Emiliano Zapata, wani ɗan juyin juya hali daga Mexico, wanda tun lokacin ƙuruciyarsa da kuma sakamakon abubuwan da iyalinsa suka fuskanta, saboda tashin hankali da aka yi musu na kwace filayensu, da kuma da yawa daga cikin manoma, ya yi alkawarin cewa za a mayar da filayen ga kowa da kowa. su. Koyi tarihi mai ban sha'awa.
Emiliano Zapata: Biography
Emiliano Zapata Salazar, an haife shi ne a San Miguel Anenecuilco, garin Ayala, Morelos, Mexico, a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1879. An san shi da Emiliano Zapata, kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin soja kuma mafi girman yankin da juyin juya halin Mexico ya samu. , da kuma gunkin da ke nuna amincin aikin gona a cikin ƙasar Aztec.
Kasancewarsa memba na yunkurin juyin juya hali, ya ci gaba da zama mai kula da Sojojin Yantar da Kudu. Hakanan, an san shi a ƙarƙashin sunan sunan "Caudillo del Sur". Ya kasance mai manufa kuma mai tallata gwagwarmaya don jin dadin jama'a da tashoshi na noma.
Ya kuma yi yaƙi don adalci na zamantakewa, 'yanci, daidaito da dimokuradiyya na zamantakewa, mallakar ƙasa, la'akari da girmamawa ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, manoma da ayyukan Mexico don kasancewa wadanda ke fama da tsarin oligarchic da latifundismo na masu mallakar Porfiriato.
Duk da haka, ya kamata a tuna cewa Emiliano Zapata shi ma an jefar da shi tare da Pancho Villa, daga Majalisar Mazabu ta 1917, wanda ya dace da tsarin tsarin mulkin zamantakewa, wanda zai iya zama shaida a cikin labarin 27.
Its farkon
Emiliano Zapata, an haife shi a cikin dangin ƙauye, ɗan Gabriel Zapata da Cleofas Salazar, yana da ƙungiyar ƴan’uwa mata shida waɗanda ake kira Celsa, Ramona, María de Jesús, María de la Luz, Jovita da Matilde, kuma tare da ’yan’uwa uku. : Pedro, Eufemio da Loreto.
José Salazar, kakansa na uwa, kuma ya yi aikin soja a ƙarƙashin umarnin José María Morelos y Pavón, a birnin Cuautla de Morelos. Haka kuma, kawunsa na mahaifinsa mai suna Cristino da José Zaparon sun yi yaƙi a yakin Gyara da kuma lokacin shiga tsakani na Faransa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Carlos Pacheco da Porfirio Díaz.
Yarinta ya haɓaka a cikin yanayin Porfirista latifundism a Morelos. Matakansa na farko a cikin karatu sun kasance tare da malami Emilio Vara, wanda a baya sojan Juarista ne.
Yayin da iyayensa ke raye, Emiliano ya rayu a cikin al'amuran da ke nuna makomarsa: mai maƙwabtan Cuahuixtla hacienda ya kwace ƙasar Anenecuilco da karfi. Yayin da manoma da yawa suka yi tsayin daka.
Saboda haka, Emiliano ya shaida yadda mahaifinsa ya yi kuka mai zafi don wawashe masa gonaki, wanda ya sa - wanda daga baya za a yi masa lakabi da kaudillo na kudu-, ya yi bakin ciki saboda mahaifinsa ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi yaki da masu cin zarafi ba. mai iko .
A wannan lokacin Zapata yana da shekaru 9 kacal, ya sami rashin jin daɗi na lura da yadda manoma suke wawashe filayensu, ayyukan da masu haciendas da ke kusa da su suka tallata, kuma bayan ya shaida maganganun mahaifinsa, wanda ya amsa cewa ba zai iya ba. yi duk wani abu da zai hana su, amma yaron da annuri ya ce masa:
Ba za a iya yi ba? To, idan na girma, zan mayar da su.
Zapata, yana dan shekara 16, watanni 11 bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, mahaifiyarsa ta rasu. Nan da nan, ya fara aikinsa a duniyar noma a matsayin manomi da alfanu. Domin ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1897, sojojin karkara na gundumar Cuernavaca sun kama shi, yayin da yake halartar wani biki a garinsu Anenecuilco.
Tare da shiga tsakani da ɗan’uwansa Eufemio, ya yi nasarar sake shi, amma da makami a hannu. Saboda wannan taron, 'yan'uwan Zapatas dole ne su bar jihar a baya. A halin yanzu, ɗan'uwansa Eufemio ya zauna na tsawon shekara guda yana aiki a gonar Jaltepec da ke Puebla.
Sana'o'in siyasa na farko
A cikin 1906, ya halarci wani taro da ya ƙunshi manoma a Cuautla, don magance batutuwan da suka shafi karewa da kiyaye yankinsu, da kuma filayen garin don fuskantar masu mallakar filaye na kusa.
Halinsa na tawaye ya ba shi izini don shiga, yayin da a cikin 1908, Zapata ya kasance a cikin Rundunar Sojoji na 9, a ƙarƙashin ikon soja na Kanar Alfonso Pradillo. Yayin da yake cikin birnin Cuernavaca, an nada Zapata a matsayin mai kula da dawakan hacienda, mallakin Pablo Escandón, shugaban babban hafsan Sojan Porfirio Díaz.
Daga baya, an ɗauke shi don yin irin waɗannan ayyuka a ƙarƙashin umarnin Ignacio de la Torre, wanda surukin Janar Porfirio Díaz ne kuma yana jin daɗin fasaha da hikimar dawakai.
