Shin kun ji labarin tasirin hoto? Anan muna ba ku duk bayanan da suka shafi batu mai ban mamaki wanda ke fitowa daga kididdigar kimiyyar lissafi. Koyi game da tarihinsa, bayaninsa, da ra'ayinsa, da kuma wasu masu fafutuka waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wannan reshe na kimiyyar lissafi.
Menene tasirin photoelectric?
Tasirin photoelectric ya ta'allaka ne a cikin magana da bayyanar da electrons, wanda ake aiwatar da shi ta hanyar madubi wanda zai iya zama wani abu da ke samun nasarar shigar da hasken lantarki. Ana fassara wannan radiation zuwa haske mai iya ganewa. Daga cikin wasu hasken wuta muna iya samun kamar haka:
Photoconductivity
Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa godiya ga tasirin da yake aiwatarwa ta hanyar haɓaka matakan haɓakawa wanda aka fassara zuwa wutar lantarki wanda haske ke aiki. An fallasa wannan gwajin a tsakiyar karni na sha tara.
Tasirin Photovoltaic
Yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa yana haifar da tasiri wanda ke canza makamashin haske sabanin wutar lantarki. Gaskiyar da ta kunno kai a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da hudu.
Ganowa
An gudanar da gano tasirin photoelectric sakamakon binciken da Heinrich Hertz ya yi a cikin shekara dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai. Ana samun abin lura da shi a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin da suka haɗa da lanƙwasa da ke billa tsakanin na'urorin lantarki 2, kuma waɗanda ke haɗin haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin babban ƙarfin lantarki, wanda ke ƙoƙarin isa mafi nisa lokacin da hasken UV ya haskaka, wanda ya bambanta da lokacin da yake cikin duhu.
Tabbacin farko na wannan batu an zayyana shi ta hanyar ma'ana ko bayanin da Albert Einstein ya gabatar game da tasirin wutar lantarki, wanda ya kai ga ƙarshe cewa barbashin da ya dace da haske ana kiransa photon. Tushen samar da wannan ka'idar tushen haske Einstein yayi amfani da shi saboda fitattun binciken Planck. Wanda ya yi wani yunƙuri don nuna wanzuwar nawa.
La Tarihin rayuwar Max Planck yana nuna mana kutsawar wannan masanin kimiyyar a duniyar kimiyyar lissafi, baya ga tabbatar da wasu karramawa da aka ba shi sakamakon binciken da aka yi kan adadin aiki. La'akari da cewa wannan ka'idar ta buɗe kofofin zuwa tafarkin ilimin lissafi cikin sauri da ruwa.
El tasirin hoto Ya bambanta da na'urar X-ray, la'akari da cewa photons suna samun nasarar isar da electrons a cikin wannan tsari na radiation na electromagnetic, yayin da na'urar X-ray ba ta kasance ba sai an gudanar da bincike da yawa. Cewa a shekara ta 1985 an gano illa da kuma amfani da wannan radiation da ake kira radiation, na masanin kimiyya Wilhelm Rotge.
photons
da photons ana wakilta su da kuzari waɗanda ke iyakance ta nau'in mitar haske a cikin nau'in igiyar ruwa. Idan muka samu kanmu da lamarin kwayar zarra, wanda ya samu kansa yana shan wani adadin kuzari da ke fitowa daga wani photon, yana da dimbin kuzarin da ke ba shi damar jefar da na’urar lantarki daga kayan da ake magana a kai, daga baya ya nufi wajen takamaiman hanyar da ta ƙare a wani sarari.
Bayan faruwar abin da ke sama, ana korar wutar lantarki daga kayan. A cikin sabanin haka. Idan makamashin da photon ke fitowa ba shi da isasshen ƙarfi, lantarkin ba shi da ƙarfin tserewa ko tserewa daga kayan da ake tambaya.
A nata bangaren, ba wai ya dogara ne da sauye-sauyen da karfin haske ke haifarwa cewa makamashin da ke cikin photon zai canza ba, sai dai adadin electrons da ke iya tserewa daga sararin da aka samu su ke da ikon yin hakan. don haka, godiya ga ƙarfin da electrons ke fitarwa, ya bayyana a fili cewa ba ya dogara da radiation da yake kaiwa ba, amma akan mita da ake fitarwa.
