Gano misalai da yawa na autotrophs a cikin wannan labarin, amma ba kawai wannan ba, zaku iya koyon abin da suke, mahimmancin su da ƙari da yawa waɗanda ba ku so ku rasa, kar ku manta da raba wannan mahimman bayanai tare da ƙaunatattun ku.
kwayoyin autotrophic
Tun daga makarantar sakandare da kuma wasu lokuta tun daga makarantar firamare, duk abin da ya shafi yanayi, rayayyun halittu, dabbobi, tsirrai da sauran su ana nazarin su, daga cikinsu akwai autotrophs, waɗannan suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin yanayin halittu da bambancin halittu waɗanda wannan ke nuna. , idan ba tare da waɗannan ba babu wani abu da zai yiwu kuma ma ba zai kasance ba.
Kuma ko da yake a lokuta da dama ana ganin tun muna kanana, kila ya tafi daga fahimtarsa ko kuma ba a ba shi mahimmancin da ya cancanta ba; Wadannan da ke cikin fannin ilmin halitta ana ganin su a matsayin furodusoshi, amma me ya sa?Saboda kawai wadannan su ne masu iya samar da abinci ko samar da nasu abinci, su ma na farko ne, wanda ke nufin sun zauna a duniya a farkon lamarin. .
Amma ta yaya suke cimma wannan? Sauki sosai, suna yin ta ta hanyar abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi, tabbas kuna mamakin misali, wannan zai kasance yanayin tsire-tsire, tunda a fili ba su da ikon zuwa ko ƙaura don abincinsu, don haka su da kansu suke samar da shi don ciyar da kansu. kuma ba a mutu ba, amma wannan ma haka lamarin yake ga yawancin kwayoyin cuta da algae, wadanda suka dogara da wasu dalilai na rayuwa.
Waɗannan abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ba ana rikitar da su zuwa sinadarai masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don metabolism ɗin ku ya yi aiki da kyau. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa don aiwatar da wannan tsari gaba ɗaya kuma daidai, dole ne a sami ruwa, amma ba wannan kaɗai ba, amma kuma dole ne a sami hasken rana, carbon dioxide ko wasu nau'ikan inorganic, da gishirin ma'adinai.
Wadannan suna da matukar muhimmanci a dabi’a, tun da suna iya samar da abincinsu don haka suna rayuwa, amma ba wai kawai ba, har ma suna raya wasu halittu masu yawa wadanda watakila suke ciyar da su, a matsayin misali na mutane. Za a iya ba da shi, kasancewar waɗannan kwayoyin halittar heterotrophic waɗanda ke buƙatar farkon waɗanda za su ci.
Menene su?
An riga an tattauna waɗannan kwayoyin halitta gaba ɗaya, duk da haka, ba a yi cikakken bayani game da manufar su ba, waɗannan su ne kawai waɗanda ke samar da nau'in abinci ko abinci mai gina jiki; Ko da tsarin da aka ambata na juzu'in da suke aiwatarwa daga inorganic zuwa kwayoyin halitta ana kiransa "autotrophic nutrition".
Ƙarfinsa gabaɗaya ne a lokacin haɗa abubuwan gina jiki don jikin ku ta hanyar abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi, amma da farko yana da mahimmanci a fahimci menene metabolism, wannan shine rukunin halayen sinadarai waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta don canza abinci zuwa kuzari. wanda ya zama dole don samun damar aiwatar da komai a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, haɓaka, tunani da ƙari mai yawa.
A cikin wadannan kwayoyin halitta, an hada da kayan lambu daban-daban (karas, dankalin turawa, gwoza, da sauransu), da tsire-tsire daban-daban da ke kewaye da mu da kwayoyin cuta masu yawa; Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yawancin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin hoto, amma menene wannan yake nufi? To, su ne wadanda a cikinsu akwai lokutan hasken rana, wato, hasken rana yana ratsa su na wani lokaci da kowane lokaci.
Irin wannan nau'in kwayoyin halitta ba su da wata bukata ta sauran halittu masu rai, abincinsu mai zaman kansa ne; Tabbas kuna mamakin inda tunanin "autotrophs" ya samo asali, don haka ya zama dole a koyaushe a kiyaye gaskiyar cewa dukkanin halittu suna dauke da oxygen, carbon, ruwa da hydrogen.
Bugu da kari, wajibi ne ya kasance yana da kwayoyin halitta; Sanin haka, kwayoyin halittar da ake tambaya an halicce su ne da farkon duniya, na rayuwa gaba daya, wanda aka dauka a matsayin wata halitta mai tushe ko asali da sauki, wacce ta rayu ta hanyar photosynthesis, ita kadai, daga cikinta ne aka samu dukkan rayuwar dabba.