Ya isa ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1609, an kafa wata sanannen Club mai suna Melchor Ocampo a Villa de Ayala, don tallafawa takarar da Patricio Leyva a lokacin gwamnatin jihar Morelos, Zapata yana cikin membobinsa, wanda ya bayyana a karon farko duniyar siyasa, da barin muhallin manoma. Ya sadaukar da kai don tallafa wa ɗan takarar da ba ya goyon bayan masu mallakar ƙasa, kamar yadda Pablo Escandón y Barrón, mai gidan gonar San Diego Atlihuayán.
A ranar 12 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, Emiliano Zapata aka nada a matsayin calpuleque, kalma a cikin Nahaualt, wanda ke fassara a matsayin shugaba ko shugaban kasa, don yin amfani da Hukumar Tsaro na yankin Anenecuilco, Villa de Ayala, Moyotepec, a karkashin wannan matsayi, ya fara. aiwatar da bincike da nazarin duk wani takarda da aka samu kuma ya shafi mataimaka ne, inda suka ba da shaidar haƙƙin mallaka na mazauna yankunansu.
A baya dai an yi watsi da shi ta hanyar Dokokin Gyarawa, musamman ma dokar Lerdo, wanda ya tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin farar hula daban-daban sayar da ko kwace filayensu da ba su da amfani, kasancewar wani batu a wani lokaci, goyon bayan sarakuna na asali daban-daban kamar batun Tomás. Mejía, ga gwamnatocin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da kuma zuwa Masarautar Mexiko ta biyu.
Wadannan dokokin da aka aiwatar sun amfanar da mutane da yawa don kara yawan mallakar filaye ba bisa ka'ida ba, suna da'awar da neman mallakar filayen da mazauna yankin ba su yi aiki ba. Dalilin da ya sa shi zama ɗan gona dabam da Morelos, jiharsa ta haihuwa.
A cikin watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1910, an haɗa shi, a cikin rundunar sojan doki ta tara da ke cikin Cuernavaca, tare da matsayi na soja na soja na kowa.
A cikin watan Mayu na shekara ta 1910, yana amfani da sojoji, ya ceci filayen asibitin Hacienda del, wanda babban jami'in 'yan sanda, Mista José A. Vivanco ke gadi, wanda kuma ya mika su ga manoman yankin. yankin. Saboda wannan taron, ya zama dole ya gudu a lokuta da yawa daga hukumomin gwamnati, saboda an sanya shi a matsayin dan fashi.
Bayan lokaci mai dadi, bayan 'yan watanni ya shiga cikin taron da aka yi a Villa de Ayala, don magance al'amuran da ke da alaƙa, wanda daga baya zai zama Shirin Ayala. Ya yi nasarar tattara dukkan mazauna makwabta na al'ummomin uku: Anenecuilco, Villa de Ayala da Moyotepec, waɗanda aka fara aiwatar da sabon rarraba ƙasar tare da rushe shingen da aka sanya a cikin kewaye.
Juyin juya halin Maderista da Shirin Ayala
Francisco I. Madero, ya ba da sanarwar Shirin San Luis, wanda ke nuna farkon juyin juya halin 1910, Emiliano Zapata ya karanta kwafin, wanda ya sa shi sha'awar yin la'akari da labarin na uku, wanda aka bayyana a cikin shirin, wanda ya nuna dawowar tayin. ƙasar zuwa ga tsoffin ma'abotanta.
Nan da nan, Zapata yayi magana da Pablo Torres Burgos, babban malamin karkara, kuma tare da Gabriel Tepepa, Catarino Perdomo da Margarito Martínez. Sun yarda cewa Torres Burros, wanda ya fi kowa ilimi a cikin membobin, ya sami tattaunawa da jagoran juyin juya hali, shahararren Francisco I. Madero, a birnin San Antonio, Texas.
Bayan tattaunawar kuma bisa ga abin da aka tattauna, sun yanke shawarar daukar makamai Pablo Torres Burgos, Emiliano Zapata, Rafael Merino, da kuma manoma kusan 60, daga cikinsu: Catarino Perdomo, Próculo Capistrán, Manuel Rojas, Juan Sánchez, Cristóbal Gutiérrez, Julio Díaz, Zacarías da Refugio Torres, Jesús Becerra, Bibiano Cortés, Serafín Plascencia, Maurilio Mejía da Celestino Benítez. Muna ba da shawara Biography na Guadalupe Victoria
An tattara su a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1911, a cikin bikin Lenten a birnin Cuautla, sun ba da sanarwar Shirin San Luis.
Emiliano Zapata ya tafi kudu, domin Aureliano Blanquet da rundunar sojojinsa suna tsananta masa. A wannan lokacin da ya yi daidai da tsawon tafiyar Zapatista, yaƙe-yaƙe na Chinameca, Jojutla, Jonacatepec, Tlayecac da Tlaquiltenango sun fito waje, da kuma mutuwar Zapatista kuma fitaccen shugaban ƙungiyar Suriano, sanannen Pablo Torres Burgos. , wanda a gaskiya shi ne ya jagoranci Emiliano da kansa.
Bayan mutuwar Emiliano Zapato, a ranar 29 ga Maris, 1911, gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta Kudu ta zabe shi a matsayin sabon jagoran juyin juya hali maderista na kudu. Bukatun Zapatista sun bayyana ra'ayinsu game da ingantaccen gyaran noma "Ƙasar ta masu aiki ne", taken da Teodoro Flores ya yi amfani da shi, wanda shine mahaifin 'yan'uwan Flores Magon, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama alama mai mahimmanci a cikin yakinsa na wauta. abubuwan da suka faru na Porfirio Diaz.
Hakazalika, an ambaci Francisco León de la Barra, wanda a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya jagoranci ƙalubalen siyasa da makamai ga shugaban kudanci, ciki har da Francisco I. Madero da kansa.
