Masar babban tarihinta mun riga mun san cewa ta koma sama da shekaru 2000 amma mun san game da gumakanta, A yau mun kawo muku wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa duk abin da ya shafi sunayen wasu. Allah Masarawa kuma yafi
Allolin Masar 25 (Tarihin Rayuwa, Halin Hali da Gado)
Allolin Masar sun kasance ainihin sifofin imani da al'adu a cikin al'ummar Masar ta dā. Waɗannan nau'o'in bangaskiya sun samar da wata hanya mai sarƙaƙƙiya ta mu'amala tsakanin alloli da farar hula, masu gamsuwa da iko da ikon allahntaka, masu iya canza makomar mutane.
Ta haka ne sifofi da hadayu da addu'o'i da sauran ibadu da aka sadaukar da su ga gumakan Masar, sun kasance ne kawai don samun tausayawa da kuma dogaro da falalarsu.
A gefe guda kuma, wani sanannen mutum daga ƙasar Masar ta dā shi ne fir'auna wanda, ban da sarauta, ya kasance hanyar haɗi tsakanin allahntaka da mutane. ’Yan ƙasar sun yi masa biyayya iri-iri don su sa allolinsu su kasance da “farin ciki” kuma su kasance da kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali.
Muhimman alloli na Masar
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan allolin Masar mafi mahimmanci, tare da taƙaitaccen bayanin kowanne da bayanin tasirin da suka yi a cikin tarihi.
1. Gaba
Shi ne uban allahn Seth, Nephthys, da Osiris, kuma an kwatanta shi da wani mutum mai gozo a kansa. Babu wata irin sujada da aka jingina masa saboda yanayinsa na Allah na duniya. Alamar haihuwa ce, kuma girgizar asa a Masar tana da alaƙa da gunkin Geb da dariyarsa.
2. Amin
Jikin wannan baiwar Allah ya kasance da dabbobi daban-daban guda uku: zaki, kada da kuma hippopotamus. Ba kamar sauran alloli ba, Ana ganin Ammit a matsayin aljani kuma ana jin tsoron duk abin da yake wakilta (mutuwa).
3. Shu
Uban goro da Geb kuma mijin Tefnut. Tare da ita, su ne allolin Masar na farko da Atum ya halitta. Shi ne allahn iska da rana; Babban aikin Shu shi ne tallafa wa jikin allahiya Nun don haka ya ware sama da duniya.
4. Gyada
Uwar allahn Nephthys, Seth, Isis da Osiris. Saboda ginshiƙin jikin ɗan ƙaraminsa da tsayinsa, ya nuna alamar sama. A cewar Masar ta d ¯ a, Nut yana hadiye rana kowane dare kuma yana haskaka ta a lokacin hutun safiya. Ana samun hoton hotonsa a cikin haikali da yawa, da kuma akan akwatunan matattu.
5. Amun
Wannan allahn kuma ana kiransa Ammon kuma shine babban allahn birnin Thebes. Shi ne majibincin fir'aunan birni guda kuma an sanya shi a cikin mafi girman matakin pantheon kusa da gunkin Ra. Haɗin da ke tsakanin Amun da Ra ya haifi gunkin Amon-Ra, kuma an yi masa baftisma a matsayin “sarkin alloli”.
6.Abu
An wakilta wannan allahn a matsayin mutum mai kan jackal. Ɗan Seth da Nephthys, shi ne mai tsaron matattu. Anubis ne ya dauki nauyin kawo matattu ranar kiyama. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da tsarin mummation da adana gawarwaki.
7. um hh
Shi allahn duniya ne, wanda sunansa yana da ma'anar "mai cinye har abada". An kwatanta shi a matsayin mutum mai kan kare da ke zaune a cikin tafkin wuta.
8. Anath
Allahn mace yana da daraja sosai a al'adun Masar na dā. An ba ta haikali da yawa, domin tana wakiltar allan yaƙi. Shi kansa Ubangijin Ramses ya sawa 'yarsa suna Bint Anat ('yar Anat a Larabci).
9. Kiss
Ba kamar sauran alloli ba, an zana Bes yana kallon gaba ba a cikin bayanin martaba ba. Mutum ne mai kaifi, gaɓoɓi gaɓoɓi, harshe mai ɗaure, kuma ana ɗaukan shi allahn haihuwa. An yi imanin Bes ya kori aljanu cikin dare kuma yana kare mutane daga dabbobi masu haɗari.
10. Farin ciki
Shi ne allahn da yake wakiltar hanyar kogin Nilu, mutum ne mai manyan nono da ciki da kuma ado a kansa da aka yi da tsire-tsire na ruwa. An yi imani da cewa yana zaune ne a cikin kogin kogin kuma an kafa kungiyarsa ta addininsa a kusa da birnin Aswan.
11. Horus
Babban abokin hamayyar allahn Seth, wannan allahntaka shine zuriyar Isis da Osiris. Hotonsa ya kasance ba a san sunansa ba: wasu masana Masarautar Masar sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi mutum ne mai kan ƙanƙara, wasu kuma a matsayin cikakken ɗan iska, wasu kuma suna da'awar cewa Horus yaro ne mai lanƙwan gashin kansa yana zaune a kan cinyar mahaifiyarsa.
Bayan ya kashe gunkin Set, ya zama sarkin Masar, shi ne allahn sararin sama kuma ana ɗaukarsa mai kare sarakuna.
12. Imhotep
Ya kasance daya daga cikin ’yan talakawa da suka samu matsayin Ubangiji. Shi masanin lissafin Masar ne kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila a lokacin daular Uku. Shi da kansa an gina kabarinsa a inda zai zama wurin hutunsa na ƙarshe (tun a ɓoye yake kuma har yanzu ba a san inda yake ba).
13. Isis
Wani mutum mai mahimmanci a cikin tsohuwar tarihin Masar, Isis ita ce matar Osiris kuma mahaifiyar Horus. An danganta shi da al'adun jana'izar kuma an ce ya halicci mummy na farko daga ragowar Osiris da aka yanke.
Lokacin da ta ta da Osiris, ta ba da rai ga Horus, wanda kuma aka dauke ta allahiya na rayuwa, warkarwa da kuma kare sarakuna. Don tsohuwar al'ada, Isis ya wakilci mace mai kyau, ƙauna, sadaukarwa da kulawa.
14. Nasuwanci
'Yar Geb da Nut, 'yar'uwar Isis, matar Seth da mahaifiyar Anubis, an san wannan allahiya a matsayin "matar manyan gidaje". Kamar allahiya Isis, ana ɗaukar Nephthys a matsayin allahn Masarawa na matattu.
15. Osiris
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan alloli, shi ne sarkin Masar na farko. An yi zaton cewa shi ne ya kawo wayewa ga bil'adama. Matarsa Isis ta ta da shi, ta haka ya zama allahn duniya kuma babban alƙalin mutuwa.
16.ra
Shi ne babban allahn rana, wanda aka kwatanta a matsayin mutum mai kan falcon. Kowane dare yakan tafi cikin ƙasa don yaƙi da mugunta da hargitsi, kuma da wayewar gari ya sake haifuwa. Sarakunan Masar sun yi iƙirarin cewa su zuriyar Ra ne kai tsaye, shi ya sa suke kiran kansu "'Ya'yan Ra".
17. Saita
Shi ɗan Geb ne da Nut, ɗan'uwan Osiris. An dauke shi allahn duhu, rudani da hargitsi. An bayyana shi a matsayin mutum mai dogon hanci da dogayen kunnuwa, mai yiwuwa kokon mai anteater. Sait ya kashe ɗan'uwansa kuma ya sace gadon sarautar Masar, kuma yawancin alloli sun ƙi shi. Horus ya yi nasarar gama Seth, a cikin abin da aka yi la'akari da yaki tsakanin nagarta da mugunta.
18. Tefnut
Ita baiwar Allah danshi da lalata, matar Shu ce kuma uwar Gyada da Geb. Tare da mijinta, su ne alloli na farko da Atum ya halitta. An kwatanta ta a nau'i biyu: mace mai kai zaki ko zaki.
19.Ptah
An dauke shi a matsayin mahaliccin duniya saboda tunaninsa da addu'o'insa, don haka ana dauke shi allahn mahalicci. Ptah yana da alaƙa da masu sana'a kuma yana da haikali don girmama shi.
20. Nefertum
Bisa ga tatsuniyar Masar, ita ce farkon furen magarya da ta wanzu a lokacin halittar duniya kuma ta fito daga tushen rayuwa. An dauke shi dan allahn mahalicci, Ptah, da allahiya Sekhmet. Yawancin lokaci ana kwatanta shi a matsayin kyakkyawan saurayi, kwarjini.
21.Mehen
Allolin Masar da babban maciji ya wakilta kuma ana ɗauka a matsayin abin bautar da ke kāriya. Ya kai hari ga allahn Ra a lokacin da yake saukowa cikin dare cikin duhu (ka tuna Ra shine majiɓincin alheri).
22.Khonsu
Sunansa yana nufin "matafiyi", watakila yana da alaƙa da tafiyar da ya yi kowane dare zuwa wata. Wannan allah yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halittar rai da halittu. Ta wannan hanyar, an ɗauke shi allahn wata.
23.Khnum
Yana daya daga cikin tsoffin alloli na Masar a tatsuniyoyi kuma ana wakilta shi a matsayin mutum mai kan rago. An yi imani da cewa shi ne tushen kogin Nilu, shi ma an dauke shi a matsayin mahaliccin yara, wanda ya fitar da su daga cikin laka don shigar da su cikin mahaifiyarsu.
24.Ishtar
Ita ce allahn soyayya, haihuwa, jima'i, yaki, da iko. Diyar Anu ce. An yi imani da cewa shi ne allahntakar mutumtakar duniya Venus.
25.Khepri
Wannan allahn Masar ɗin ya fi so a cikin litattafan almara na kimiyya da fina-finai. Yana da alaƙa da shuɗin ƙwaro. Khepri alama ce ta halitta da sake haifuwa. An zana shi a matsayin mutum mai kan ƙwaro.
Haikali na Rana, wanda kuma ake kira astral, daga Tsohuwar Mulki
Haikali na Niuserre (Fir'auna na daular V) ne kawai ya rage kuma ya rage. Wannan haikalin yana Abusir, kudu da Giza.
Waɗannan haikali ne da aka gina don bauta wa rana, Ra, da kuma don ganowa ga Fir'auna. Wannan yana tabbatar da abubuwa biyu da suka bayyana: Obelisk da jirgin ruwa. Suna cikin wuri mai hamada, buɗewar temples ne, kuma ba za su yi tasiri a Sabuwar Mulkin ba har sai lokacin Amenhotep IV.
Haikalin Niuserre
Ya ƙunshi rumfa a cikin kwari wanda ke sadarwa tare da sauran ta hanyar da aka rufe kuma yana kaiwa zuwa rumfa ta biyu wanda shine ingantaccen ginin haikalin hasken rana.
Gari ne mai kagara wanda ke da fili mai buɗe ido inda ya kamata a ba da haske ga abubuwa guda biyu: bagadin da ke bayansa shi ne obelisk, wanda ya ƙare da dala, wani yanki na zinariya da ya fi nuna hasken rana.
A gefen dama a tsakar gida akwai jerin gine-ginen da suke ɗakunan ajiya da kuma yin wasu bukukuwa. An kai dutsen ne daga wani shingen da ke fuskantar tsakar gida ta wata corridor zuwa hagu. A wajen shingen, akwai ragowar wani gini na dutse wanda ake kyautata zaton jirgin ruwan hasken rana ne.
Haikalin jana'izar gumakan Masarawa
Ya bayyana a cikin Tsohuwar Mulki amma ba shi da wani tsari mai mahimmanci, wanda zai faru a cikin Sabon Mulki, wanda zai bi tsarin dabi'a wanda zai kasance daidai da na allahntaka ko na gargajiya.
Temple na Sarauniya Hatshepsut
Wannan haikalin yana kusa da babban abin tunawa na Mentuhotep a Deir el Bahari. Ta hanyar da na yi koyi da shi amma ya fi rikitarwa. Ko da yake yana da launi sosai, baya yin karo da shimfidar wuri, kodayake tabbas zai sami fenti da yanayin tsiro. Ba haikalin gawa ba ne.
Ana kiran shi hemispeans saboda yana da wani bangare na fuskantar waje da kuma wani yanki da aka yanke. Don isa wurin, akwai wata babbar hanya wadda ɗimbin ɗigon sphinxe ya ketare kuma aka kewaye da lambuna. Waɗannan su ne manyan dandali guda uku da aka ɗora tare da tsarin lintel da ke da goyan bayan ginshiƙai waɗanda ake shiga ta hanyar tudu.
Akwai ɗakunan ibada da aka keɓe ga gumaka daban-daban, mafi mahimmanci a Hathor, inda aka ajiye ginshiƙan Hathoric mafi ban sha'awa, kuma a cikin Anubis. An yanke sashin ƙarshe a cikin dutsen. Ya fita daga tsarin gargajiya.
Yana da kayan ado mai mahimmanci na sassaka, duka a cikin taimako da statuary. Masanin gine-gine Senmut ne ya gina shi, wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci, shi ne ke kula da tarbiyyar yaran Hatshepsut da watakila ma masoyin sarauniya.
Hatshepsut sarauniya ce ta Daular Goma sha Takwas wacce ta mamaye karagar mulki a matsayin danta Thutmose III, wanda ke da alhakin lalata yawancin ayyukan mahaifiyarsa. Duk da cewa ta kasance mai sarauta, ta yi sarauta a matsayin cikakkiyar mace fir'auna kuma an ce tana mulki a matsayin namiji, wanda sau da yawa ake kwatanta ta da irin wannan.
El Ramsseum
Fir'auna Ramses II na daular XNUMX ne ya ba da umarnin gina shi, amma ƴan kango ne suka rage. Wani katafaren katafaren gida ne da aka yi awon gaba da shi da yawa kuma tun daga farko aka fara kwashe duwatsu domin a yi gini daga baya.
Kusa da ita an samu ragowar rumbun adana kayayyaki. An yi amfani da ginshiƙan Osiris wajen gina shi da ragowar rugujewar colossus.
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