Al'adun Zapotec na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi mahimmanci a Mesoamerica. Sun zauna a wani yanki mai mahimmanci na dubban shekaru, suna barin shaidar ci gaban al'adunsu da matakin fasaha. Don fahimtar yadda tsayinsa ya kasance, yana da muhimmanci a san Zapotec Economy
Zapotec Economy
Wayewar Zapotec ɗaya ce daga cikin tsoffin wayewa a cikin Mesoamerica kafin Columbia, waɗanda mutanen Zapotec suka kirkira. Shaida ta farko na al'adar al'adun Zapotec ta samo asali ne tun shekaru ɗari bakwai kafin Kristi.
Wayewar Zapotec ta kasance yankin da jihohin Mexico na Oaxaca, Guerrero, Puebla da Mexico suka mamaye yanzu. Babban sanannen wurin zama na wayewar Zapotec yana kan Monte Alban. Babban tushen tattalin arzikin Zapotecs shine noma, masara, wake, da dai sauransu.
Asalin wayewar Zapotec
Kalmar “Zapotec” ta fito ne daga kalmar Nahuatl tzapotecatl wadda ke nufin mutanen Zapote. Bisa ga shaidar archaeological da aka tattara, ƙauyuka na farko na dindindin a jihar Oaxaca sun bayyana a kusan karni na sha biyar BC. C. Tsakanin shekara ta 1150 zuwa shekara ta 850 kafin Almasihu. Mazauna mafi girma a Oaxaca shine San José Mogote, wanda ya ƙunshi gidaje tamanin zuwa ɗari da ashirin, a wurin da aka samu burbushin 'ya'yan itacen masara, chili, da avocado.
Bayan 850 BC, an kafa garuruwan farko, waɗanda suka kasance cibiyoyin addini, bukukuwa da gudanarwa. A cikin tsakanin XNUMX zuwa XNUMX BC da aka sani da Rosario lokaci hadaddun ƙauyuka na Zapotecs an kafa su kuma an sami karuwar yawan jama'a.
A tsakiyar zamanin Rosario, an kafa matsugunai tsakanin saba'in zuwa tamanin da biyar. A wannan lokacin, a bayyane yake, yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa da sauran wayewa sun tilasta musu kafa bango akai-akai tare da ƙarfafa manyan ƙauyuka. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan lokacin, an kafa tushen al'adun Zapotec, misali, rubutun kansa, wanda ya girmi na Mayans da Mixtecs, da kalanda.
A ƙarshen lokacin Rosario tsakanin XNUMX zuwa XNUMX BC, mafi girman mazauni a cikin kwari, San José Mogote, da ƙauyen da ke kusa a cikin kwarin Etla, sun rasa yawancin jama'arsu. A daidai lokacin da aka kafa wani sabon matsuguni a saman wani dutse inda duk kwarurukan da ke kewaye suka mamaye, daga baya wannan mazaunin ya sami sunan Monte Alban.
Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa mutanen San José de Mogote ne suka mamaye sabbin matsugunan a Monte Alban.
Monte Albán ya zama babban birnin farko na jihar Zapotec (wannan ya faru a matakai da yawa: abin da ake kira Monte Albán I, Monte Albán II, Monte Alban III, Monte Albán IV, Monte Albán V). Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan biranen Amurka kafin Columbian, wanda ke da fadin kasa har zuwa murabba'in kilomita XNUMX tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin XNUMX zuwa XNUMX yayin lokacin Monte Alban IV. An kafa jihar Zapotec, wacce ta mamaye kusan kwarin Oaxaca.
An cimma matsakaicin faɗaɗa yanki a lokacin Monte Alban II, kuma kololuwar faɗaɗa ya faru a ƙarni na farko bayan Kristi. Yankin arewa shine kagara na Coyotepec. Masana kimiyya sun gano wasu littattafan Zapotec guda ɗari uku a kan al'amuran soja, kuma idan aka yi la'akari da bayyanar fursunonin, yawancinsu na iya kasancewa daga Teotihuacan.
A lokacin Monte Alban III (kafin shekara ta XNUMX), yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe sun yi hasarar sakamakon tawaye na mutanen da aka ci nasara, amma an kulla dangantakar abokantaka da Teotihuacán, godiya ga wanda aka kirkiro wani yanki a karshen. manzanni da yan kasuwa na Zapotec suka rayu.
A lokaci guda kuma, maƙwabtan arewa na isthmus, Mixtecs, sun zama abokan gaba. Da farko, amfani a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai ya kasance, a matsayin mai mulkin, tare da Zapotecs. Amma a farkon ƙarni na tara da na goma ikon Mixtec ya ƙara zama abin gani kuma Monte Albán ya faɗi ƙarƙashin harin Mixtec. Mazaunan sun yi watsi da Monte Albán kuma Mixtecs sun mayar da rugujewar ta zama makabarta mai kyau ga sarakunansu, suna kiran wannan wuri Yukukuyu.
Amma Zapotecs ba su yi kasa a gwiwa ba ko kuma sun mika wuya ga mamayewar Mixtec, duk da cewa sun yi watsi da Monte Albán. Shugaban addininsu na koli ya jagorance su, sun ƙarfafa kansu a kusa da cibiyar addininsu ta Mitla (a yaren Zapotec Mitla na nufin "Gidan Mutuwa" ko "Wurin Hutu na har abada").
Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, sun kiyaye Mitla da ƙasashen da ke kewaye a ƙarƙashin ikonsu har ma sun sami damar farfado da tattalin arzikin Zapotecs. Wannan yana nuni da irin daukakar babban birnin da kanta tare da fadoji da gidajen ibada, da kuma sake farfado da ci gaban birane, sakamakon haka, baya ga babban birnin kasar, an samu sabbin cibiyoyin jama'a a wadannan kasashe.
A cikin XNUMXs, Mixtecs suka ci Mitla, wanda ya kammala shan kashi na tsarin Zapotec mai zaman kansa kuma ya tabbatar da gaba daya yankunan Isthmus na Tehuantepec, ko da yake ba dadewa ba, tun bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata Aztecs sun mamaye yankin.
Mataki na ƙarshe na babban tsohuwar wayewar Zapotec shine Zapotecapan (ƙasar Zapotecs) tare da babban birninta a cikin birnin Zaachila (wanda aka kafa a kusa da 1390-1400) a cikin yankin Oaxaca na zamani. Ta'addancin Aztec ya shagaltar da sojojin Mixtec kuma don haka ya ba da damar Zapotecs su rayu har zuwa nasarar Spain, duk da haka, rawar da Zapotecs ke takawa a cikin tsarin siyasa, tattalin arziki da al'adu na Mesoamerica a wancan lokacin ya riga ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta.
A farkon ƙarni na XNUMX ’yan Zapotec sun yi nasarar kāre ’yancinsu daga Aztec, na ɗan lokaci an tilasta musu yin watsi da Zaachila kuma suka ƙaura da hedkwatarsu zuwa wani dutse mai kagara da ke kusa da gabar tekun Pacific. Daga nan sai suka kulla kawance da Mixtecs a arewacin kwarin Oaxaca, don kai wa sojojin Aztec hari a wurare masu zafi na Tehuantepec.
Bayan katangar watanni bakwai, Aztecs da Zapotecs sun yarda da armistice, wasu daga cikin sharuddan da Aztecs ke aika wani karamin gari a kwarin Oaxaca kuma suna karɓar harajin "gaskiya" kowace shekara. Duk da haka, a gaskiya ma, Zapotecs sun ci gaba da ’yancin kai kuma sun faɗaɗa dukiyoyinsu tare da taimakon Aztec.
Zapotecs sun goyi bayan Hernán Cortés wajen hambarar da mulkin Aztec kuma suka ci Tenochtitlán a shekara ta 1519. Duk da haka, a farkon shekara ta 1521 an tilasta musu su mika kai ga mamaya na Spain.
Tattalin arziki
Zapotecs sun bar isassun shaidun archaeological a birnin Monte Albán a cikin nau'ikan gine-gine, filayen wasa inda ake buga ƙwallon ƙafa, kaburbura masu ban sha'awa da fa'ida, da kuma samfurori masu kima na aikin zinariya. Monte Albán shine birni mafi mahimmanci a Yammacin Yammacin Duniya kuma tsakiyar jihar Zapotec wanda ya mamaye yawancin abin da muka sani yanzu a matsayin jihar Oaxaca.
Bisa ga shaidar da ta shafi tattalin arzikin Zapotecs, sun haɓaka aikin noma tare da amfanin gona iri-iri. Wannan ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na chili, strawberry, kabewa, koko da kuma, mafi mahimmanci duka, masara, wanda a farkon lokacin al'ada shine babban tushen wadata ga kauyuka da yawa. Don samun girbi mai kyau sun bauta wa rana, da ruwan sama, da ƙasa da masara.
Duk mazauna garuruwan, ciki har da mata, dole ne su ba da kayan amfanin gona daga girbin su a matsayin haraji: masara, turkeys, zuma da wake. Ban da manoma, Zapotecs kuma sun yi fice a matsayin masaƙa da tukwane. Zapotec jana'izar jana'izar sun shahara, sun kasance tukwane da aka sanya a cikin kaburbura.
Matsayin al'adun da Zapotecs ya kai ya kasance mai girma sosai, ban da Mayas, Zapotecs ne kawai wayewar zamaninsu don haɓaka tsarin rubutu. Ta hanyar hieroglyphics da sauran alamomin da aka sassaka a cikin dutse ko fentin su a kan gine-gine da kaburbura, suna haɗuwa da wakilcin ra'ayoyi da sautuna.
A Tenochtitlán, babban birnin Aztec, akwai masu fasaha na Zapotec da masu fasaha waɗanda suka yi kayan ado ga manyan sarakunan Aztec ciki har da Moctezuma II. Duk da haka, akwai shaidar archaeological da ke nuna cewa waɗannan musayar kasuwanci sun dawo da dogon lokaci.
Tattalin Arzikin Zapotec ya dogara ne akan noma, ko da yake su ma suna yin farauta, a wani mataki na farauta, don abin dogaro da kansu da kuma musayar kasuwanci. Don mafi girman ci gaban aikin gona nasu, Zapotecs sun yi amfani da ɗimbin iliminsu na gine-gine da injiniyanci don gina filayen wucin gadi a kan gangaren tsaunuka waɗanda suka zama tashoshi na ban ruwa don ƙasar noma.
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