Don haka, Emiliano Zapata ya kafa hedkwatarsa a garin Cuautlixco, wanda ke kusa da Cuautla. Daga nan ne kuma ya jagoranci harin da ya kaiwa Sojin Porfirista, wanda runduna ta 5 ke karewa, a karkashin umarnin Kanar Eutiquio Munguía, kamar dai wani Rural Corps, yana karkashin ikon Kwamanda Gil Villegas.
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris Emiliano Zapato ya rike mukamin shugaban dakarun juyin juya hali wanda a wancan lokacin ya kunshi mutane kusan dubu daya. Sun isa ranar 2 ga Afrilu, sun kama Huehuetlán, Puebla kuma sun sami nasarar mamaye garin gaba daya a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1911.
Sakamakon nasarar da Maderismo ya samu, Emiliano Zapata ya kasa tura dakaru, ba tare da an baiwa kowanne daga cikin mambobin tsaron filaye don sadaukar da kansa ga noma ba, maimakon makamai. A cewarsa, yakin bai kare da hambarar da Porfirismo ba, amma tare da tabbatar da matsugunan manoma: maido da filayen da masu arzikin kasa suka sace.
Wannan taron ya kasance mai ban sha'awa ga Francisco de León de la Barra, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na wucin gadi, don la'akari da shi a matsayin tawaye, dalilin da ya sa ya aika da sojoji don mamaye shi: mutane dubu ya umarce shi, Janar Victoriano Huerta da Aureliano Blanquet. . Ku sani a cikin hanyar haɗi mai zuwa, rayuwar Orchard Victorian.
A watan Agusta na shekara ta 1911, Francisco I. Madero ya amince ya yi taro da Emiliano Zapata, a Yautepec, don a sami sulhu cikin lumana don magance matsalar kudanci kuma da nufin rarrashinsa ya ba da kai don ya sallami sojojinsa. A halin da ake ciki, 'yan jarida masu ba da labari na kasar suna shirye-shiryen tambayar abin da Emiliano Zapata ya yi da karfi.
A yayin taron ba su cimma wata yarjejeniya ba saboda Madero bai amince da sake fasalin aikin gona ba kamar yadda Zapata ya yi. Ga Madero, babban abu, bisa ga imaninsa, shi ne shirya ingantaccen tsarin siyasa, yayin da Zapata ya kasance a zuciyarsa don ba da fifiko ga mayar da filayen da masu mallakar filaye suka sace. Zapata ya ci gaba da cewa Madero mayaudari ne ga juyin juya hali.
A saboda haka ne gwamnatin tarayya ta bukaci da ta yanke shawarar samar da oda a maimakon tashin hankali, don haka tare da dakarunta suka bazu a duk kan iyakokin da ke tsakanin Guerrero da Puebla, suna fakewa da gwamnati, tare da gudanar da zagon kasa ga kananan sojojin gwamnatin tarayya. A wannan lokacin, Emiliano Zapata ya auri Josefa Espejo, kasancewar ubangidan haɗin gwiwar Francisco I. Madero da kansa.
Kasancewar Madero a matsayin shugaban jamhuriyar, bambance-bambancen bai gushe ba. Zapata ya gana da Madero a cikin fadar ta kasa, inda aka samu zazzafar takaddama. Madero ya ba wa Zapata hacienda a jihar Morelos, da nufin biyansa duk ayyukan da ya yi wa juyin juya halin Musulunci, matakin da ya fusata Zapata, yayin da yake amsawa:
A'a, Mr Wood. Ban dauki makami na cinye filaye da gonaki ba. Na ɗauki makamai domin mutanen Morelos su sami abin da aka sace daga gare su. Don haka, Malam Madero, ko dai ka cika mana alkawarin da ka yi mana, ni da jihar Morelos, ko kuma chichicuilota ya kai ni da kai.
Yayin da yake bayyana kansa, sai ya yi wani kakkausan razana da bindiga da bindigarsa a kan teburin da Madero ke zaune.
A wata tattaunawa tsakanin Francisco I. Madero da Emiliano Zapata, na karshen ya sa ya ga yadda manoma suka ji lokacin da aka wawashe filayensu.
Zapata ya gaya musu cewa, wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru a Morelos, inda yawancin masu mallakar filaye suka wawashe manoma mazauna yankunansu.
Zapata, a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1911, ya ƙaddamar da Shirin Ayala wanda Otilio E. Montaño ya tsara, rubuce-rubuce don zama na musamman da kuma misali mai rai na akidar manoma daga Morelos.
Wannan takarda ta bukaci 'yantar da 'yan asalin kasar da kuma raba manyan kadarorin da Porfiriato suka kafa. An cire Francisco I. Madero a matsayin shugaban kasa, kuma an yi wa Pascual Orozco rajista a matsayin halastaccen jagoran tsarin juyin juya halin Mexico.
An gyara wannan takarda bayan tawaye na Victoriano Huerta don akidu daban-daban kuma daga baya Zapata ya kare shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Aguascalientes.
Maza masu wayewa da aka sadaukar don canza Plan de Ayala, inda Madero da Huerta ba a san su ba, ayyukansu a matsayin shugabanni, da Orozco a matsayin shugaban juyin juya hali, da karfi ya tsara yanayin zamantakewa na motsi, da kuma tabbatar da manufar "aji" al'ummar Mexico.
Baya ga takardar ta dage cewa tun da ba a yi ta ba tare da alkawarin da aka yi wa manoma, yaki da makamai shi ne kadai hanyar samun adalci.
Amma, ya kamata a sani cewa Shirin Ayala ba takarda ce kawai da aka rubuta don nuna ra'ayoyin kungiyar Zapatista ba, amma yana nufin alamar farko da aka kafa a cikin wani takarda na hukuma wanda ke cikin tunanin gurguzu a Mexico. , saboda gaskiyar cewa ya nuna kansa a baya tare da rubuce-rubucen da aka buga, kodayake ba a hukumance ba, ta Ricardo Flores Magón.
A cikin mahallin shirin Ayala, akwai abubuwan da ke nuna waɗannan tunani ta hanya mafi kusa, waɗanda suke tabbata a cikin abubuwan da ke da lamba ta 6, 7 da 8.
Don fahimtar waɗannan batutuwa, ya kamata a tuna cewa kamar juyin juya halin Mexico, juyin juya halin Rasha ya samo asali ne, wanda kuma yana da akidun tsarin gurguzu, wanda ajin talakawa suka aiwatar da su, kasancewar mafi rinjaye a wancan lokacin a Rasha.
A cikin daftarin aiki ya bayyana a hukumance sanarwa na sanannen jumlar "Ƙasa na masu aiki ne", wanda daga baya aka yi amfani da shi a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci, ta sanannen Ernesto Che Guevara.
A cikin labarin na 8, ya bayyana cewa masu mallakar filaye, masana kimiyya ko manyan sarakunan da ke adawa da kayansu za a dauki su kuma kashi biyu cikin uku nasu za a mayar da su kasa. Ra'ayi ne mai mahimmanci, wanda ya ba wa marubutan takardun aiki, irin su Zapata kansa, damar tunanin tunanin gurguzu.
A shekara ta 1912, Emiliano Zapata ya yi yaƙi da Sojojin Tarayya, wanda ke ƙarƙashin umarnin Janar Arnoldo Casso López, Juvencio Robles da Felipe Ángeles, da nufin samun sulhu a jihohin kudancin.
Yayin da Zapatistas suka yi ƙoƙari su kare kansu kuma sun yi haka ba zato ba tsammani, kuma bisa ga abin da Rundunar Sojojin Tarayya ta bayyana: a cikin asusun na hare-haren Zapatista, al'ada ne don nassoshi game da mamayewa, gobara da fyade sun bayyana a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da suka dace.
Amma, abin da ya fi tabbatuwa a cikin wadannan labarai shi ne, an yi musu kwaskwarima ne domin a tabbatar da muzgunawa da mahalartan Sojojin Tarayyar suka yi. Shekara ce da hare-haren da aka kai a Tepalcingo, Yautepec, Cuautla da Cuernavaca, duk da haka, dole ne a kiyaye cewa a wancan lokacin kungiyar Zapatista ta kasance mai rauni ta fuskar siyasa da soja, musamman yakin neman zabe na gwamnatin Maderista na adawa da gwamnatin. bacin rai surianos, da aka bar a karkashin Janar Felipe Ángeles.
Ta hanyar aikace-aikacen mafi wayewarsu da hanyoyin sassauƙa, sun rage matsuguni na Zapatismo, saboda Ángeles ya samu tare da su.
Gwagwarmayar kudancin kasar bayan mutuwar Madero
Bayan taron da ya faru saboda mutuwar Francisco I. Madero, da kuma zuwan kan mulki na Victoriano Huerta, gwagwarmaya da makamai ya tashi, yayin da Zapata aka gani a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci juyin juya halin jagororin, wanda ya dasa manya da kuma manyan. muhimman gyare-gyare a Morelos.
Daga baya, waɗannan mukamai sun kai shi ga fuskantar sabon shugaban, a lokacin Janar Venustiano Carranza. Da yake kan karagar mulki, Victoriano Huerta, ta sanya hukumar, wanda shugabanta shi ne mahaifin Pascual Orozco, Mista Father Orozco, da nufin yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali da Emiliano Zapata.
Wannan taron dai an hada kai ne domin a dan dage batun yaki a kasar. A wancan lokacin, Zapata yana da ikon Morelos a yawancin jihohin Mexico, kamar jahohin Guerrero, Puebla da Tlaxcala, wanda hakan ya sa da wuya a yarda da mutanen da suka bayyana shi a matsayin "masu kashe Madero".
Ya kashe wakilin Huerta da makamai, ya kuma rubuta wasikar da aka aika wa Janar Félix Díaz, inda ya nuna kin amincewa da gwamnatin Huerta; A cikin watan Mayu na wannan shekarar ne ya sadaukar da kansa wajen gyara tsarinsa na Ayala, musamman ma bayyana Victoriano Huerta a matsayin wani abin kunya da ya zama shugaban kasa.
Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da cire Pascual Orozco daga mukamin Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci da kuma Zapata da ya rage a matsayin shugaban kasa daya tilo da zai wakilci rundunar 'yantar da yankin Kudu. A cikin shekarun farko na 1914, Emiliano Zapato ya zo ya dauki gundumomin Jonacatepec da Chilpancingo.
A waccan shekarar ya samu halartar sojojin da suka kunshi mutane 27.000, wadanda suka taimaka a cikin watan Afrilu don sarrafa jihar Morelos da sauran yankunan Guerrero. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, ya zo ya dauki Cuernavaca, kuma a watan Yuni, ya mallaki yankunan Cuajimalpa, Xochimilco da Milpa Alta, lamarin da ya damu Mexico City.
Mazauna babban birnin Mexico sun yi turmutsutsu lokacin da suka sami labarin cewa sojojin Zapata na nan kusa. Sa'an nan, sojojin tsarin mulki sun toshe hanyoyin don kada su shiga birnin Mexico.
A cikin watan Satumba, Venustiano Carranza Garza, dan siyasa na Mexico, soja da dan kasuwa, ya ba da izini ga Juan Sarabia, Antonio I. Villarreal da Luis Cabrera Lobato, don yarda da Emiliano Zapata, amma, kuma, Suriano caudillo ya bukaci Venustiano Carranza ya yi murabus. daga Hukumar Zartarwa, da kuma amincewa da Shirin Ayala.
Kwamishinonin, tare da mayar da martani, sun bar sansaninsu da jihar, saboda Carranza ya yi kakkausar suka ga bukatarsu, yana mai bayyana su a matsayin "bai dace" ga al'amuran da al'ummar kasar ke ciki ba.