A cikin misalai na sarkar abinci wanda kowa ya sani su wadannan kwayoyin halitta a matsayin na farko, su ne tushen wannan sarka da muhimmanci ga rayuwar sauran halittu. Ana ganin su ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa, waɗannan suna iya canza carbon dioxide, ruwa, gishirin ma'adinai zuwa glucose, oxygen, glucose da sitaci, ta hanyar hasken rana.
Nau'in kwayoyin halitta na autotrophic
Yana da mahimmanci a bayyana nau'ikan waɗannan kwayoyin halitta da aka sani har zuwa yau, kasancewar waɗannan biyun, photoautotrophs da chemoautotrophs, an raba su ta wannan hanya gwargwadon ƙarfin da kowane ɗayan ke amfani da shi don aiwatar da dukkan hanyoyin da aka ambata, na farko ta hanyar. hanyoyin hasken rana da na biyu ta hanyar makamashin sinadarai, duk an yi bayaninsu dalla-dalla a cikin sassa masu zuwa.
Amma kafin farawa da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu na autotrophic, za a yi dalla-dalla wasu abubuwan da suka dace:
A cikin nau'in abinci mai gina jiki na chemoautotrophic, tushen carbon shine inorganic, kamar yadda a cikin photoautotrophic, duk da haka, irin wannan ba ya faruwa tare da mai ba da gudummawar "e" wanda a cikin yanayin na ƙarshe shine "C. inorganic (S2-) kuma a cikin yanayin tsohon, duka tushen makamashi da Mai ba da gudummawar "e" sune mahadi na inorganic (H2S, fe 2+, CH4, H2 NH4+, NO3, NO2), amma a cikin yanayin photoautotrophs tushen makamashi shine haske.
Photoautotrophs
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, waɗannan su ne waɗanda suke samun kuzarin su ta hanyar hasken rana, yayin da ake magana game da "hoto" muna nufin "photon", wato, daga gare ta aka samo shi, wanda shine kwayoyin da suke samar da haske. Don haka na baya-bayan nan ne ke ba da kuzarin da ake bukata don samun damar ciyar da kai yadda ya kamata da rayuwa a cikin mahallin da ake samun kwayoyin halitta; duk wannan ta hanyar photosynthesis ne.
Photosynthesis ana fahimtar aikin sinadarai da ake aiwatarwa a cikin tsire-tsire da ke da chlorophyll kuma ta hanyar hasken rana yana canza wani nau'in inorganic substrate zuwa kwayoyin halitta mai kuzari.
A wannan yanayin, bayyanannun misalai na iya zama algae, ƙwayoyin cuta da shuke-shuke daban-daban; Kasancewar photosynthesis yana canza ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa da carbon dioxide ya zama Glucose, wanda shine nau'in sikari da ke ba da kuzari ga kayan lambu da tsire-tsire, na biyun kuma suna amfani da glucose don samar da cellulose da suke amfani da su. don gina bangon tantanin halitta da girma.
Amma a cikin ƙasa ba kawai ruwa ba amma akwai iska, microorganisms da kwayoyin halitta, ta hanyar abin da ake samu na gina jiki, amma ba wai kawai mai sauƙi ba ne akwai ƙarin rikitarwa, amma akwai ƙarin matakai a cikin wannan abinci mai gina jiki, irin wannan. kamar haka:
- yana sha na gina jiki na inorganic
- Sa'an nan kuma ruwa da gishiri suna canza zuwa wuraren koren shuka
- Oxygen da carbon iskar gas yana faruwa
- Daga nan sai photosynthesis ya fara, yana samun iskar oxygen a karo na biyu.
- Daga baya, jigilar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar phloem fara a cikin dukan shuka.
- Yana fara numfashin sel wanda ke haifar da kuzari ga sel.
- Kuma a ƙarshe, akwai fitar da abubuwan da metabolism zai kawar da su.
chemoautotrophs
Da wannan nau'in, ana yin ishara ga waɗanda za su iya samun abubuwan gina jiki ko abincinsu ta hanyar wasu sinadarai, amma da yawa, na nau'in nau'in inorganic da aka rage; An kuma yi nuni da cewa ba sa amfani da hasken rana don samun damar ciyarwa ko ciyar da kansu. Wadannan ba su da carbon amma suna da wasu kuzari da suke ƙirƙirar abincinsu.
Irin wannan nau'in yawanci yana rayuwa ne a wurare masu tsauri, wato, inda yanayi ke da ƙarfi sosai, tunda galibi wuraren ne wuraren da suke samun sinadarai masu guba waɗanda ke ba su damar aiwatar da iskar oxygen. Misalin irin wannan yanayi shi ne dutsen mai aman wuta, inda akwai kwayoyin cuta da ke rayuwa a cikin irin wannan wuri, wadanda suke oxidize sulfur kuma ta haka suke ciyarwa; gaskiyar rayuwa tana faruwa a cikin Yellowstone inda akwai ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke aiwatar da wannan tsari a cikin ruwan zafi.
