi ta amfani da ma'auni na tsari, wani lamari na musamman na irin wannan nau'in rushewar siminti shine. tsauri mai ƙarfi karya.
Rashin rashin daidaituwa na iya ɗaukar kowane yanayi mai zuwa:
- ƙeta ainihin ma'auni da ke ƙarƙashin dokokin kimiyyar lissafi ta hanyar bazuwar samuwar wani tsari.
- Halin da ake ciki a ilimin kimiyyar lissafi inda mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin kuzarin ke da ƙarancin siffa fiye da tsarin kansa.
- Halin da ainihin yanayin tsarin ba ya nuna ainihin ma'auni na abubuwan da suka dace, tun da a fili yanayin yanayin ba shi da kwanciyar hankali kuma ana samun kwanciyar hankali saboda asymmetry na gida.
- Halin da ma'auni na ka'idar zai iya samun wasu alamomi, amma mafita ba su yi ba, saboda alamomin "boye ne".
Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in farko na karyewar siffa da aka tattauna a cikin adabi na zahiri ya shafi sifar da wani nau'in jujjuyawar jikin wani ruwa mara nauyi ya ɗauka a cikin ma'aunin nauyi da na ruwa.
Dukansu Jacobi da Liouville sun yarda a cikin 1834 cewa ellipsoid mai axis uku shine daidaiton daidaito ga wannan matsala, lokacin da makamashin motsa jiki idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfin nauyi na jujjuyawar jiki ya wuce wani muhimmin ƙima.
Ma'anar axial da spheroids ke wakilta ya karye a wannan reshe, haka ma, sama da wannan reshe kuma don ci gaba da ci gaba na angular, mafita waɗanda ke rage kuzarin motsin motsi shine axially waɗanda ba su da alama Jacobi ellipsoids maimakon spheroids na Maclaurin.
Atomic nuclei, alal misali, sun ƙunshi protons da neutrons, haka nan kuma mun san cewa dukkan ƙwayoyin subatomic ba abubuwa ne da ba za su iya canzawa ba, a’a, suna iya canza junansu, a zahiri sakamakon raunin mu’amalar nukiliya.
Misali, Neutron, wanda ba shi da cajin wutar lantarki, yana iya rubewa zuwa proton da na’urar lantarki masu caji iri-iri da sabanin haka, da wani sabon barbashi na cajin sifili, antineutrino, haka kuma, antineutron zai iya rube zuwa wani antiproton, positron. da neutrino.
Ka'idar Electroweak ko Model
Ƙarfin da ke da rauni yana aiki ne kawai a cikin nisa mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da tsakiya na atomic, yayin da ƙarfin lantarki zai iya fadada a kan manyan nisa, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin hasken Taurari wanda ke kai ga dukan taurarin, suna shuɗewa kawai tare da murabba'in nesa.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, kwatanta ƙarfin ainihin mu'amala tsakanin protons guda biyu, alal misali, yana nuna cewa ƙarfin rauni ya fi ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki kusan sau miliyan 10, duk da haka ɗayan manyan abubuwan da aka gano a ƙarni na XNUMX shine cewa waɗannan runduna biyu. fuskoki daban-daban na guda ɗaya, mafi mahimmancin ƙarfin zubar da wutar lantarki.
Ka'idar raunin wutar lantarki ta samo asali ne daga yunƙurin samar da ka'idar ma'auni mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, a kwatankwacin ka'idar lantarki mai ƙarfi, nasarar ka'idar zamani na ƙarfin lantarki da aka haɓaka a cikin 1940s.
Akwai muhimman buƙatu guda biyu don ka'idar ma'auni na ƙarfi mai rauni, na farko, dole ne ya nuna ma'anar ilimin lissafi na asali, wanda ake kira rashin daidaituwa, wanda tasirin ƙarfin ya kasance iri ɗaya a wurare daban-daban a sarari da lokaci. Na biyu, ka'idar ya kamata ta zama mai canzawa, wato, kada ta ƙunshi adadi marasa iyaka na zahiri.
Misalai na yau da kullun na Canje-canjen Nukiliya
Misalin da ya fi fitowa fili na makaman nukiliyar da ke da rauni shi ne daure protons, wadanda suke da kyama a yanayi saboda kyakkyawan cajin da suke da shi. Makamin nukiliya yana faruwa ne saboda ƙarfin makaman nukiliya.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa kamar yadda ake amfani da su a cikin ciyayi na makamashin nukiliya don haifar da zafi, wannan don samar da makamashi, kamar wutar lantarki, a Ƙarfin Nukiliya mai rauni Yana sarrafa canza neutron zuwa proton da proton zuwa neutron, waɗannan dakarun sun samo asali ne daga juriya da yawa, kamar lalatawar rediyo, konewar rana, sadarwar rediyo, da dai sauransu.
- Halin fission a cikin tashar makamashin nukiliya yana ba da isasshen makamashi don kunna manyan biranen.
- Halin haɗakarwa a cikin rana yana ba duniyarmu dukkan ƙarfin da take buƙata don rayayyun halittu su rayu.
- Halin fission mai gudu yana ba da ƙarfin lalata bam ɗin nukiliya.