Gwamnatin "conventionalist".
Emiliano Zapata, yana hedkwatar Cuernavaca a wannan watan, bai ɓata lokaci ba, don haka ya fara aikin shelar bayar da filayen da ke na mazauna.
Wasu kwamishinonin Yarjejeniyar Aguascalientes sun gayyace shi, inda manyan kungiyoyi uku da suka halarci juyin juya halin Mexico suka halarta, sun yi kokarin sasanta rashin jituwarsu.
Don wannan taron, Emiliano Zapata bai halarci ba, duk da haka, ya sami damar aika kwamiti a madadinsa, wanda ya ƙunshi Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, wanda shine babban jigon lamarin Flag, tare da Leobardo Galván González, kasancewa. Morelos united wanda Zapata ya aika zuwa Aguascalientes.
Ya za'ayi mai kyau management ga taimakon da Zapatista hukumar, tattaunawar da aka yi tare da Lucio Blanco, kazalika da Janar Francisco Villa da kansa, Paulino Martínez, Manuel J. Santibáñez da Manuel Uriarte, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin masu kallo har sai da ya shawo kan ta yanke shawarar yanke shawara. kalubalanci Venustiano. Carranza.
Ta wannan hanyar, Emiliano Zapata ya sadu da Francisco Villa, kuma su biyu sun gane Eulalio Gutiérrez, sojan Mexico kuma dan siyasa, a matsayin shugaban wucin gadi na Mexico, duk da haka, ayyukan Venustiano Carranza ya haifar da dawwama na yakin basasa. Ko da yake ya zo a karshen watan Nuwamba, da karfi Division na Arewa tare da Liberation Army na Kudu shiga Mexico City.
Daga nan sai farin jinin al’ummar Zapatista ya fara, kamar sauran sassan da ba a san su ba daga Surianos da na Arewa. A lokacin zamansu a babban birnin kasar Mexico, sojojin sun ci gaba da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali: sun sami albarkatu ta hanyar kyaututtuka kuma sun hana fashi da kai hare-hare daga 'yan fashi da yawa, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su ba da kansu a matsayin Zapatistas.
A ranar 4 ga Disamba na waccan shekarar, Villa da Zapata sun sami shahararriyar hirar a Xochimilco, inda suka sami haɗin gwiwar sojojin biyu. Wanda Villa, a musayar, ya yarda da sanannen Shirin Ayala, sai dai korafe-korafen da ya yi wa Francisco I. Madero, wanda ya zama mai cetonsa, ya tilasta wa ya mika makamansa ga Zapata.
Da zarar an kulla yarjejeniyar, Emiliano Zapata ya tafi Amecameca, don haka a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1914 ya ɗauki Puebla, duk da haka, a cikin kwanakin farko na Janairu, sojojin Janar Alvaro Obregón sun kwace filin daga gare shi.
Don haka dole ne ya yi amfani da mafi girman ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcensa wajen yaƙar rundunar sojojin Villista mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan ya sa al'ummar ƙauye suka ba Morelos kariya da gudanar da mulki a shekara ta 1915, waɗanda suka ɗauki makamai, baya ga taimakon malaman yaƙi. suriana.
A cikin shekara ta 1916, lokacin da Venustiano Carranza ya riga ya kafa a Mexico City, kuma yayin da Francisco Villa ya sha wahala da yawa daga sojojin Álvaro Obregón, Carranza ya ba da umarnin kai hari kan Zapatismo, a karkashin umarnin Pablo González Garza.
Tare da haɗin gwiwar jirgin saman soja, Cuernavaca, a cikin watan Mayu, masu tsarin mulkin sun kai farmaki, amma, komawar na wucin gadi ne a hannun Zapatistas, ya ci gaba da kasancewa a karkashin ikonsu a ranar 8 ga Disamba na wannan shekara.
Amma, idan aka yi la'akari da karancin makamai, da kuma hana Villista hadin gwiwa, a cikin 'yan kwanaki duk garuruwan jihar suna karkashin ikon masu kundin tsarin mulki. Kasancewar shekarar 1917 ne Zapata ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da farmakin da ya yi nasarar kwato Jonacatepec, Yautepec, Cuautla, Miahuatlán, Tetecala da Cuernavaca.
A cikin watan Maris ne aka sanar da dokar gudanar da harkokin tsaro a jihar, an bude makarantu, an kafa cibiyoyi daban-daban don sake fara samar da kayayyakin abinci daga karkara, aka ci gaba da yakin a wuraren da ke kan iyaka.
Amma a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Janar Pablo González Garza ya shiga Morelos don ya ƙwace ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 1918, Emiliano Zapata, ya yi aiki a cikin yanayi iri ɗaya da Francisco Villa a cikin wannan shekara, ɗan gwagwarmayar da ba shi da kyakkyawar makoma, saboda yaƙe-yaƙe na shekara-shekara, da rashin harsasai, mutuwar sarakuna da masu aikin gona. dokar da Carranza ya kafa ta gamsar da dalilin surian.
Yunkurinsa, wanda ba za a iya musantawa ba da kuma zanga-zangar rashin jituwa a bangaren manoma, ya kasa samuwa a matsayin ingantacciyar kungiya ta siyasa-soja. Yana kwatanta tawaye na ƙungiyar manoma, wanda don haka ya sadaukar da kansa kawai don aiwatar da yakin sa na kakaki tun daga shekara ta 1918.
Mutuwar Emiliano Zapata
Saboda yakin da gwamnati ta shelanta ya karbe tashe-tashen hankula a arewa. A halin yanzu, gonzalist Jesús Gajardo, wani sojan Mexico wanda ya shiga cikin juyin juya halin Mexico, ya yaudari Zapata, har ya sa ya yarda cewa bai ji daɗin Carranza ba, kuma yana shirye ya shiga tare da shi don manufarsa.
Amma, Emiliano Zapata, ya tambaye shi shaidar da za ta amince da shi, Guajardo ya nuna masa lokacin da ya harbe wasu sojojin tarayya hamsin, tare da izinin Carranza da Pablo González, kuma ya ba Zapata bindigogi da harsasai, wanda zai ba shi damar ci gaba da ci gaba da aikin. yaƙi.
Don haka, a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1919, sun amince su yi taro a Hacienda de Chinameca da ke Morelos. Zapata ya fake da dakarunsa a wajen hacienda, yayin da ya tunkari cikinta tare da rakiyar mutane goma.
Da zarar ka haye babban gate, wani mai gadi da ke tsaye a bakin ƙofar ya busa bulo don karramawa. Kasancewa wata muhimmiyar alama ga masu cin amana, waɗanda ke ɓoye a kan rufin rufin, don buɗe wuta da rashin tausayi ga Zapata, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya sami lokaci don zana makaminsa, amma harbi mai kyau ya jefar da shi daga hannunsa; nan take shugaban ya halaka a kasa.
Mutane da yawa sun ƙi yarda da wannan taron. Hakazalika, nan da nan bayan mutuwarsa suka bude masa wuta da harbe-harbe sama da ashirin, Zapa ya zama mai yada juyin juya halin Musulunci kuma ya zama abin koyi ga garuruwan talakawa da mabukata.
Juyin juyin juya hali ya ci gaba da tafiya, amma tare da ƙarancin haske, yayin da Zapatistas suka amince da nada Gildardo Magaña Cerda a matsayin shugaban Rundunar 'Yancin Kudu. Wannan shi ne zai zama na karshe da zai wakilce su, domin bayan shekara guda, tsofaffin ’yan’uwan Zapata sun shiga gwamnatin Aguaprietista, duk da cewa gwamnatin ta kashe wasu daga cikinsu.
Yawancin mazaunan jihar Morelos, ba su yarda da yin imani da mutuwar Zapata ba, imanin cewa ba shugabansu ba ne, wanda Guajardo ya kashe. Kamar yadda suka yi sharhi cewa sun rasa mole, cewa idan Zapata mutum ne mai tsayi ko duhu a launi.
A cewar sharhin, babu yuwuwar yin mamaki idan aka yi mamakin ko Zapata ne, saboda dole ne ya zama Zapata, ya gudu daga makirci da yawa kuma koyaushe yana da hukunce-hukuncen da cin amana ke sanar da shi, yadda ya fadi ta wannan hanyar. . Bayanan sun kuma nuna cewa Zapata ya aika daya daga cikin abokan aikinsa a matsayinsa, wanda ke da kamanceceniya.
Amma, abin baƙin ciki, gano gawar Zapata, ta hanyar takaddun shaida na da yawa daga cikin tsofaffin abokan aikinsa da kuma na kusa da shi, ya ba da shaida cewa gawar caudillo na kudu ce.
Tarihi ya motsa Zapata zuwa Gabas mai Nisa, inda akwai wani Balarabe kwampare wanda ya ba shi mafaka, a cewar almara, Zapata ya shiga birnin Acapulco don tserewa zuwa Larabawa. Yayin da wasu ke ikirarin cewa a daren wata, an gan shi yana tafiya a kusa da Anenecuilco, wurin da aka haife shi.
Har ila yau, ya gaya wa almara na Zapata, cewa a wannan wuri da shekaru masu yawa, wani dattijo ya bayyana a kulle a cikin wani gida, da yawa sun tabbatar da cewa Zapata ne.
Bayan lokaci, wani takarda da aka buga ya bayyana wanda ya soki sigar hukuma da aka bayar game da mutuwar Zapata a Hacienda de Chinameca. Sai dai a halin yanzu babu wani martani da jama'a suka bayar da ke tabbatar da batun mutuwarsa, hatta masana a fannin tarihi, wanda ya saba wa tsarin da aka bayar a hukumance. Zapata, wanda aka sani da marubucin furcin: "Yana da kyau ku mutu da ƙafafunku da ku rayu a kan gwiwoyinku."
Rayuwar mutum
Emiliano Zapata, tun daga kuruciyarsa, mutum ne mai karya zukatan 'yan mata, kuma a lokacin rayuwarsa yana da mata tara.
Ya ba da labarin rayuwar Emiliano Zapata, cewa dalilin da ya sa ya shiga aikin soja shine sace wata yarinya. Mahaifin Inés Alfaro Aguilar ne ya shigar da karar, wanda shine matarsa ta farko kuma tare da wanda Zapata zai haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Nicolás da Elena Zapata Alfaro.
Inés Alfaro Aguilar yarinya ce ƴar ƙauye ta haihu, tana da ɗabi'a mai daɗi da gamsuwa, shi ya sa ta yi watsi da duk zinar mijinta.
Hakazalika, kwararre kan al’amuran tarihi Jesús Sotelo Inclan ya gaya mana cewa Zapata ya auri wata budurwa daga rukunin masu hannu da shuni mai suna Luisa Merino, kuma a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1911.
Da zarar gwamnatin kama-karya ta Porfirista ta fadi, sai ya ci gaba da auren budurwa Josefa Espejo Sánchez, wadda aka fi sani da "La Generala", 'yar asalin Anenecuilco, 'yar Don Fidencio Espejo da Guadalupe Sánchez, wanda ya haifi wasu 'ya'ya biyu tare da su.
Na farko daga cikin wadannan yara sunansa Felipe, wanda aka haifa a tsaunin El Jilguero, ya mutu yana da shekaru 5 kacal a cikin daya daga cikin matsugunin da dangi ke zama, bayan da maciji ya sare shi.
An haifi ’ya ta biyu mai suna Josefa a Tlaltizapán, kuma shekara guda kafin mutuwar ɗan’uwanta Felipe, ta mutu daga wani mugun harbin kunama. Don haka Josefa ta kasance ba ta da yara. Amma, Emiliano Zapata, yana da wasu yara, kamar: Ana María Zapata, 'yar Petra Torres.
Gidajen tarihi
Akwai sanannen hanyar Zapata, wanda wani shiri ne na yawon buɗe ido don tallata tarihin wanda ake kira jagoran juyin juya hali.
Anan mun gabatar da shahararren Hanyar Zapata:
Cuautla
Yana cikin tashar jirgin ƙasa na almara, wanda ke aiki a matsayin barikin Zapatista; fadar karamar hukuma, inda aka ba gawarsa tashe; dandalin Kudu, "Plaza del Señor del Pueblo" shinge inda ragowarsa ke hutawa, wanda ke ƙarƙashin wani mutum-mutumi don girmama shi; Haka kuma na'ura mai lamba 279, wacce ta yi aiki a lokutan juyin juya hali.
anenecuilco
A wannan wuri, akwai gidan kayan tarihi na Zapata House, gidan tarihi ne na labari, wanda ke baje kolin dakin da aka haifi Emiliano Zapata mai juyin juya hali.
Chinameca
An gano gawarwakin abin da ya kasance hacienda inda aka kashe shi, kuma an baje kolin hotuna da dama na taron.
Tlaltizapan
A cikin wannan wurin akwai Gidan Tarihi na Zapatista Barracks da pantheon na Emiliano Zapata Salazar.
Emiliano Zapata da juyin juya halin Mexico
Ga Zapata, kasancewarsa mai himma a harkokinsa na siyasa da na soja daban-daban, gami da yin nishadi, bai taba kawar da rantsuwar da ya yi na yin adalci ga talakawansa ba. A cikin 1911, saboda wannan, ya tashi da makamai don yakar gwamnatin kama-karya ta Porfirio Díaz.
Emiliano Zapata, a lokaci guda, ya goyi bayan takarar Francisco I Madero na shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, da zarar Medero ya hau kan karagar mulki, bai cika alkawuran da ya dauka ba. Dalili, wanda ya sanya kadillo na kudu da mabiyansa suka damu har suka yi watsi da aikin da ya ba shi.
Bayan wannan taron, Emiliano Zapata ya shiga Farfesa Otilio Montaño kuma a cikin kamfaninsa suka kaddamar da Shirin Ayala, wani taron da aka yi kwanan watan Nuwamba 28, 1911. A cikin abubuwan da ke cikin Shirin, an hukunta cin amanar Madero.
Haka kuma, an nemi a dawo da filayen da aka tumbuke a cikin Porfiriato, kuma an tilastawa a ba da filayen noma na masu gonakinsu. Emiliano Zapata ya ci gaba da yakinsa, har sai da Kanar Jesús Guajardo ya rinjaye shi cewa shi da mabiyansa suna adawa da Madero, kuma zai ba shi goyon baya tare da mutanensa da makamansa.
Amma, ga wahalhalun mutanensa da shahararren shugaba kuma mai kare talakawa, cin amana ne. Da yake ranar Afrilu na shekara ta 1919, Guajardo, ya gayyaci ’yan majalisar kudu don halartar taron Chinameca hacienda, Morelos, inda ya ba da umurni cewa a kashe shi.
Legend of Emiliano Zapata ta taska
Labarin wannan hali na Mexico, Emiliano Zapata, wanda ya yi masa baftisma tare da sunan mai suna caudillo na kudu, ya nuna cewa mazaunan jihar Morelos, a wani wuri da aka sani da Quilamula, sun saba da kuma sha'awar matar da mijinta ya mutu, da kuma nasu. yara, ko da yaushe suna sha'awar labaru da abubuwan da suka faru na irin wannan jarumin jarumi.
Duk da haka, ba su san cewa a cikin tuddai da ke kewaye da garin, Zapatistas sun ɓuya daga sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Jesús Guajardo. Mai yiyuwa ne a boye ganimarsa ta zinariya a wannan wuri.
Amma, akwai wahala, cewa babu taswira a wancan lokacin da za ta nuna tare da X wurin da aka nuna don gano shi, kawai suna da goyon bayan kyakkyawar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Emilia, 'yar mijin mai juyin juya hali. Yarinya ce, mai tsananin iya tuno qaramin bayani, abin da mahaifiyarta ta ba ta a asirce, a ranta daidai wurin da aka boye dukiyar ya rage.
Yarinyar ta ce, Zapata, daga sansaninsa, ya halarci tare da wasu sojoji wadanda suka yi tattaki kadan zuwa inda aka binne dukiyar. Amma labari ya tabbata, ba su sake dawowa ba, domin ’yan sandan kudu sun kashe su ne don kada asirin ya tonu.
Emilia ya kuma ce, ya yi amfani da madubai wajen aika sakonni daga wannan tudu zuwa wancan, cewa ya yi hakan ne domin ya yi gargadin cewa sojoji suna kusa, don ba su lokaci su buya a cikin zurfin tsaunuka.
Labarin dukiyar Zapata ya nuna cewa mazauna da dama tare da rakiyar wani mafarauci, sun sadaukar da kansu wajen neman matar Zapata domin ta taimaka musu su sami zinariyar da dan juyin juya hali ya binne.
Ga wa] annan mazaje masu ban sha'awa, manufarsu ita ce su nemo taska da kuma labaran da aka ba da su a kusa da wannan gaskiyar. Don haka sai suka tafi sannan bayan sun dawo suka dauki nauyin tabbatar da cewa bayan gudanar da ayyuka da yawa sun iske sansanin juyin suna cikin yanayi mai kyau kamar lokaci bai wuce ba.
Hakazalika, sun bayyana cewa suna iya jin karar fashewar abubuwa kamar harbe-harbe da kuma wasu kararraki da suka dusashe a cikin dajin, yayin da faduwar rana ke gabatowa.
Tsakanin inuwa, da jin mutane suna tafiya da gudu, ya sa masu sha'awar ci gaba da yin haka. Duka tsoro da sauran abubuwan sun mamaye masu neman taska Emiliano Zapata, wadanda suka yi gaggawar fita neman hanyar gudu.
Har zuwa yau, ba a sani ba game da waɗannan balaguro, ko kuma idan sun sami dukiyar da aka binne, yayin da camfi da ta'addanci ke girma tsawon shekaru. Mutane da yawa na kusa da Emiliano Zapata suna ɓoye sirrin da mutanen Quilamula suka sani.
Duk da haka, tun 1990, neman ganimar zinare ya kasance a yanzu, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin da ke akwai ba. Suna kawai daidaitawa tare da madaidaicin ra'ayin ci gaba da matakai don samun arziki: ci gaba da matakan zuwa inda babban binne taska na Zapata yake.
Shugaban Kudu, Legend
Har ila yau, labari ya ba da labari game da Emiliano Zapata, wanda aka fi sani da caudillo na kudu, cewa bayan mutuwarsa an dauki gawarsa da alfadari zuwa Cuautla, inda aka baje kolin a ofishin 'yan sanda don ganin ya zama darasi a idanun 'yan sanda. 'yan tawayen da suka mara masa baya.
Sakamakon mutuwarsa na zubar da jini, Zapata ya zama tatsuniya, kasancewar daya daga cikin tatsuniyoyi da suka samo asali daga wannan wakilin na Mexico, sun tabbatar da cewa jagoran juyin juya halin bai mutu ba a lokacin harbin, kuma gawar da hukumomi suka gabatar na da ninki biyu. daga ciki, wanda Zapata yayi amfani da shi a cikin matsanancin yanayi na haɗari.
Mutumin da ya dace da tabbataccen tabbaci
Emiliano Zapata mutum ne mai hazaka kuma a lokaci guda kuma ya fi budaddiyar tunani, sabanin tunanin sauran masu neman sauyi na Mexico, wanda don haka ne ya kirkiro nasa Reform na Agrarian, wanda ake kira da Ayala Plan, domin an sanar da shi a garin. Ayala, a jihar Morelos.
Reform na Ayala, da nufin cudanya da babban yanki na kasa, da kuma 'yantar da manoma da 'yan asalin kasar da dama daga zaluncin latifundista da suka samu kansu. Emiliano Zapata ya so ya kasance daidai da wani sanannen maƙasudinsa: "Ƙasa ga waɗanda ke aiki."
Emiliano Zapata, mutum ne mai karfi kuma mai tsauri, ya goyi bayan ‘yancin yajin aiki da ‘yantar da mata. Ƙaƙƙarfan manufofinsa a kowane lokaci ba su sami sauye-sauyen canje-canjen da aka samu a gwamnatoci daban-daban ba.
Ƙasa da 'yanci
Emiliano Zapata, yana dan shekara 23 kacal, ya kasance jagoran juyin juya hali a birnin Yautepec, don fuskantar ayyukan da Pablo Escandón cacique ya aiwatar. A shekara ta 1906, ya ba da kariya ga yankunan da ke cikin garin ƙauye, sakamakon cin zarafi da wasu masu mallakar gonaki ke yi, kuma a lokacin da Zapata ya bayyana sanannen furcinsa cewa: "Yana da kyau ku mutu da ƙafafunku fiye da yadda kuke so. don gudanar da rayuwarka gaba ɗaya a kan gwiwa".
Ya zo a cikin 1909, ta hanyar sanarwar doka ta shugaban Mexico Porfirio Díaz, ya yi barazanar tabarbarewar rayuwar ƙunci da manoma da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke jagoranta, inda masu mallakar filaye da manyan kamfanoni suka yi mulki, kasancewar ƙwararrun duk filayen noma. don noma.
Da yake al’amarin ya juya da bakin ciki, cewa a cikin watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, mazauna al’ummar da Zapata ke zaune, suka gayyace su zuwa wani taron sirri inda suka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban sabuwar majalisar karamar hukumar.
Zapata ya ji daɗin shaharar da ba ta daina ba, ya ƙara girma kuma a shekara ta gaba, sun riga sun sami taken kansu "Land and Freedom", ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa mai suna Francisco Ignacio Madero ya shiga ƙungiyar juyin juya hali, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin kawar da Diaz. tsarin mulki.
Shahararrun kalmomin Emiliano Zapata
A cikin wannan bangare za mu nuna muku jimlolin Emiliano Zapata, waɗanda wani gari ya gada a lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico.
"Na gafarta wa wanda ya yi sata da wanda ya kashe, amma wanda ya ci amana, ba zai taba ba."
"Ƙasa da 'yanci!"
"Idan babu adalci ga jama'a, kada a samu zaman lafiya ga gwamnati."
"Na kuduri aniyar yaki da komai da duk wanda ba shi da tushe face amana da goyon bayan jama'ata."
"Maigida yana jin yunwa, ya sha wahala, ya sha wahala kuma idan ya tashi da makami sai ya samu gurasar da kwadayin masu kudi ya hana shi."
"Jahilci da duhuwa a kowane lokaci ba su haifar da komai ba face garken bayi don zalunci."
"Muna jiran sa'ar yanke hukunci, daidai lokacin da mutane suka nutse ko kuma suka sami ceto."
“Zan faɗi gaskiya masu ɗaci; amma ba zan bayyana muku wani abu da ba gaskiya ba, adalci da gaskiya.”
"Makiyan kasa da 'yancin walwala na al'umma a kodayaushe suna kiran 'yan fashi da suka sadaukar da kansu don kare muradunsu."