Ana iya rarraba irin wannan nau'in kwayoyin halitta kamar haka:
- Iron kwayoyin cuta: A cikin wannan yanayin na farko, an yi nuni ga waɗanda ke oxidize da manganese da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin wani nau'i mai raguwa.
- nitrifying kwayoyin cuta: su ne wadanda ke amfani da ƙananan mahadi na nitrogen a matsayin hanyar makamashi.
- kwayoyin sulfur: A karshe akwai wadanda ke amfani da sinadarin hydrogen sulfide don makamashin da suke bukata.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa a cikin zurfin tekun duniya akwai kwayoyin cuta da yawa da ke amfani da wannan tsari don samun kuzari da abinci, musamman a wuraren da ke da kusanci da iska mai zafi.
Tabbas kuna mamakin menene ma'aunin iska mai zafi, domin yana da sauqi kuma shi ne tsagewar da ke tasowa a cikin zurfafan ruwa, shi ya sa ake tace ruwan ta wurin har sai ya hadu da duwatsu a yanayin zafi, don haka yana fitar da ruwa. tafasa sake komawa cikin teku amma a wannan karon yana da ma'adanai da suka fito daga kusan narkakken dutsen kamar hydrogen sulfide.
Me yasa autotrophs ke da mahimmanci a cikin yanayin muhalli?
A cikin labarin an yi nuni da alamu iri-iri da ke nuna irin muhimmancin da wadannan halittu suke da shi ga rayuwar duniya, kasancewarsu yana da matukar muhimmanci ko da ba a ba shi muhimmancin da ake bukata ba, domin wadannan su ne na farko da ke samar da tushen abinci, idan har tushe ya gaza. dala ya ruguje, tunda wasu suna cinye wasu, suna yin da'ira.
Ya kamata a lura cewa waɗannan su ne mafi yawa a cikin wurare daban-daban, suna amfani da damar da yawa don kansu don tsira; kayan lambu da nau'ikan tsire-tsire, wato autotrophs, dabbobin ciyawa ne suke cinye su, tunda waɗannan su ne suka dogara da tsire-tsire da kayan lambu; Ana samun waɗannan a cikin matakin na biyu na sarkar abinci.
A gefe guda kuma Dabbobin dabbobi waxanda su ne masu cin nama da omnivores, waxannan su ne masu cin ko dai kayan lambu ko nama kuma suna cikin mataki na uku na sarkar abinci. Heterotrophs sune masu amfani da autotrophs; ko da yaushe fara sarkar abinci tare da wasu autotrophic kwayoyin halitta, domin su ne suke samar.
Misali a sarari na wannan shi ne abin da ke faruwa da ciyawa da ke tsiro a cikin gonaki ko sauran wurare, kasancewar wannan autotrophic, wanda dabbobi masu cin nama ke cinyewa, waɗanda ke da heterotrophic, kamar yadda zai kasance da shanu.
A cikin wuraren da autotrophs ya fi yawa, za a sami karin dabbobin da suke cinye ku kuma akasin haka, idan waɗannan sun ragu haka nan masu cin nama ko masu cin nama da kuma wadanda ke biye da su a cikin sarkar abinci, har sai an lalatar da halittu, irin wannan shine. yanayin da ke faruwa a lokacin da aka sare dazuzzuka ko kona, yawancin halittu suna ɓacewa saboda ba za su iya ciyarwa ba.
Wataƙila da yawa sun ƙaura zuwa wasu yankuna, waɗanda ake kira dabbobi masu cin zarafi, amma wasu da yawa za su mutu kawai, kuma kasancewa nau'in ɓarna na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga muhallin da suke kuma yanayin rayuwarsu zai tabarbare sosai.
Yawancin misalan wakilci da halaye
Akwai nau'ikan autotrophs iri-iri a duniya, tsire-tsire masu kore sune bayyanannen misali, don haka iri-iri yana da faɗi a cikin wuraren zama daban-daban; akwai Pines, itatuwan oak, faski, cilantro, latas, laurel, da hydrangeas da lawn.
Amma ba wadannan kadai ba ne, tun da yake a cikin girman teku da koguna kuma ana iya samun nau'o'in halittu masu yawa na autotrophic, daga cikinsu za a iya ambaton algae, wadannan su ne suka fi yawa kuma wadanda galibi ana iya ganin su. teku: idon ɗan adam, lokacin da yake gabatowa ga rairayin bakin teku ko lokacin nutsewa akan raƙuman ruwa.
Haka kuma akwai phytoplanktons, wadanda ba kamar na baya ba, sun fi wahalar gani, tun da girmansu bai yarda ba, amma kuma suna da yawa a cikin teku; Bugu da kari, ana iya ambaton kwayoyin cuta iri-iri da ake samu a cikin teku, daga cikinsu akwai na karfe da na sulfur, na farko ana samun su ne a cikin koguna da kasa da kuma na karshen inda akwai gungu na pyrite.