Gabaɗaya, ba duk electrons ne ake iya fitar da su ta hanyar lantarki ba. photoelectric sakamako, An yi la'akari da cewa wadanda suka fara fitowa su ne wadanda ba kasafai suke bukatar matsananciyar karfi ba don samun nasarar korar. A cikin insulator dielectric, ana iya ganin wasu electrons masu yawan kuzari a cikin valence band.
A cikin yanayin karfe, yawanci muna samun electrons a gaban babban bandeji mai girma wanda ke ba da kyakkyawar gudanarwa.
Saboda haka, ta hanyar semiconductor yana yiwuwa a nuna electrons da ke watsa babban adadin makamashi. Dangane da masu gudanar da irin wannan nau'in, ƴan electrons yawanci ana samun su a cikin band ɗin da ke haifar da conduction.
Idan muka yi magana game da zafin jiki, yawanci muna samun wasu electrons da makamashi mai yawa, waɗanda aka samo su kusa da matakan Fermi. Akwai makamashin da dole ne electron ya kunsa domin ya kai matakin Fermi, wannan shi ake kira fusion aiki, yayin da mafi karancin mitar da ake bukata don fitar da na’urar lantarki shi ake kira ‘threshold mita.
Ƙimar adadin kuzarin da aka ce yana da yawa, kuma ba zai taɓa kasancewa ba, wannan ba shakka, ya dogara a kowane lokaci akan kayan da matakan atomic ɗin sa. Wasu kayan ƙarfe kamar calcium da ceium suna da ƙarancin aikin aiki. Don haka, dole ne ya kasance mai tsafta sosai cewa kayan yana da tsabta gwargwadon abin da ya shafi zarra.
Bayani
Photons da ke da hasken haske, su kuma suna da makamashi na musamman, wanda ke samuwa ta hanyar mitar da hasken ke bayarwa. Ta hanyar hanyar daukar hoto, idan ta kasance yanayin da electron ke sarrafa makamashin photon kuma photon yana da makamashi fiye da aikin aiki, za a fitar da electron daga lamarin.
Lokacin da makamashi na katako ya karu, babu wani canji a cikin kuzarin photons, akwai canji kawai a yawan adadin photons. Don haka, a bayyane yake cewa makamashin kowane electron ba zai taɓa dogara da ƙarfi ko ƙarfin da hasken ke bayarwa ba, amma akan ƙarfin da kowane photon ke samarwa.
Dole ne a jawo hankalin duk makamashin da photon ke samu kuma a bi da bi dole ne a yi amfani da shi don cimma nasarar sakin electron da ke daure da zarra. A wannan yanayin, cewa makamashi dauke da photons da ke sarrafa cinye daya daga cikin wadannan sassa, za a kwance electron daga zarra da sauran yana maida shi a matsayin gudunmawar da motsi makamashi a matsayin wani ɓangare na electron ƙare a cikin free barbashi.
A nasa bangaren, Albert, ba shi da wani buri takamammen bincike na musabbabin illolin da electrons ke haifarwa a cikin hasken wasu karafa, wanda daga baya ya zama makamashin motsa jiki, duk da haka ya yi duba da yadda ya dace.
Ya sami bayanin halayen da radiation ke yi. Ta hanyar wannan aikin, an ba da shawarar yin bayani ta hanyar lura da adadin electrons da suka bar kayan, la'akari da cewa mitar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan da aka yi.
Historia
A duniyar kimiyyar lissafi mun yi nasarar takaita tarihin wasu binciken da aka rubuta a daidai lokacin, sakamakon binciken da wasu suka yi. Muhimman masana kimiyya wadanda suka bayar da gudunmawa da nazari da nazari daban-daban wadanda a yau suka taimaka wajen bayyana wasu al’amuran kimiyyar lissafi, daga cikin masana kimiyya da za mu iya ambata mun samu:
Heinrich Hertz
Wannan masanin kimiyya ya gudanar da binciken farko kan lura da tasirin photoelectric a cikin shekara dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai. Kayan aikin da ya gudanar da wannan gwajin sun dogara ne akan wata nada da za a iya yin tartsatsi a kai a matsayin tabbacin cewa zai yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar igiyoyin lantarki.
Domin samun cikakken hangen nesa na panorama, kuma a bi da bi don cimma nasarar kallon tartsatsin, sai ya rufe mai karɓa a cikin akwati na baki ko akwati. Ganin haka, an yi amfani da hasken UV, wanda ke samar da tsalle-tsalle na electrons cikin sauƙi. Sannan kuma, karfin da ke tattare da tartsatsin wuta da aka baiwa wutar lantarki da na’urar karban wutar lantarkin da ta ke samarwa ya tabbata kai tsaye. Masanin kimiyya ya buga ya ce gwaji ko da ba tare da bayyana lamarin ba.
Yusuf John Thomson
A shekara ta XNUMX, masanin kimiyya Thomson yana shirya ginshiƙai don bincike musamman akan hasken cathode. Karkashin tasirin Maxwell, masanin ya karkare da cewa, sinadarin cathode ya samo asali ne daga kwararowar barbashi da aka same su da tuhume-tuhume iri-iri, wanda ya sanya sunan gawarwaki, kuma daga karshe aka ba su sunan electrons.
Joseph ya ɗauki tushen gwajin nasa akan farantin ƙarfe da aka rufe gabaɗaya a cikin bututu, yana fallasa wannan sigar zuwa haske tare da cikakken bambanci ta fuskar tsayin igiyar ruwa. Masanin kimiyyar ya yi imanin cewa filin lantarki yana ba da wasu ra'ayoyi game da filin lantarki, kuma wani gawar da aka yi wa cajin lantarki yana fitowa ta cikinsa.
Ƙarfin da ke cikin ya ce halin yanzu da ke da wutar lantarki ya bambanta sosai ta fuskar matsanancin matakan da hasken ya haifar. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da hasken ya karu, yanzu kuma ya karu. Fassarar ta ana yin ta ne godiya ga gaskiyar cewa radiation da ke da mafi girma mita, bi da bi kuma yana samar da barbashi tare da mafi girman kuzarin motsi.
Philipp Lenard
A cikin shekara ɗari goma sha tara da biyu, wannan masanin kimiyya ya gudanar da bincike kan tasirin photoelectric wanda a cikinsa ya nuna ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki na electrons, inda ya kammala da cewa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa tare da yawan hasken da ke faruwa.
Albert Einstein
A cikin ɗari goma sha tara da biyar, ana aiwatar da tsarin kimiyya na sanannen ka'idar alaƙa, wanda masanin kimiyyar ya ba da shawarar a ƙarƙashin takaddun magunguna waɗanda suka dogara da tushen lissafi da ƙididdiga, wanda ya ba da damar fahimtar wasu hanyoyin. Fitowar na’urorin lantarki na da nasaba da samarwa da kuma shayar da hasken quanta, wanda daga baya ake kira photons.
A shekara ta 1905, a wannan shekarar da ya gudanar da darasi kan ka'idar dangantaka, Albert Einstein ya ba da shawarar gudanar da bincike inda ya fallasa wani al'amari da ya yi kama da yin aiki daidai, wanda a cikinsa aka samar da fitar da electrons ta hanyar sha quanta na haske, gaskiyar cewa daga baya za a kira photons.
A cikin wata kasida mai suna Ra'ayin Eucharistic akan Haɓaka da Canjin Haske, kuma ya nuna yadda ra'ayin cewa ɓangarorin haske za su iya haifar da tasirin photoelectric kuma ya nuna kasancewar mitar sifa ga kowane abu a ƙasa wanda ba shi da wani tasiri. Don wannan bayanin tasirin photoelectric Einstein zai sami kyautar Nobel a Physics a 1921.
Idan aka yi la’akari da ka’idar Einstein, kuzarin da electrons suka gudu daga cathode a daidai lokacin da suke tashi a hankali, ta hanyar yawan hasken abin da ya faru, nesa da matsanancin nau'in makamashi. Hakika, ba a taɓa ganin irin wannan tasirin ba a zamanin da. An gudanar da nunin gwaji na wannan al'amari a cikin 1915 ta masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Amurka Robert Andrews Millikan.
A ƙarshe, kowane ɗayan masana kimiyyar da aka ambata a sama sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga bincike da gano tasirin hoto. Godiya ga wanda a yau ilimin, da kuma hanyoyin da ake amfani da su sun sami karbuwa sosai.
A yau wannan sakamako mai ban mamaki na hoto yana ƙidaya azaman hanyar da za'a iya samuwa a cikin kayan lantarki daban-daban. Ganowarsa yana da matukar mahimmanci saboda godiya da binciken da aka yi don sanin wasu tasirin da haske ke da shi.
Kasancewar binciken masana kimiyya, gudummawar da ta sami damar yin babban canji a duniyar kimiyyar lissafi. Godiya ga wannan, kididdigar kimiyyar lissafi wani reshe ne na kimiyya wanda ya sami babban matsayi na daraja, wanda ya ci gaba da haɓakawa tare da babban kuzari da sha'awa.
duality-barbashi
Wannan al'amari shine tasirin jiki wanda aka gano a farkon lamari tare da wasu sifofi iri ɗaya. Ya samo asali ne daga gano abin da ake kira wave-particle wanda wani bangare ne na injiniyoyin adadi. Haske yana aiki kamar raƙuman ruwa, yana iya haifar da tsangwama da ɓarna kamar yadda a cikin gwaji na biyu na Thomas Young, amma yana musayar makamashi ta hanya mai ma'ana a cikin fakitin makamashi, photons, wanda ƙarfinsa ya dogara da yawan radiation electromagnetic.
Wadannan akidu sun sami nasarar gina ka'idar radiation ta lantarki tare da madaidaicin tushe da ma'auni, tun da ta hanyarsa, bayani ya tashi game da wasu sharuddan da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan da radiation ke aiwatarwa.
Photoelectric sakamako a yau
A yau tasirin photoelectric yawanci shine cikakken tushe wanda za'a iya samuwa a gaban matakan kuzarin da aka nuna a cikin hanyar photovoltaic, irin wannan tasirin yawanci ana samun shi a cikin masana'antar thermoelectric, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wasu m tsarin da ke dauke da kyamarori digitized.
A cikin wasu abubuwa, tasirin photoelectric yana samuwa a cikin kayan aikin gida na yau da kullum, mafi yawan abin da aka yi da wani abu mai mahimmanci, irin su jan karfe, waɗannan abubuwa suna samun nasarar samar da wutar lantarki mai mahimmanci.
Hakanan za mu iya samun wannan al'amari a cikin jikin da aka fallasa ga tunanin Rana na wani ɗan lokaci mai tsawo. Lokacin samun wannan haske kai tsaye, ƙurar ƙurar da ke cikin duniyar wata ana cajin su da makamashi mai kyau, wannan saboda tasirin photons. Waɗannan ƙananan gutsuttsura, ana caje su, suna tunkuɗe juna, don haka suna tashi kuma suna haifar da yanayi mara kyau.
Har ila yau, tauraron dan adam na halitta yana karɓar ingantaccen cajin lantarki kuma ya cika saman da Rana ke haskakawa, duk da haka, a cikin yanki mafi duhu, ana cajin shi da makamashi mara kyau. Ya kamata a lura cewa wajibi ne a yi la'akari da wannan lamari na tara makamashi.
A ƙarshe, gano tasirin photoelectric ya kawo ci gaba wanda a tsawon lokaci ya taimaka mana mu gane ta hanya mai kyau da zurfin tsarin da duniya ke nunawa. Hakanan, ci gaban da ya haifar da tasirinsa, yana fassara zuwa ci gaban fasaha masu zuwa:
- Isar da hotuna masu rai
- ci gaban cinema
- Talabijan
- Na'urori masu nauyi, ana amfani da su a cikin ayyukan masana'antu.
A cikin yankin wutar lantarki, tasirin photoelectric yana samun sakamako mai ban mamaki, tun da hasken jama'a yana yiwuwa godiya ga amfani da shi. La’akari da cewa da yawa daga cikin na’urorin da ke gudanar da wannan aiki ba sa bukatar wani ma’aikaci ko ma’aikaci ya sa ido ko kulawa, tunda wannan tasirin yana kunna da kashe fitilun da ke haskaka hanyoyi ko titunan kowane wuri.
Ba tare da shakka ba, wannan tasirin yana da wuyar fahimta sosai, duk da haka, bincikensa ya kasance mai zurfi sosai a zamanin da, godiya ga masana kimiyya waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai masu ban sha'awa da gaske, waɗanda aka gane su sosai a matakin kimiyya.