Labarin Ubangiji Brahma, Mahalicci ▷➡️ Postposmo

Addinin Hindu ya fahimci dukkan halitta da ayyukansa na sararin samaniya a matsayin aikin runduna uku masu muhimmanci da aka kwatanta da alloli 3 waɗanda suka haɗa da Triniti na Hindu ko "Trimurti" waɗannan su ne: Brahma mahalicci, Vishnu mai goyon baya da Shiva mai hallakarwa. A cikin wannan damar, muna gayyatar ku don sanin duk abin da ya shafi Allah Brahma.

Allah Brahma, Mahalicci

Tatsuniyar Hindu tana magana da Brahma masanin komai, tushen duk abin da ke wanzu, sanadin kowane nau'i da abubuwan da suka faru, da sunaye daban-daban:

Shi ne harafin “Om” – eka aksharam (harafi ɗaya).
Mahaliccin da ba a halicce kansa ba, shine Swayambhu.
Farkon kasancewar mutum, shine Ahankara.
Embryo wanda duniya ta samo asali, shine Hiranya Garbha (embryo na zinari).
Kwallan wuta.
Kamar yadda dukkan halittu suke zuriyarsa, shi ne Prajapati sarkin sarakuna.
Pitamaha the patriarch.
Vidhi mai biya.
Lokesha shugaban talikai.
Viswakarma maginin duniya.

Asalin allahn Brahma

Akwai bayanai da yawa na asalin Brahma a cikin nassosin Hindu, suna ba da nau'ikan farkonsa daban-daban. A cewar Puranas wanda ake karantawa da kuma shahararru, an haifi Brahma a farkon duniya daga magarya da ke tsiro daga cibiya ta Vishnu (Saboda haka, Brahma wani lokaci ana kiransa Nabhija ko “haihuwar cibiya”).

Wani labari kuma ya ce Brahma ya halicci kansa ta hanyar samar da ruwa da farko. A cikin ruwan ya ajiye wani iri wanda daga baya ya zama kwai na zinariya ko Hiranyagarbha. Daga wannan kwai na zinari aka haifi Brahma mahaliccin ya bayyana, sauran kayan kwan sun fadada zuwa sararin samaniya (sabili da haka, ana kuma kiransa Kanja, ko "haihuwar ruwa").

A cikin Sapatha Brahmana, an ce Brahma an haife shi ne daga hadewar firist na ɗan adam da wuta, abin da ya daɗe yana tsakiyar al'adun Vedic. Wannan yana nuna cewa tushen tarihi na Brahma yana da alaƙa da hadayun Vedic.

A cikin Upanishads, Brahma a hankali ya maye gurbin Prajapati (ko "Maigidan Halittu," Allah wanda aka fi sani da mahalicci a cikin Vedas) a matsayin mahaliccin farko, yana ɗaukar mafi yawan halayen Prajapati. Mundaka Upanishad ya bayyana cewa "Brahma ya tashi a matsayin farkon a cikin alloli, wanda ya yi sararin samaniya, mai kare duniya." Irin wannan kwatancin an riga an bai wa Prajapati a cikin Vedas.

Halayen Ubangiji Brahma

Duk wani wakilci na allahn Brahma da aka samu a cikin haikalin Hindu ana kwatanta shi kamar yadda aka saba tare da kawuna huɗu, bayanan martaba huɗu, da hannaye huɗu. Ana samun bayanin kawuna huɗu a cikin tsoffin labarun Puranas, inda aka ce lokacin da Brahma ke ƙirƙirar sararin samaniya ya kuma yi Shatarupa, wata allahiya ta mace mai kyawawan siffofi ɗari.

Halittar sa nan take Allahn Brahma ya ruɗe, Shatarupa, wanda ya damu da kasancewar Brahma na dagewa, ya fara motsawa ta wurare daban-daban don guje wa kallon da yake mata. Duk da haka, yunkurin da ta yi na kubuta da Brahma ya ci tura, domin Brahma ya kara kaimi domin ya ganta da kyau ko ta wace hanya za ta bi.

Brahma ya girma kawuna biyar inda kowannensu ya kalli jagororin kadinal hudu, da kuma daya sama da sauran. Har ila yau Ubangiji Shiva ya gaji da tunanin Brahma yana da matukar damuwa cewa Brahma ya fadi sosai da Shatarupa wanda a matsayinsa na halitta yayi daidai da 'yarsa.

Don duba ci gaban da Brahma ke da shi, Shiva ya yanke saman kansa. Tun bayan faruwar lamarin, Brahma ya koma ga littattafan Vedic a ƙoƙarin tuba. Saboda haka, yawanci ana kwatanta shi yana riƙe da Vedas guda huɗu ( rubutun hikima ) kuma kowane kai yana karanta ɗayansu.

Allolin Brahma yawanci ana siffanta shi da farin gemu a kowane fuskarsa, wanda ke kwatanta tsawon lokacin wanzuwarsa tun farkon zamani. Babu wani daga cikin hannayensa guda huɗu da ke ɗauke da makami, wanda ya bambanta shi da sauran allolin Hindu. An nuna daya daga cikin hannunsa rike da leda wanda ke da alaka da zuba man dabo na alfarma ko kuma mai a kan layya na hadaya, wannan yana nuni da matsayin Brahma na ubangijin hadaya.

A daya bangaren kuma yana rike da tukunyar ruwa, wanda aka kwatanta da harsashin kwakwa mai dauke da ruwa. Ruwa shine farkon ether mai kewaye, wanda aka shuka tsaba na farko na halitta, don haka yana da mahimmanci. Har ila yau, allahn Brahma yana riƙe da rosary wanda yake amfani da shi don kiyaye lokaci. Yawancin lokaci ana kwatanta shi yana zaune akan furen magarya da ke wakiltar duniya kuma launinta yawanci ja ne, wanda ke wakiltar wuta ko rana da kuma ikon yin halitta.

Motar Brahma (vahana) ita ce swan. Wannan tsuntsun Allah ana ba shi wata dabi'a mai suna Neera-Ksheera Viveka ko ikon raba garwar madara da ruwa zuwa sassan da ke cikin su. A cikin al'adar Hindu, wannan aikin yana wakiltar ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a gudanar da adalci ga dukan halitta, komai sarkar yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ikon na raba ruwa da madara yana nuna cewa dole ne mutum ya koyi bambance nagarta da mugunta, yarda da abin da yake mai daraja da watsar da abin da ba shi da amfani.

Wani labari da ya shafi Sarasvati, babban abokin aurensa, yana ba da bayani game da rashin bautar da aka yi wa Brahma. Wannan labarin yana ba da labarin wata babbar hadaya ta wuta (ko yajna) da za a yi a duniya tare da sage Brahmarishi Bhrigu yana aiki a matsayin babban firist, an yanke shawarar cewa mafi girman alloli zai zama allahntaka mai mulki, kuma Bhrigu ya tashi. a sami mafi girma a cikin Triniti.

Lokacin da ya isa Brahma, allahn ya nutse cikin kidan da Sarasvati ke kunnawa da kyar ya ji kiran Bhrigu. Bhrigu ya fusata ya zagi Brahma da sauri, yana mai cewa babu wani mutum a duniya da zai sake yi masa addu'a ko kuma ibada.

Ilimin Zamani

Etymology na kalmar Brahman shine tushen Bruh tare da kari Manin. Kalmar tana gudana a cikin jinsi biyu (neuter da na namiji) masu ma'anoni daban-daban. Brahman a cikin jinsin jinsi na nufin "ga Brahman", Maɗaukakin Hankali, Cikakkiyar Gaskiya, Babban Allahntaka. Dangane da wannan yana nufin “Allahntaka” da ke ratsawa da mamaye wannan sararin duniya baki daya.

Wata kalma a cikin jinsi na namiji tana nufin ainihin bayyanar da cikakkiyar Haƙiƙa a cikin sigar mahalicci. Hoton Brahma a matsayin tsohon allahn yana wakiltar halitta ba tare da farawa ba, don haka an ce fuskõkinsa guda huɗu shine wurin haifuwar Vedas huɗu.

Historia

A farkon, Brahma ya fito daga kwai gwal na duniya don ƙirƙirar nagarta da mugunta, da haske da duhun nasa. Ya kuma halicci nau'i hudu: alloli, aljanu, kakanni da maza (na farko shi ne Manu). Allahn Brahma sai ya halicci dukkan halittu masu rai a duniya (ko da yake a wasu tatsuniyoyi ana danganta wannan ga ɗan Brahma Daksa).

A lokacin halittar, watakil a cikin rashin kulawa, aljanu suka fito daga cinyar Brahma, suna barin jikinsa ya koma dare. Bayan allahn Brahma ya halicci alloli nagari, ya sake barin jikinsa sau ɗaya, daga baya ya zama rana. Don haka aljanu sukan hau sama da daddare kuma alloli ma'aikatan nagarta suna mulkin ranar.

Daga baya, Brahma ya halicci kakanni da maza, ya sake watsar da jikinsa har suka zama magariba da wayewa bi da bi (wannan tsarin halitta yana maimaita shi a kowane lokaci). Sa'an nan kuma Brahma ya nada Shiva don ya yi mulki a kan 'yan adam ko da yake a cikin tatsuniyoyi na baya, allahn Brahma ya zama bawan Shiva.

Mahaliccin bautãwa Brahma bi da bi yana da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, mafi mahimmanci shine Sarasvati wanda bayan halitta ya ba Brahma: Vedas hudu (littattafai masu tsarki na Hindu), dukkanin rassan ilimi, 36 Raginis da 6 Ragas na kiɗa, ra'ayoyi kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. da nasara, yoga, ayyukan addini, magana, Sanskrit, da ma'auni daban-daban da lokaci.

Bayan Daksa, Brahma yana da wasu sanannun 'ya'ya maza ciki har da Sages Bakwai (wanda Daksa ya kasance daya), da kuma shahararrun Prajapatis (alloli):

kardama
pancasikha
vodoo
Narada, kwamishinan karshe tsakanin alloli da maza.

Bugu da ƙari, an ɗauki allahn Brahma a matsayin mai yin mata da mutuwa. A cikin labarun tatsuniyoyi da aka fada a cikin Mahabharata, Brahma ya ɗauki cikin mata a matsayin tushen mugunta a tsakanin maza:

“Mace mai lalata da wuta ce... ita ce gefen wuka; guba ne, maciji da mutuwa, duk daya ne.”

Allolin sun ji tsoron cewa mutane za su yi ƙarfi sosai don su ƙalubalanci mulkinsu, sai suka tambayi allahn Brahma wace hanya mafi kyau don hana shi. Martaninsa shine ya haifar da mata marasa ma'ana waɗanda:

"Masu sha'awar sha'awar sha'awa, sun fara tayar da maza." Sai Ubangijin alloli, Ubangiji ya halicci fushi a matsayin mai taimakon sha'awa, kuma dukkan halittu, sun fada cikin ikon sha'awa da fushi, za su fara jingina kansu ga mata" - Mahabharata a cikin Hindu Myths, 36.

A wani labarin kuma, matar Brahma ta farko ita ma mutuwa ce, mugun ƙarfin da ke kawo daidaito ga sararin samaniya kuma yana tabbatar da cewa ba a wuce gona da iri ba. Adadin mutuwar an kwatanta shi da kyau a cikin Mahabharata kamar haka:

«wata bakar mace, sanye da jajayen kaya. Idanuwanta da hannayenta da kafafunta suna da jajayen launuka, an ƙawata ta da ’yan kunne da kayan ado na Ubangiji” kuma an dora mata alhakin “halakar da dukkan halittu, kafirai da malamai” ba tare da togiya ba – Mahabharata in Hindu Myths, 40.

Mutuwa ta yi kuka ta roki Allah Brahma da ya sake ta daga wannan mummunan aiki, amma Brahma ta kasance ba ta da motsin rai kuma ta aike ta don yin aikinta. Da farko, Mutuwa ta ci gaba da zanga-zangarsa ta hanyar yin wasu abubuwa na ban mamaki na ban mamaki kamar tsayawa a cikin ruwa cikin shiru na tsawon shekaru 8.000 da kuma tsayawa a saman tsaunukan Himalaya tsawon shekaru miliyan 8.000, amma Brahma ba a yi shi ba.

Don haka mutuwa, har yanzu yana kuka, ya yi aikinsa ya kawo dare marar iyaka a cikin komai lokacin da lokacinsa ya yi, hawayensa suka zubo ƙasa kuma suka zama cuta. Don haka, ta wurin aikin mutuwa, an kiyaye bambanci tsakanin mutane da alloli har abada.

Ƙungiyar tsakanin Brahma, Shiva da Vishnu

Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva ita ce Triniti ta Hindu, kuma ana kiranta trimurti. Ruhu Mai ɗaukaka ko Gaskiya ta Duniya, wanda ake kira Brahman, an ƙirƙira shi a cikin abubuwa uku kowanne tare da aikin sararin samaniya: Brahma ( mahalicci), Vishnu (mai kiyayewa) da Shiva (mai canzawa / mai lalata). Saboda addinin Hindu tarin al'adu ne da imani daban-daban, masana sun yi imanin cewa Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva ƙoƙari ne na daidaita koyarwar Brahman tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na Ubangiji.

Daga cikin cikin jiki guda uku na Brahman, Shiva yana da matsayi na musamman a cikin ayyukan yogic na gargajiya kamar yadda ake ɗaukarsa babban yogi ko adiyodi. Shiva kuma yana nuna ma'auni na wayewa da ni'ima, da tasirin kwantar da hankali na ayyukan yoga gabaɗaya. Haɗin kai tare da Brahman, wanda aka keɓe a matsayin trimurti, shine manufa ta ƙarshe a falsafar yoga da aiki. A yau Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva a matsayin trimurti ba a cika yin sujada ba.

Madadin haka, 'yan Hindu yawanci suna bauta wa ɗayan ukun a matsayin allahntaka mafi girma kuma suna ɗaukar sauran a matsayin jikin allahntaka mafi girma. A matsayin abin koyi, Vaishnavism ya ɗauka cewa Vishnu shine babban allah, yayin da Shaivism ya yi imanin cewa Shiva ya fi. Brahma idan aka kwatanta yana da 'yan tsirarun masu bauta a matsayin babban abin bautawa. A cikin tsoffin matani, alloli uku suna wakiltar ƙasa, ruwa da wuta:

Brahma: yana wakiltar duniya. Shi ne mafari da ikon halitta duka rayuwa. Wani labari ya ce shi ɗan Brahman ne, wani kuma ya ce ya halicci kansa daga ruwa da iri.
Vishnu: yana wakiltar ruwa, wanda ke nuna alamar rawar da yake takawa na rayuwa. Shi ne gefen kariya na Brahman, wanda aka sani don ɗaukan nagarta da halitta, kuma yana kama da jikin sa: Krishna da Rama.
Shiva: yana wakiltar wuta kuma an gano shi azaman ikon lalata na trimurti. Duk da haka, ana kuma kallonsa a matsayin wani karfi mai kyau wanda yake tsarkakewa da ruguza mugunta, yana share hanyar sabon halitta da sabon mafari.

Addinin Brahmanism

Brahman a matsayin Gaskiyar Ƙarshen Gaskiya, Hankali na Duniya wanda ba shi da iyaka ba tare da farko ba, tsakiya da kuma ƙarshe ra'ayi ne na metaphysical wanda ya zama tushen Brahmanism. Ana ɗaukar Brahmanism a matsayin magabacin Hindu. Don haka Brahmanism shine jigo na tsakiya da kuma imanin mabiyan Vedic, tunaninsu da tunanin falsafa sun haifar da imani na farko da zamantakewa da addini a cikin addinin Hindu.

Tun da ra'ayi da fahimtar Brahman ya samo asali ne daga Rishis, waɗanda daga baya suka zama masu bin Brahmanism, wasu suna ɗaukar su a matsayin 'yan darikar firist kuma ana kiran su Brahmins. Wadannan sun kwafi akidar ta hanyar koyarwa da aiwatar da al'ada, don haka Brahmanism ya zama aiki tare da karfi da azama mara tushe.

An kuma ce Brahmanism kamar yadda wasu masu bincike suka yi iƙirari sun samo sunansa daga Brahmins, waɗanda suka yi al'adun Vedic. Bugu da ƙari, firist Brahman shine wanda ko da yaushe ya nutse cikin tunanin Brahman na har abada. Brahmanism, duk da haka, ya kasance mafi yawan nema bayan akidar da ke damun basirar fassarar masu hikima da manyan malamai kuma har yau ya kasance wani asiri marar ƙarewa.

Mahimman ra'ayi na Brahmanism suna dacewa sosai tare da metaphysics, tambayar menene ainihin gaske, ingancin lokaci, kasancewa, sani, da asali da tushen duk rayuwa. Masana da dama, irin su masanan archaeologists, geologists, hydrologists da philologs, sun fake da rubuce-rubucen Vedas, musamman ma a cikin ra’ayin Brahman, tunda yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutane da asalinsu.

Brahman a matsayinsa na kowa, madawwami, kuma babban dalilin "duk abin da ke da motsi kuma ba shi da motsi", yana samar da muhimmiyar karbuwa a cikin Brahmanism. Ya dogara ne akan imani cewa duk abin da ya taɓa wanzu, yana wanzuwa, kuma zai wanzu, ƙaramin abu ne a cikin madawwamin haƙiƙanin duniya, wanda ake kira Brahman.

Atman, rai, shine manufa ta biyu mafi mahimmanci a cikin Brahmanism. Ana ɗaukar Atman a matsayin tushen duk wani kuzari a tsakanin mutane. Ana ɗaukar ran mai rai a matsayin ɗaya da Brahman kansa, wanda ke haifar da imani cewa ɗan adam da ke tattare da rai ba wani ba ne face Brahman kuma yana da dukkan halayen Brahman.

Ruhi, don haka an gano shi da kama da Maɗaukakin Rai, yana samar da gagarumin imani ga Brahmanism. Maɗaukakin Rai, wanda ba a haife shi ba tukuna kuma shine dalilin haihuwar kowa, shine tushen tushen tsarin Brahmanism, wanda ya faɗaɗa bin ra'ayin Brahman.

Ana ɗaukan rai ɗaya yake da Maɗaukakin Rai, wanda ba komai bane face Brahman. Wannan imani yana nuna tasirin Brahmanism akan Buddha, Jainism da Hindu. Addinin Hindu a yau ana ɗaukarsa ba kome ba sai zuriya ko reshe na Brahmanism, kamar yadda Hindu suka sami suna daga Kogin Indus, wanda Aryans ke yin Vedas a kan bankunan. Saboda haka, Hindu waɗanda suka bi Vedas da imaninsu na Brahman ana ganin su ne farkon masu goyon bayan addinin Hindu.

Brahmanism da Buddha

An yi la'akari da addinin Buddha a matsayin wani yanki na Brahmanism dangane da babban akidarsa da akidarsa, amma sun daidaita shi zuwa nasu fassarar. Akwai yuwuwa wanda ke bin Brahmanism babu shakka ya gaskanta da manufar sake haifuwar mutane domin kurwar da ke cikin jikin mutum ba da jimawa ba zai fake cikin sabon jiki, sabon avatar, don cika sha’awoyinsa da bai cika ba.

Addinin Buddah kuwa, bai yarda da manufar sake haifuwa ba, amma ya bayyana Brahmanism don jin daɗin cewa duk abin da ke cikin sararin samaniya ba shi da tushe sai Brahman, wanda shine kaɗai ya wanzu kuma yana dawwama. Mabiyan addinin Buddah kuma sun ƙalubalanci kuma sun ƙi gaskatawa ga ran ɗan adam, suna bayyana cewa akwai kurwa mai rai da ba za a iya musantawa ba, kuma ’yan adam ba sa ɗaukar rai amma suna cike da wahala, wanda ke zama dawwama.

Littattafan Vedic

Veda, (Sanskrit: "Ilimi") tarin wakoki ne ko wakoki da aka tsara a cikin al'ummomin Sanskrit na archaic ta al'ummomin Indo-Turai waɗanda suka zauna arewa maso yammacin Indiya a cikin karni na biyu BC. C. Babu takamaiman kwanan wata da za a iya dangana ga abun da ke cikin Vedas, amma lokacin kusan 1500-1200 BC. C. abin yarda ne ga mafi yawan malamai.

Wa}o}in sun yi wani jiki ne na liturgical wanda, a wani ~angarensa, yana girma ne a wajen ibada da sadaukarwar Soma kuma ana karantawa ko rera wa}a a lokacin ibada. Sun yaba wa gumakan alloli da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna bayyana abubuwan al'amuran halitta da na sararin samaniya, kamar su wuta (Agni), Rana (Surya da Savitri), wayewar gari (Ushas wata baiwar Allah), hadari (Rudras) da ruwan sama (Indra) . ), yayin da wasu ke wakiltar halaye marasa fahimta kamar abokantaka (Mitra), ikon ɗabi'a (Varuna), sarauta (Indra), da magana (Vach a goddess).

Babban compendium, ko Samhita, na irin waɗannan waƙoƙin wanda hotri ("mai karantawa") ya zana kayan karatunsa, shine Rigveda ("Ilimin Ayoyin"). Adhvaryu, firist da ke da alhakin kunna wutan hadaya da gudanar da bikin, ya karanta ƙa'idodi masu tsarki da aka fi sani da mantras. Waɗannan mantras da ayoyin an haɗa su cikin Samhita da aka sani da Yajurveda ("Ilimin Hadaya").

Rukuni na uku na firistoci da udgatri (chanter) ke jagoranta, sun yi waƙoƙin waƙa da ke da alaƙa da ayoyin da aka kusan cire su daga Rigveda amma an tsara su azaman Samhita daban, Samaveda ("Ilimin waƙa"). Waɗannan Rig Vedas guda uku, Yajur da Sama, an san su da trayi-vidya ("ilimi sau uku").

Ƙididdigar waƙoƙi na huɗu na waƙoƙin yabo, sihiri masu sihiri, da abubuwan ban sha'awa an ɗauka a matsayin Atharvaveda ("Ilimin Firist na Wuta"), wanda ya haɗa da al'adun gida daban-daban kuma ya kasance a waje da hadayar Vedic. Bayan 'yan ƙarni, watakila kusan 900 BC. C., Brahmanas an hada su azaman masu sheki akan Vedas, wanda ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi da yawa da bayanin al'ada.

Brahmanas sun biyo bayan wasu litattafai, Aranyakas ("Littattafan daji") da Upanishads, waɗanda suka ɗauki tattaunawar falsafa a cikin sababbin hanyoyi, suna kiran koyaswar monism da 'yanci (moksha, a zahiri "'yanci") daga sake zagayowar mutuwa da sake haifuwa ( samsara).

Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen Vedic - Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, da Upanishads - ana daukar su Shruti ("Abin da aka ji"), samfurin wahayin Allah. Da alama duk littattafan an adana su da baki (ko da yake akwai yuwuwar samun rubuce-rubucen farko don taimakawa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya). Har wala yau da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyuka, musamman tsofaffin Vedas guda uku, ana karanta su tare da tatsuniyoyi na ƙaranci da kaɗa waɗanda aka ba da baki da baki tun farkon zamanin addinin Vedic a Indiya.

Bayan-Vedic, Epics da Puranas

Zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Vedic kuma fiye ko žasa a lokaci guda tare da samar da manyan Upanishads, a taƙaice, na fasaha da na yau da kullum an rubuta rubutun aphoristic akan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi dacewa da kuma lokacin da ake yin hadaya na Vedic. Waɗannan an yi musu laƙabi a ƙarshe a matsayin Vedangas ("Nazari ancillary ga Veda"). Damuwa game da liturgy ya haifar da ilimin ilimi, wanda kuma ake kira Vedangas, wanda wani bangare ne na malaman Vedic. Akwai irin waɗannan filayen guda shida:

Shiksa (umarni), wanda ke bayyana madaidaicin magana da faɗar nassosin Vedic.
Chandas (metric), wanda kawai wakilin marigayi ya rage.
Vyakarana (bincike da derivation), a cikin abin da harshe aka bayyana a nahawu.
Nirukta (lexicon), wanda ke yin nazari da ma'anar kalmomi masu wuyar gaske.
Jyotisa (masu haske), tsarin ilimin taurari da taurari da ake amfani da su don saita lokutan da suka dace don al'ada.
Kalpa (yanayin aiwatarwa), wanda ke nazarin ingantattun hanyoyin yin al'ada.

Daga cikin litattafan da Vedas suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su akwai Dharma-sutras, ko "littattafan hannu akan dharma," waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da al'adu kamar yadda ake yi a makarantun Vedic daban-daban. Babban abin da ke cikinsa ya shafi ayyukan mutane a matakai daban-daban na rayuwa, ko ashramas (nazari, gida, ritaya da murabus); dokokin abinci; laifuffuka da kaffara; da hakkoki da ayyukan sarakuna.

Suna kuma tattauna ayyukan tsarkakewa, bukukuwan jana'izar, nau'ikan baƙi da wajibai na yau da kullun, har ma suna ambaton al'amuran shari'a. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan matani sune Gautama, Baudhayana, da Apastamba sutras. Kodayake dangantakar kai tsaye ba ta bayyana ba, abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun ƙara haɓaka a cikin mafi tsarin Dharma-shastras, wanda hakan ya zama tushen dokar Hindu.

Brahma sutras, rubutun Hindu

Brahmasutra, wanda aka sani da Sariraka Sutra ko Sariraka Mimamsa ko Uttara Mimamsa ko Bhikshu Sutra na Badarayana, ɗaya ne daga cikin rubutu guda uku waɗanda ake kira da Prasthana Traya gaba ɗaya, ɗayan biyun kuma su ne Upanishads da Bhagavad Gita. Rubutun Badarayana ya bayyana cewa a gabansa akwai malamai da dama, kamar Asmarathya, Audulomi da Kasakritsna, waɗanda suka fahimci ma'anar Upanishads ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

Dole ne a yarda cewa, a halin yanzu na ilimi, "zuciyar Sutrakara" tana da wuyar fahimta. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka yi tafsirai marasa adadi a kan Brahmasutra, mafi shaharar su ne na Sankara, Ramanuja, Madhva, Nimbarka, da Vallabha.

Waɗannan masu sharhi sun bambanta ko da a ainihin adadin Sutras ko aphorisms. Misali, yayin da Sankara ya sanya adadi a 555, Ramanuja ya ce 545. Domin wadannan malaman sun bambanta a kan abin da ya kunshi wata sutra: menene sutra daya na Acharya biyu ne ga wani, ko kuma akasin haka.

Kalmar “sutra” a zahiri tana nufin zaren da ya haɗa koyarwar Vedantic iri-iri zuwa ma’ana da daidaiton kai. Sankara yana ba da sautin waƙa lokacin da ya ce waɗannan sutras suna ɗaure furanni a cikin hanyar Upanishad (vedanta vakyakusuma).

Brahma samhita, rubutun allah brahma

Brahma Samita (Yabo na Brahma) rubutu ne na Pancaratra (Vaishnava Agamas da aka bayar don bautar Ubangiji Narayana); wanda ya kunshi ayoyin addu'a da Ubangiji Brahma ya furta yana tasbihi ga Ubangiji Shri Krishna (Govinda) a farkon Halitta. Allahn Brahma, wanda shine almajirin farko na jerin almajirai wanda Ubangiji Shri Krishna ya qaddamar, an ba shi aikin halittar abin duniya da duba hanyar sha'awa, wanda allahn Shri Krishna ya halicce shi, ta hanyar cibiya.

A tsawon Kaliyuga, zamanin jayayya da munafunci na yanzu, Brahma Samhita ba a san shi ba, har zuwa bayyanar Ubangiji Chaitanya, wanda kawai ya dawo da babi na 5 na gabaɗayan rubutun. A sakamakon haka, babi na 5 shine babin da aka karanta, nazari, da rera waƙa tun daga lokacin. Bukukuwan ƙaddamarwa na ruhaniya galibi suna farawa da rera waƙa babi na biyar na Brahma Samhita tare da haɗin gwiwa.

Brahma Samhita ta gabatar da hanyoyin hidimar ibada. Brahma Samhita yayi bayanin Garbhodakasayi Visnu, asalin Gayatri Mantra, sifar Govinda da matsayinsa mai wuce gona da iri da mazauninsa, halittu masu rai, baiwar Allah Durga, ma'anar tsautsayi, abubuwa biyar, da hangen nesa na soyayya mai wuce gona da iri wanda ke ba mutum damar yin hakan. duba ga Ubangiji Shri Krishna.

Brahma vihara a matsayin tunani

Brahma vihara kalma ce da ke nufin kyawawan dabi'un Buddha guda huɗu da aikace-aikacen tunani. Asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga kalmomin Pali, brahma, wanda ke nufin "allah" ko "allahntaka"; da vihara, wanda ke nufin "zaune." Ana kuma san brahma vihara da appamanna huɗu, ko kuma “marasa ƙima,” kuma a matsayin jahohi huɗu masu daraja.

Yogi na Buddhist yana aiwatar da waɗannan fitattun jahohin brahma vihara ta hanyar dabarar tunani mai suna brahma vihara-bhavana tare da manufar cimma jhana (natsuwa ko cikakken yanayin tunani) kuma daga ƙarshe yanayin wayewar da aka sani da nirvana. Brahma vihara sun haɗa da:

Upekkha - equanimity wanda ke da tushe a cikin fahimta. Shi kauye ne, da nutsuwa, da daidaito da nutsuwa, wanda a cikinsa ake yiwa kowa adalci.
Metta - ƙauna mai ƙauna wanda ke nuna kyakkyawar niyya ga kowa da kowa.
Karuna - tausayi wanda addinin Buddah ya gano wahalar wasu a matsayin nasa.
Mudita - jin daɗin tausayi wanda Buddha ke farin ciki da farin ciki da farin ciki na wasu, ko da yake shi ko ita bai shiga cikin samar da wannan farin ciki ba.

Ana iya samun waɗannan ra'ayoyi guda huɗu iri ɗaya a cikin yoga da falsafar Hindu. Patanjali ya tattauna waɗannan azaman yanayin tunani a cikin Yoga Sutras.

Aikin Brahma mudra

Brahma mudra alama ce ta hannu da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin yoga asana, tunani, da kuma aikace-aikacen pranayama akai-akai wanda ke da kima don alamominsa da halayen warkarwa. Brahma shine sunan allahn mahaliccin Hindu kuma a cikin Sanskrit an fassara shi da "allahntaka", "tsarki" ko "ruhi mafi girma", yayin da Mudra ke nufin "karimcin" ko "hatimi".

Ana yin wannan yawanci a wurin zama mai daɗi, kamar vajrasana ko padmasana. Hannayen biyu suna yin dunkulewa tare da yatsu a nannade da manyan yatsotsi, tafukan suna fuskantar sama, hannayen biyu kuma a manne su a ƙugiyoyin. Hannun suna hutawa a hankali a kan ƙashin ƙuruciya.

Wani lokaci ana kiranta "hanyar wayar da kan jama'a," Brahma mudra yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka cikakken numfashi yayin pranayama. Domin wannan laka, da laka a gaba ɗaya, an yi imani da cewa suna shafar kwararar kuzarin rayuwa (prana) a cikin jiki, yana kwantar da hankali kuma yana ƙarfafa jiki. Brahma mudra kuma an yi imanin yana da waɗannan fa'idodin:

Ƙara maida hankali.
Saki mummunan makamashi.
Kawar da guba.
Yana taimaka wa yogi don isa matsayi mafi girma na tunani.

Temples

Haikalin Pushkar na iya zama mafi shahara a duniya da ake miƙawa don bauta wa gunkin Brahma, amma ba shi kaɗai ba ne. Koyaya, shi ne haikali mafi dadewa da aka miƙa wa wannan allahn Hindu. Tarihi ya nuna cewa Brahma, idan aka kwatanta da sauran alloli, ya kasance mai yawan gafara da kuma albarkaci bayinsa da gaske, don haka akwai lokuta da dama da ya albarkaci masu ibada da ni'ima ba tare da la'akari da sakamakon ni'imominsa ba.

An ce ya yi wa aljanu albarka tun daga Hiranyakashipu da Mahishasur har zuwa Ravana, yana sa su azabtar da mutane da gumaka iri-iri. Saboda wannan Vishu da Shiva dole ne su mallaki yanayi kuma su kashe aljanu tare da avatars daban-daban. Yayin da Brahma ya ci gaba da zama mai himma, mutane sun daina bauta masa, maimakon haka sun yi addu'a ga Vishnu da Shiva.

Wani labari kuma ya ce Brahma ya halicci wata baiwar Allah Shatarupa mai siffofi dari. Da aka halicce ta, Brahma ya ɗauko mata wani abin sha'awa yana bin ta ko'ina saboda tsafin da yake mata. Duk da haka, ta yi ƙoƙarin guje wa hakan har tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu. Amma Brahma ya dage ya ba wa kansa kawuna biyar, daya a kowane bangare – arewa, kudu, gabas da yamma sannan na biyar sama da sauran, yana da niyyar kallonta a duk inda ta shiga ba tare da ya rasa ganinta ba.

Kamar yadda aka dauki Shatarupa a matsayin 'yar Brahma, Shiva ya yanke kan Brahma na biyar saboda dangantakar dangi ba ta dace ba. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi imanin Brahma shine abin bautar da aka yi watsi da shi a cikin trimurti: Brahma, Vishnu da Shiva.

Duk da haka, bayan lokaci an ce allahn Brahma ya nemi tuba da gafara ga irin wannan aikin, kuma shi ya sa aka gina wasu haikali da dama don bauta wa allahn mahalicci, Brahma. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan haikalin Brahma a Indiya:

Brahma Temple, Pushkar

Da yake kusa da tafkin Pushkar a gundumar Ajmer na Rajasthan, haikalin Brahma yana ɗaya daga cikin haikalin Brahma da aka fi ziyarta a Indiya. A cikin watan Hindu na Kartik (Nuwamba), mabiyan wannan allahn da suke zuwa haikali sun nutse a cikin tafkin suna yin addu’a ga allahntaka.

Asotra Brahma Temple, Barmer

Haikali na Asotra yana cikin gundumar Barmer na Rajasthan, wannan wani haikali ne wanda aka keɓe ga Brahma. Rajpurohits na mutane ne suka kafa shi kuma an gina shi da dutse daga Jaisalmer da Jodhpur. Duk da haka, gunki na allahntaka an yi shi da marmara.

Adi Brahma Temple, Khokhan - Kullu Valley

Adi Brahma Temple yana cikin yankin Khokhan na kwarin Kullu. Tarihi ya nuna cewa mutane daga gundumomin Mandi da Kullu ne suka bauta wa haikalin. Koyaya, lokacin da aka raba masarautun biyu, an gina kwafi a wancan gefen, a cikin Mandi, kuma masu ibada sun iyakance kansu ga ziyartar haikalin da ke kan iyakar masarautar.

Brahma Temple, Kumbakonam

An yi imani cewa Brahma ya yi alfahari da kyautarsa ta halitta har ya yi fahariya cewa ya fi Shiva da Vishnu a fasahar halitta. Wannan ya sa Vishnu ya haifar da wata fatalwar da ta tsorata Brahma. A firgice ya zo Vishnu don neman taimako, bayan ya nemi afuwar rashin mutuncinsa. Vishnu ya roki Brahma da ya kiyaye tuba a duniya don ya fanshi kansa.

An yi imani cewa Brahma ya zaɓi Kumbakonam don yin bimbini a kai. Jin daɗin ƙoƙarin Brahma, Vishnu ya karɓi uzurinsa kuma ya maido da iliminsa da matsayinsa a cikin alloli.

Brahma Karmali Mandir Temple, Panaji

Haikalin Brahma Karmali yana kimanin kilomita bakwai daga Valpoi da kimanin kilomita 60 daga Panaji. Ko da yake haikalin bai daɗe haka ba, an yi imanin cewa gunkin ya wanzu tun kusan ƙarni na XNUMX. Tabbas shine kadai haikali a Goa, wanda aka keɓe ga allahn Brahma. Mutum-mutumin baƙar fata na Brahma da aka sanya a cikin haikalin an ce an kawo shi Carambolim, Goa a cikin karni na XNUMX da babban ɓangare na masu bautar da suka tsere daga rashin haƙurin addini da Portuguese suka sanya.

Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirupattur

Labari yana da cewa abokin tarayya Shiva, Goddess Parvathi, ya taɓa kuskuren Brahma ga Shiva. Hakan ya fusata Shiva har ya yanke kan Brahma ya la'ance shi don bayinsa su manta da shi, ya kuma tube masa dukkan karfinsa. Ba da daɗewa ba, girman kan Brahma ya rushe kuma ya nemi gafara.

Duk da haka, Shiva da ya fusata bai shirya ya karɓi uzurinsa ba. Don gyara duk abin da ya aikata ba daidai ba, Brahma ya tashi zuwa aikin hajji. A kan tafiya, ya isa Thirupattur inda ya kafa 12 Shiva lingas kuma bauta Shiva a can. Kokarin da ya yi na fanshi kansa, Shiva ya bayyana a gaban Brahma, ya kawar masa da la'anar kuma ya maido da dukkan karfinsa. Shiva sai ya albarkaci Brahma kuma ya ba shi wuri mai tsarki a cikin haikali, kuma Brahma shine allahn haikalin tun daga lokacin.

Me yasa ba a girmama allahn Brahma haka?

Akwai labarai da dama a cikin tatsuniyar Hindu da suka nuna dalilin da ya sa ba kasafai ake bauta masa ba, ga biyu daga cikinsu:

Na farko shi ne Brahma ya halicci mace don ta taimake shi da aikinsa na halitta, ana kiranta da Shatarupa. Tayi kyau sosai har Brahma ta kai mata wani zato, tana kallonta duk inda taje. Wannan ya ba shi babban abin kunya, Shatarupa ya yi kokarin kawar da kallonsa. Amma duk inda ta koma, Brahma ya toho kai don kallo har ya girma hudu. Daga karshe Shatarupa ya cika da takaici har ya zabura don ya kauce mata. Brahma cikin sha'awar sa, ya zaro kai na biyar akan komai.

Wasu nassosin sun ambaci cewa Shatarupa ya ci gaba da canzawa zuwa halittu daban-daban, har ya zama dukkan halittun da ke duniya don guje wa Brahma. Duk da haka, ya canza siffarta zuwa nau'in namiji na abin da ta kasance don haka an halicci dukan dabbobin duniya. Lord Shiva ya gargadi Brahma saboda nuna halin rashin mutunci kuma ya yanke kansa na biyar saboda halin "marasa hankali".

Tun da Brahma ya shagaltar da dalilinsa daga rai ta hanyar motsawa zuwa ga sha'awar jiki, la'anar Shiva ita ce kada mutane su bauta wa Brahma. Don haka a matsayin hanyar tuba, an ba da rahoton cewa Brahma ya ci gaba da karanta Vedas guda huɗu tun daga lokacin, ɗaya daga cikin kawukansa huɗu.

Imani na biyu game da dalilin da ya sa ba a girmama ko girmama Brahma, kuma mafi tausayi, shine aikin Brahma na mahalicci ya ƙare. Bar zuwa Vishnu aikin kula da duniya da kuma Shiva don ci gaba da nassi na cosmic tashin matattu.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin Brahma, Brahman, Brahmans da Brahmana

Don fahimtar bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan sharuɗɗa, yana da muhimmanci a san ma'anar kowane ɗayan, wanda aka gabatar a ƙasa:

Brahma: shi ne allahn mahaliccin sararin samaniya da kowane abu, wannan wani ɓangare ne na Trimurti, manyan alloli na Hindu waɗanda ke wakiltar: Brahma (halitta), Vishnu (tsarewa) da Shiva (masifu).
Brahman: shi ne maɗaukaki kuma ba ya lalacewa, yana cikin kowane zarra na halitta, yana zama a can a matsayin mai kallo, ba tare da ya shafe shi ba. Ruhin kowane mai rai wani bangare ne na Brahman.
Brahmins: su ne ikilisiyar da limaman Hindu suka fito, waɗanda suke da alhakin koyarwa da kuma ci gaba da ilimin nassosi masu tsarki.
brahmanaAn yi amfani da kalmar don ambaton rubuce-rubuce masu tsarki na Indiya waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin Vedic Sanskrit kuma sun dace da lokacin da ya wuce tsakanin 900 a. C. da 500 a. C. Suna daga cikin al'adar Hindu masu daraja.

Mantras na allahn Brahma

Mantra kalma ce mai tsarki, sauti, ko magana, sau da yawa a cikin Sanskrit, ana karantawa a cikin al'adun addini iri-iri da na ruhaniya kamar Hindu, Buddha, da yoga. Kalmar mantra ta samo asali ne daga tushen Sanskrit guda biyu: manas ma'anar "tunani" da ma'anar ma'anar "kayan aiki." Don haka, ana ɗaukar mantras “kayan aikin tunani,” ana amfani da su azaman hanyar ɗaurewa da mai da hankali kan hankali.

Ana iya fahimtar wannan a matsayin kowane sauti, kalma ko jumla mai gyara hankali ta hanyar ma'ana, sautin murya, kari ko jijjiga jiki. Lokacin da aka rera waƙa tare da sadaukarwa, ana jin wasu kalamai suna haifar da girgiza mai ƙarfi a cikin jiki da tunani, suna ba da damar zurfin tunani. A al'adance, an yi imani da mantras suna da iko na ruhaniya da na tunani, kowannensu yana da nasa niyya da ma'anarsa a bayansa.

Ana iya furta mantras a maimaitawa ko sanya waƙa. Ana iya amfani da maimaitawar mantra don tada manyan jihohi na hankali, don amfani da ikon niyya, don bayyana tabbataccen tabbaci, da shiga cikin zurfin yanayi na sani. Mantra na allahn Brahma a cikin Sanskrit shine:

"Om Namo Rajo Jushei Sristau
Sththou Sattwa Mayayacha
Tamo Maya Sam-harinei
Vishwa Rupaya Vedhasei
Om Brahmanei Namaha"

Wanda fassarar shi ne: «Om ne sunan Shi, wanda ya halitta wannan cosmos da gunas guda uku (halayen yanayi: tabbatacce, korau da rashin aiki), wanda ya ba da siffa ga dukan kõme da kuma wanda yake na duniya. Brahma ce, wacce nake gaishe da ita cikin girmamawa."

Idan kun sami wannan labarin game da Allah Brahma mai ban sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan sauran: