taro extinction

Duniyar da muke rayuwa a kai Duniya ta wuce shekaru biliyan 4500 kuma bayan wadannan shekaru ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa halittu sun sha fama da abubuwan da rayuwarsu ta kusa bacewa.

yanayi shine komai Idan aka kwatanta da mu kuma wannan shine, ta hanyar al'amura daban-daban, za ku iya kasancewa mai mahimmanci ga Duniya kamar yadda ta hanyar lalata abubuwan astronomical, shine da alhakin wasu daga cikin taro extinctions da muka sani a yau.

Wadannan batattu da za mu yi magana a kansu a cikin wannan littafin, su ne sanadin mutuwa da bacewar adadi mai yawa na nau'in, har ma ya kai kusan ƙarshen rayuwa a duniya.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu je fara tafiya ta tarihi don gano mene ne, musabbabin da sakamakon wasu abubuwan da aka fi tunawa da su a yau.

Menene halakar da yawa?

Don fara fahimtar duk abin da ke kewaye da waɗannan abubuwan, abu na farko da dole ne mu sani shine abin da ake taro extinctions

Wannan lamarin da muke magana akai yana faruwa ta dabi'a kuma ya ƙare a cikin mutuwa da bacewar adadi mai yawa na nau'in. Ana la'akarin bacewa yana da girma idan aƙalla kashi 10% na nau'in nau'in sun ɓace a cikin shekara ɗaya ko kuma lokacin da sama da 50% suka yi hakan a cikin shekaru tsakanin shekara miliyan ɗaya zuwa uku.

Akwai kwararru da yawa a fannin da ke gargadin cewa za mu iya fuskantar wani sabon rugujewa tunda mu ’yan adam ne muke yin illa ga rayuwar sauran halittu.

Za mu iya ganin waɗannan lahani da muke magana akai a cikin tasirin muhalli da muke haifarwa, wadanda suke da ban tsoro. Amma ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi na yanayi don isa ga halakar jama'a.

A bisa yawancin nazarin rayuwa a duniya, ya wuce akalla sau biyar na halakar da yawa a cikin daya daga cikin hudun da aka raba rayuwa a duniya a cikin su, Phanerozoic Eon.

Kowanne daga cikin wadannan rugujewar al’umma guda biyar, ya faru a wani lokaci a tarihin duniya. Dalilan sun bambanta a kowannensu, da kuma girman barnar da sakamakon da ya biyo baya.

Menene manyan halaka biyar masu girma?

Lokacin da muka bayyana sarai game da abin da ruɗuwar jama'a ta kunsa, za mu yi magana game da menene ɓarnar da aka yi a cikin tarihi.

Ordovician - Silurian

Muna magana game da na farko da aka sani taro bacewa, Dole ne mu koma mataki na Ordovician Period fiye da shekaru 480 da suka wuce.

A cikin wannan mataki na tarihi a duniyar duniyar, rayuwa kawai ta kasance a cikin teku, dukan hadaddun kwayoyin halitta sun rayu a cikin wannan yanayin. Wannan rayuwar ta iyakance ga halittu irin su bivalve molluscs, cephalopods, graptolites, brachiopods, bryozoans, da sauransu.

Ba a tabbatar da abin da ya haifar da wannan halakar da yawa ba., amma ka'idar da aka fi yarda da ita ita ce, hasken gamma ya buge sararin samaniyar duniya, ya lalata shi, wanda ya sa hasken ultraviolet ya shiga ba tare da wani shamaki ba.

Wannan ya haifar da bacewar plankton, phytoplankton da wasu halittu masu rai wadanda suka zauna a cikinsu saboda karancin abinci. Har ila yau, dole ne mu ƙara mutuwar qwai da larvae ta ultraviolet haskoki da dumama. Duk wannan ya sa magudanan ruwa suka tsaya don kada ruwa ya raba da sinadirai kuma bai kai ga sauran halittu ba.

Bayan duk wannan, akwai babban glaciation. Wannan bacewar farko ta samo asali ne daga tasirin hasken gamma a farkon lokacin kankara. Ya shafi yawancin wuraren da yawancin halittun da aka ambata a sama suke rayuwa a cikinsu.

glaciation, ya taso daga motsin farantin tectonic wanda ke haifar da babban yankin Gondwana don ratsawa har zuwa Pole ta Kudu.. Wannan ya haifar da samuwar glaciers mara iyaka a saman duniya, ta yadda matakan teku suka ragu yayin da ruwa mai yawa ya karu.

Canje-canje a cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a teku sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci, wanda ya shafi iskar oxygen da tekuna da zagayawan abinci. Wannan ya haifar da yawancin nau'ikan sun fara ɓacewa da sauri.

Kadan nau'in da suka yi nasarar tsira, dole ne su daidaita zuwa sababbin yanayi, amma daga baya, sun sha wahala a karo na biyu a ƙarshen lokacin kankara da muke magana akai.

Supercontinent ya sake komawa kudu, wanda ya haifar da narkewar glaciers da hawan matakin teku. Wadannan canje-canje a cikin teku sun haifar da mutuwa da bacewar kashi 85% na nau'in.

Devonian - Carboniferous

Bayan halakar taro na mataki na baya, rayuwa ta sami damar farfadowa da sake haifuwa, tsire-tsire sun fara fitowa kuma daga baya arthropods. Wannan lokacin Ya fara kusan shekaru miliyan 419 da suka gabata, bayan zamanin Silurian.

Wannan halakar taro ta biyu, ya shafi nau'in ruwa, reefs da sauran kwayoyin halitta rayuwa a cikin yanayin ruwa kamar kifi, cephalopods, soso, da dai sauransu.

La Ka'idar sanyaya duniya, ita ce mafi karbuwa daga kwararru don bayyana dalilan na wannan bacewa. Ruwan teku yana fama da sanyi wanda ya haifar, sama da shekaru miliyan 3, bacewar kusan kashi 82% na nau'in halittun da suka wanzu a wannan lokacin.

Permian-Triassic

Kimanin shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata, yanayi mara kyau ya faru a Duniya wanda ya kai ga mafi munin rugujewar jama'a da aka sani zuwa yau. Masana sun kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 95% na nau'in ruwa da 75% na rayuwar duniya sun bace.

A cikin wannan lokacin, yankunan ƙasa sun fara girma, fadadawa da bambanta. Masana ilimin kasa suna zargin cewa wannan halakar da yawa ta kasance wanda ya haifar da matsanancin aikin volcanic da kuma fitar da methane daga baya zuwa cikin teku.

A cikin shekaru da kuma taimakon burbushin halittu, ƙungiyar masu bincike sun sake gina abubuwan da suka faru kuma a fili ba fitar da methane ba ne ya haifar da wannan bala'i, amma manyan magma saki. Wannan ya haifar da dumamar yanayi, da kuma jerin bala'o'i da suka mayar da duniya wuri hamada.

Wannan jerin abubuwan da suka faru sama da shekaru miliyan sun bayyana dalilin da ya sa kusan kashi 95% na nau'in halittun da ke duniya suka ɓace.

Triassic - Jurassic

Kamar yadda ya faru bayan babban ɓarna mai yawa, rayuwa tana mannewa kuma tana dawowa cikin yuwuwar. Wannan ɓarna ta huɗu tana faruwa kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata a ƙarshen lokacin Triassic. alamar farkon Jurassic Period.

A wannan lokacin, daban-daban dabbobi masu shayarwa da Dinosaurs suna bunƙasa kuma sun kafa kansu a matsayin manyan nau'ikan na duniya a wancan lokacin.

Rayuwar waɗannan halittu masu ban sha'awa za su ƙare tare da halakar taro na huɗu. Pangea ya riga ya kasance babban nahiya guda ɗaya, amma ya fara raguwa da rarraba zuwa nahiyoyi da muka sani a yau.

Wannan tsari yana haifar da Canje-canjen yanayi wanda tare da tsananin aiki na volcanoes da tasirin meteorites, ya haifar da yawancin nau'ikan bacewa. Akwai hasashe daban-daban game da ainihin abin da ya haifar da wannan bacewar, kuma dukkansu sun ƙare da imani cewa jerin abubuwan da suka faru ne.

suka iso bace game da 76% na nau'in na rayayyun halittun da suka zauna a doron kasa cikin shekaru miliyan guda.

Cretaceous - Makarantar Sakandare

Hakanan ana kiranta da Crewaceous-PaleOgene kuma lokaci ya kasance tsawon lokacin rikice-rikice na nau'in da ya faru kusan shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata. A wannan mataki na rayuwar duniya. nau'in manyan dinosaur suna fitowa, wadanda suka zama masu mallakin duniyar da ba a saba da su ba.

Kamar yadda muka ambata, kimanin shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata. wani babban meteorite ya bugi ƙasa kuma daga nan ne aka fara sabon bacewa a tarihi.

Wannan bacewa shine alhakin bacewar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu daban-daban daga doron kasa da duk dinosaur. Ba a san ainihin tsawon lokacin wannan bacewa ba, amma menene mummunan sakamakon tasirin meteorite.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin dalilai shine cewa wannan tasiri ya haifar da a girgijen ƙura wanda ya zauna a cikin sararin samaniya. Wannan abin da ya haifar, shine hasken rana bai shiga ba don haka tsire-tsire ba za su iya haɓaka ba idan ba za su iya yin photosynthesis ba. Bugu da ƙari, an rushe adadin CO2 da oxygen.

Duk wannan, ya jawo a cikin wani jerin mummunan sakamako ga nau'in da suka gudanar da rayuwa. Herbivores ba su da tsire-tsire da za su ci su kuma masu cin nama ba su da abinci ma. Don haka a zahiri babu wani mahaluki da ke zaune a yankin duniya da ya iya rayuwa.

Kamar yadda muka iya tabbatarwa a cikin kowane lokaci guda 5 na halakar jama'a, rayayyun halittun da ke zaune a duniya sun kasance masu rauni sosai. Amma rayuwa ta sami damar sake dawo da kanta kuma lokaci bayan lokaci ya tashi daga komai kuma ya sami damar ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan.