Koyi tare da mu a yau, ta hanyar wannan post mai ban sha'awa, tarihin Cuzco, wani birni na kakanni da ke kudu maso gabashin kasar Peru, a cikin tsaunin Andes, tushensa na farko, a cikin Magna Carta shine babban birnin tarihi na kasar da sauransu. Kar a daina karantawa!
Asalin birnin Cuzco
Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin biranen rayuwa a Amurka, masu cin nasara na Spain sun gan shi a karon farko a cikin 1533, cibiyar daular Inca ce, an yi sharhi game da farkonsa da yaren Aymara, tare da kalmar qusqu wanka, wanda a cikin yaren Castilian, yana nufin Dutsen mujiya, godiya ga labarin wasu ƴan'uwa masu suna Ayar, domin ita ce daula mafi girma da ta wanzu a Amurka Pre-Columbian.
Birnin Cuzco ya shaida shigowar Mutanen Espanya kamar yawancin wurare a Amurka, amma har yanzu yana riƙe da sihirin kakanninsa lokacin da yake tafiya a cikin titunansa, wanda ke jan hankalin dubban baƙi waɗanda kullum suke son kasancewa cikin wannan labarin, ci gaba da karanta labarin.
Inda daya daga cikin 'yan'uwa, yana da ikon sihiri, ya yarda da wurin da yake tashi da fuka-fuki da suka fito daga jikinsa don sauka a kan dutse kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na dutse kamar yadda rubutun Juan Díez de Betanzos ya ce:
"... Ku tafi can kuna yawo ... ku zauna a can ku mallaki wurin zama ɗaya inda wannan alamar ta bayyana, domin daga baya za mu je mu zauna mu zauna ... a can ya rikide ya zama dutse, ya mai da ƙasar. a cikin tsohon harshen Cuzco da Mutanen Espanya sun bar sunan Cuzco..."
Godiya ga kwararar masu yawon bude ido, Cuzco shine birni na bakwai mafi yawan jama'a a cikin al'ummar Peruvian, asalin wannan birni na tatsuniya ne, godiya ga labarun kakanninsa, ana magana game da shekaru dubu kafin Kristi, wannan yanki duka yana da yawan jama'a. al'adu daban-daban , wanda aka lura da godiya ga ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi a cikin halayen yumbura, tun da kowannensu ya bayyana halaye.
Akwai maganar Sun God da kansa mai suna Inti, ya mamaye wadannan kasashe, wasu kuma suna magana game da babban jarumi dan Sun God Manco Capac da 'yar uwarsa, amma ba a san ainihin ranar da aka kirkiro ta a matsayin mazaunin ba, sun mamaye al'adu da dama. . Wasu kuma sun hade su inda suka kafa wani yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 600.000, babban birninsa shi ne Cuzco.
Ga mazaunan Cuzco, tunaninsu biyu ne don haka aka raba ƙasashensu zuwa tsaunuka da ake kira Hanan da ƙananan ƙasa mai sunan Hurin, daga sunan Manco Capac ya samo asali ne na wani nau'i na matsayi na zamantakewa tsakanin caciques da ke nunawa tare da Tsawon shekaru. , Babban mahimmanci, saboda binciken da aka gudanar, yumbu da al'adun Killke nasu ne, sun kira kansu Incas.
Ya nuna daular Inca, kyakkyawan tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ya ba su damar, godiya ga ci gaban da suka samu a cikin gine-gine, don kafa wani birni mai tsari, Cuzco, kamar yadda aka gani a zamanin da a Roma, wani abu mai ban mamaki game da ilimin aikin injiniya ko da yake sun kasance. ban san dabaran ba.
An fara da tatsuniyar Manco Capac, an kafa jerin masu mulki a Cuzco waɗanda suka kasance daga allahntakar Rana, an lalatar da su da al'adun nasu cewa su, sarakunan daular Inca, ba za su iya taɓa ƙasa ba, su kaɗai. sun bar babban sansaninsu a cikin ayyukan addini na mutanensu, don girmama su.
Cibiya ta duniya, don daular Inca ita ce birnin Cuzco, a cikin yaren Quechua, bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar, an yi la'akari da cewa tsakanin shekaru 1200 zuwa 1400 tushe na siyasa, zamantakewa da addini. An kafa tsarin wannan birni, wayewar kafin Colombia, bisa ga waɗannan binciken, ana maganar mulkin wani Inca mai suna Pachacútec tsakanin shekaru 1438 zuwa 1463.
Ƙarfafa wannan daula mai faɗi ya fara ne, inda aka murƙushe ƙabilun da ke kewaye da su da suke adawa da ita a lokacin da diflomasiyya ba ta cimma nasarar da ake so ba, ƙirƙirarsu ta sa injiniyoyinsu suka ƙirƙiro birnin da siffar puma da ake iya gani daga nesa. bisa tsaunukan da ke cikin kwarin Cuzco.
Nuna babban birni da wadata kamar yadda Mutanen Espanya suka samu a zamaninsu lokacin da suka ci nasara, a karni na XNUMX; Baya ga gina birnin Cuzco, wadannan manyan injiniyoyi sun baje kolin ci gaban aikin gona, sabunta al'umma da gina kyawawan gine-gine na jama'a da na addini wadanda suka cancanci a yaba musu da kuma girmama al'adunsu.
Don haka Cuzco ya nuna ci gabanta na zamantakewa a matsayin babban birni na birni, wanda koguna biyu Saphi da Tullumallo suka keɓe, wanda tare da su suka ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙauyuka na birane don musayar kasuwanci tun da ba su san kuɗin ba.
A cikin wannan birni na Cuzco akwai fadar.
Baya ga jerin manyan gine-gine na gidajen ibada da gidajen masu fada a ji, bayan haka sai da birane da kuma shahararrun kungiyoyin da suka kasance tushen noma da kiwo.
Cuzco shi ne babban birnin daular Inca kuma ga Mutanen Espanya, daya daga cikin muhimman biranen daular Peru, a lokacin mulkin mallaka a karkashin tsarin sarauta na Spain, an gina babban adadin gidajen ibada, katakai da kuma wuraren shakatawa daban-daban. tare da fifiko na baroque da fasahar neoclassical.
Yin birnin Cuzco ya zama abin mamaki, a cikin 1972, an amince da shi a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa kuma a cikin 1983, Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO.
Tushen Cuzco da lokacin daular Inca
Godiya ga labarun 'yan asalin, wanda Gómez Suárez de Figueroa ya tattara, daga zuriyar Hispanic-Inca, wanda aka haifa a Peru a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1539, ya yi amfani da sunan mai suna Inca Garcilaso de la Vega.
Ya yi sharhi cewa Manco Cápac shine gwamna na farko kuma wanda ya kafa Cuzco tare da mahaifiyar Ocilo, wanda ya kasance 'yar uwarsa da matarsa ta farko, 'ya'yan Sun, sun koma kusa da tafkin Titicaca.
Bisa ga umarnin mahaifinsu, Sun God, sun jefi mashin zinariya da ƙarfi, inda wannan kayan ya faɗo, suka kafa garinsu na Cuzco, kamar yadda wannan marubuci mestizo ya faɗa, a shekara ta 1615, wanda Spain ta san shi tun daga lokacin. , godiya ga wannan rubutun:
"... Tasha ta farko da suka yi a wannan kwari, inji Inca, a kan tsaunin da ake kira Huanacauri, da tsakar rana na wannan birni, a can ne suka yi kokarin korar gwal din zuwa cikin kasa, wanda cikin sauki ya nutse a karon farko. cewa sun same ta, ba su kara ganinta ba...”
"... Sai Inca ya ce wa 'yar'uwarsa da matarsa: A cikin wannan kwarin mahaifinmu Rana ya ba da umarni cewa mu tsaya mu zauna da mazauninmu. ”
Bisa bayanin da aka samu godiya ga binciken da aka gudanar a fannin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi da ilmin dan Adam, an yi nazari kan aikin Cuzco, an kammala cewa mulkin Tiahuanaco ya ragu, wanda ya haifar da canja wurin garin daga kasar Bolivia a yanzu.
Wannan yawan jama'a yana kewaye da mutane 500, suna zaune a cikin kwarin kogin Huatanay, suna zuwa sun sami Cuzco a gefen wani kogi mai suna Saphy; Ba a san ainihin ranar ba, game da lokacin da aka kafa Cuzco, amma ana zaton bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar cewa an zauna a cikin shekaru 3000.
Daya daga cikin mawallafin tarihin masarautar Spain, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, lokacin da ya isa nahiyar Amurka, shi ne mai kula da nazarin Cuzco, bisa ga binciken da ya yi, cewa Cuzco ya riga ya kasance daga kabilun Guayas, Antasayas da Sahuasiray.
A matsayinsa na tsofaffin mazauna wannan birni, ya kuma ambaci wasu kabilu kamar Copalimitas, Culunchimas da Alcavistas a matsayin al'adu na baya-bayan nan; Ya kuma yi magana game da Ayarmacas, waɗanda suka kasance mafi tsufa mazauna kuma Incas sun yi amfani da diflomasiyya, wanda haɗin auratayya tsakanin waɗannan wayewa ya ba da damar ɗaukakar Cuzco.
Da yake zama birni mafi girma na daular Inca don zama babban birninsa, wannan ya haifar da ci gaba mai yawa wanda ya kasance cibiyar al'adu da addini na wannan babbar daular, lokacin da ba a iya aiwatar da diflomasiyya ba, an yi adawa da karfi da karfi na sojojinsa..
Wannan ya faru ne saboda godiya ga mai mulkinta Pachacútec, ya mayar da Cuzco a matsayin mai fafutukar al'adu, ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1438, Pachacútec da dansa Túpac Yupanqui sun shafe shekaru hamsin suna gudanar da tsari da hada kan kabilu daban daban, inda suka isa yin mulki kusan goma. mazaunan miliyan, a cikin daular Inca.
Wannan daular tana da girma sosai har ikon Cuzco ya kai har zuwa Quito, a yau babban birnin Ecuador, ya haɗa dukkan mazauna cikin nisan kilomita 4500 a cikin babban jerin tsaunukan Andes; an fi tunanin cewa nau'in zane na Cuzco shine aikin Pachacútec.
To, a lokacin da aka duba daga tsaunin Cuzco, yana da siffar puma, godiya ga aikin injiniyoyinta, tun da za a iya lura da cewa ba su da fasaha, amma sun nuna kwarewa sosai a cikin gine-ginen da suka yi, wanda ya nuna nasu. babban ci gaban ilimi.
Puma ita ce dabba mai tsarki na mutanen Andean, wanda Cuzco ya kasance daga nesa silhouette na babban puma, kasancewar tsakiyar fili mai suna Haucaypata a cikin kirjin feline kuma a kan dabbar yana cikin tudu mai girma. sansanin biki da ake kira Sacsayhuamán, an tsara shi sosai a tsarin birnin.
Cuzco ita ce wurin mulki da tsari, mita dubu uku da dari uku da hamsin sama da matakin teku, wanda aka nuna a cikin gine-ginensa tun lokacin da birnin ya hade hanyoyi guda hudu don hade nasa, wanda shine yankuna hudu da suke cikin su Ya raba yankin. na Cuzco, wanda aka fi sani da Tahuantinsuyo, wanda ke nufin su hudu tare.
Wannan yanki yana da girma sosai har ya isa Ecuador da wasu yankuna na yanzu Chile, Argentina, Bolivia da Colombia, tunda a cikin kwarin Urubamba kuma ana iya ganin manyan gine-ginen Inca, kama da na birnin Cuzco.
Ciwan Mutanen Espanya da zamanin mataimakinsa
Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa yankin Cuzco, sai suka yanke shawarar ɗaukar wannan birni don masarautar Sipaniya, sun sami nasarar kama Inca Atahualpa wanda shine shugaban mulkin Inca na ƙarshe a garin Cajamarca, daga nan suka tafi Cuzco. , bisa ga tarihin da aka gabatar sun kasance tun daga shekara ta 1533, a cikin watan Fabrairu, tare da wannan nasara da ɗaukakar Cuzco ta ƙare.
Mutanen Espanya a lokacin cin nasara ba za su iya canza yanayin birnin Cuzco ba saboda gine-ginen Incas masu tsayayya ya sa ba zai yiwu a lalata su don kera sababbin gine-gine ba, don haka sun yanke shawarar kafa gine-ginen su a cikin gine-ginen Inca na yanzu, wanda zai iya zama a halin yanzu. gani a cikin Convent na Santo Domingo wanda aka gina a kan Haikali na Rana.
Babban gidan sarauta na Viracocha da Incas ya yi ya zama wurin zama na Cathedral na Cuzco, shi ya sa za a iya wakilta birnin Inca a yau ga dubban masu yawon bude ido da suka ziyarci birnin Cuzco.
Masu bincike da yawa sun yi rashin jituwa game da haruffan da suka gudanar da irin wannan yakin, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega y López de Gómara yayi magana game da Hernando de Soto da Pedro del Barco, yayin da Pedro Pizarro da Rubén Vargas Ugarte suka yi magana game da wasu haruffa, wannan rukuni na farko na Mutanen Espanya. Sun dawo daga Cuzco zuwa garin Cajamarca, tsakanin watannin Mayu da Yuni a shekara ta 1533.
Mutanen Espanya sun zo da zinariya da azurfa masu tarin yawa, kamar yadda marubucin tarihin mai suna Vargas Ugarte ya rubuta, kuma masu nasara sun sake yin wani balaguro zuwa birnin Cuzco, a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1533.
Francisco Pizarro mai ban tsoro tare da wani ɗan asalin ƙasar mai suna Túpac Hualpa da nufin ya karɓi mulki a matsayin Atahualpa, amma ya rayu watanni uku kawai saboda ya mutu da guba, kuma jarumi mai suna Calcuchimac, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan janar-janar guda uku. Atahualpa.
Manco Inca, wanda aka fi sani da Manco Cápac II, shi ma ya raka Francisco Pizarro, ya taimaka wa Pizarro da mutanensa su shiga Cuzco, a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1533, Manco Cápac II ya sami kambi, kamar Inca, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a tarihin daya daga cikin masu binciken. Ruben Vargas Ugarte.
Bayan wata guda, sun yi nasarar kama dukkan karafa masu daraja a Cuzco kuma Mutanen Espanya sun narke duk kyawawan ayyukan da suka haifar da daular Inca; wannan adadi mai yawa na zurfafan zinare da suka fusata daga Cuzco ya fi wanda aka samu a Cajamarca, yana jujjuyawa bisa ga tarihin a kan pesos 700.113.880.
Tuni a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1534, Francisco Pizarro ya sami nasarar gano birnin Mutanen Espanya a cikin birnin Cuzco, a cikin Plaza de Armas, a halin yanzu shine birnin Cuzco na zamani, wanda ke da iyaka da sarakunan daular Inca.
A kan babban wurin da ke fuskantar arewa Francisco Pizarro ya ba da umarnin gina haikalin addini, ya sanya taken: Babban birni mai daraja da girma na Cuzco, Mutanen Espanya tamanin da takwas, su ne mazaunan farko na Cuzco, yanzu birni ne na Sipaniya, a The The Washegari aka kirkiro majalisar birni, tare da ciyamomi na gari Pedro de Candia da Beltrán de Castro, ban da masu fada aji takwas.
A cikin birnin Cuzco, wanda a yanzu Mutanen Espanya, masu unguwanni da masu mulki dole ne a canza su a shekara guda, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1534 sun raba kuri'a ko yankunan Cuzco a tsakanin masu ci na Spain, har yanzu an yi ta rikici ta hanyar membobin daular Inca.
Bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 1536, Manco Inca ya yi nadama don taimaka wa Mutanen Espanya kuma ya fara yaki da masu cin nasara kuma ya tsara daular da aka sani da Incas na Vilcabamba, waɗanda su ne sarakuna hudu da za su iya zama magajin Atahualpa kuma sun yi tsayayya da masu nasara, amma rikici ya faru. wuri har zuwa shekara ta 1572.
An shafe shekaru talatin da shida ana gwabzawa har sai da aka ci Túpac Amaru I a yakin, suka kama shi suka nuna wa sauran 'yan kasar cewa ba za su iya doke Mutanen Espanya ba, sai suka fille kansa a fili.
Cuzco ya zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci da musayar al'adu a cikin tsaunin Andes, akwai kuma hanyoyin zuwa Lima da yanayin hakar ma'adinai na abin da ake kira Upper Peru.
Ƙari ga Mutanen Espanya ya fi dacewa da tashar jiragen ruwa don sanya birnin Lima a matsayin babban birnin gidan sarauta, amma Cuzco na cikin sashen gudanarwa na mataimakan masarautar Spain, bisa ga binciken da aka yi wa mutanen Cuzco suna mutunta ta. kasancewar ƴan ƙasa mafi rinjaye daga babban al'ummar Inca, wanda aka ba su wasu gata.
Hakazalika, an kawar da wani bangare na Sipaniya a Cuzco, bugu da kari, an fara barnatar da al'adu da tattalin arziki da a halin yanzu a birnin a yau, ta fuskar kera masaku, ba shakka a wancan lokacin ya kasance kafin masana'antu, yanzu suna amfani da fasaha. Don isa Río de la Plata, dole ne su wuce ta Cuzco.
An riga ya mamaye Mutanen Espanya, a lokacin ƙarni na XVI da XXVII, Cuzco ya fara rasa kyawunsa na Inca, don fara gina gidajen ibada na tsarin baroque, kamar yadda yake a cikin Cathedral, wanda aka gina tsakanin shekarun 1560 da 1664. wasu majami'u irin su La Compañía a 1576, La Merced, wanda aka gina a farkon karni na XNUMX.
Haikali na San Francisco, tsakanin 1572 da 1662, Mutanen Espanya suma suna kula da gina cibiyoyin asibitoci daban-daban kamar asibitocin mulkin mallaka na San Bartolomé, wanda daga baya ya canza suna zuwa Asibiti da Convent of San Juan de Dios , don halarta. na musamman ga Mutanen Espanya da Asibitin de Naturales ga mutanen Cuzco.
An yi sauye-sauye da gine-gine da yawa a cikin tsarin birnin Cuzco, dangane da gine-ginen cibiyoyin jama'a, kamar fadar Almirante, gidan Marquises na San Lorenzo de Valle Umbroso da fadar Archbishop. .
Dangane da ilimi, Mutanen Espanya sun yanke shawarar fara makarantu da yawa a cikin birnin Cuzco, kamar makarantar San Francisco de Borja, don koyar da 'ya'yan sarakunan Inca, ban da Jami'ar San Ignacio de Loyola, Seminary of San Antonio de Abad, ban da wata Jami'ar da sunan San Antonio Abad.
Bayan da aka yi arangama da mutanen Incas, yanzu yunƙurin faɗa ne suka lalata birnin Cuzco, wanda a halin yanzu Mutanen Espanya ne, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ci gaban birane ya yi kamari a hankali, girgizar ƙasa ta baya-bayan nan ta tabbata a shekara ta 1650.
Daga nan ne ake lura da muhimmancin daular Inca a cikin gine-ginen da ta gina a kan filaye don guje wa rugujewar gine-ginen da aka yi saboda sun kasance masu yaki da girgizar kasa, kamar yadda aka nuna a halin yanzu sakamakon binciken da aka yi kan gine-ginen da injiniyoyin suka gina. daular Inca.
Ga Mutanen Espanya, tsoron da suke da shi a cikin wannan girgizar ƙasa ya kasance masu bautar Ubangijin girgizar asa, wanda tun daga wannan ranar ana girmama shi a kowace shekara a cikin jerin gwano, ko da yake yana da muhimmanci a iyakance.
Cewa mazaunan Cuzco suna da al'adar rawa ga mummynsu waɗanda su ne tsoffin gwamnonin wayewarsu mai girma, saboda sun ci gaba da al'adunsu amma maimakon rawa ga mummynsu, Mutanen Espanya sun sanya waliyyan Katolika na rawa.
Sun faru ne a Spain, Bourbon sake fasalin inda Felipe de Borbón, ya karbi mulkin kasar Spain, yayin da wannan ke faruwa a Turai a cikin shekara ta 1780, a Cuzco akwai wani yunkuri da 'yan asalin kasar suka fara a shugaban shi ne sarki mai suna José. Gabriel Condorcanqui, mai suna Tupac Amaru II.
Wannan ya faru ne saboda tasirin ra'ayoyin masu haske Túpac Amaru II, ya tashi a kan ikon Mutanen Espanya, daga birnin Cuzco, waɗannan rikice-rikice sun bazu a cikin al'ummar Peruvian, wannan tashin hankalin zai iya wuce 'yan watanni kawai saboda tsakanin fadace-fadacen da cewa ya faru a Cuzco.
An kama wani cacique José Gabriel, wanda aka fi sani da Túpac Amaru II, kuma don kada garin ya kuskura ya sake yin taho-mu-gama, an ba da umarnin aiwatar da hukuncin tare da dukan danginsa a Plaza de Armas na Cuzco.
A yau za ku iya gani a Cuzco, a gefe ɗaya na Cocin Compañía de Jesús, ɗakin sujada da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin a matsayin tantanin halitta don kiyaye wannan cacique wanda a yau jarumi ne na Peru.
An sanar da wannan taron nan da nan, a ko'ina cikin tsaunukan Andes, abin da ya faru a Cuzco kuma shi ne kukan 'yantar da 'yan asalin wanda yawancin Mutanen Espanya na babban aristocracy, suna jin tsoron fuskantar adawa da yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar, sun yanke shawarar matsawa tare da su. iyalansu zuwa babban birnin kasar Peru da kuma birnin Arequipa.
Wannan ya haifar da koma bayan kasuwanci a birnin Cuzco yayin da maziyartan suka kaucewa tunkarar yankin saboda tsoron wani danniya daga 'yan kasar, a karni na sha tara, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1814, an sake samun wata arangama da 'yan asalin kasar na adawa da mulkin masarautar Spain. , wanda aka fi sani da Tawayen Cuzco.
Wannan arangama ta samu wakilcin 'yan'uwan Angulo da wani brigadier mai suna Mateo Pumacahua, wanda mestizo ne daga Cuzco, sun fara tawaye kamar wanda ya fara a Buenos Aires don samun 'yancin kai daga Peru daga Cuzco, amma iri ɗaya ba zai iya zama ba. zai yiwu saboda Viceroy José De Abascal ya ƙare da wannan tawaye a cikin watanni goma sha ɗaya.
Cuzco da zamanin Republican
Kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin tarihin Peru, ta sami 'yancin kai a cikin shekara ta 1821 kuma birnin Cuzco yana ci gaba da dacewa da tsarin siyasar ƙasar, a kan yankin da Intendancy ya mamaye, yana mamaye har ma da yankin Amazon. , tun da har yanzu ba a yi iyaka da ƙasar Brazil ba, Cuzco ita ce babban birnin duk wannan sashin bisa ga umarnin José de San Martín.
Wannan ya faru ne a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1822, amma har yanzu yankin ya kasance mallakar Mutanen Espanya masu biyayya ga kambi na Spain, yakin Ayacucho ya ci nasara kuma Janar Simón Bolívar ya yi nasara, wanda Viceroy La Serna ya yi nasara, Disamba 22, 1824 ya gane. Shugaban Ayacucho, kasancewar shugaban Cuzco Janar Agustín Gamarra, a ranar 24 ga Disamba, na wannan shekarar.
Shekara ta 1825 ta fara kuma birnin Cuzco ya karɓi ziyarar Janar Simón Bolívar tare da jin daɗi, godiya ga girmamawar da al'ummar Peruvian suka yi ga fitaccen mai 'yanci na Venezuelan Simón Bolívar, an buɗe makarantun Kimiyya da Fasaha, sun mai da hankali kan makarantun da suka gabata. San Francisco de Borja, San Bernardo, Jami'ar San Antonio de Abad.
A yayin wannan ziyarar, an kafa makarantar farko ta ilimin mata na Peruvian mai suna Colegio Las Educandas a Cuzco, daga baya, saboda ƙungiyar Peru da Bolivia, Cuzco na ɗaya daga cikin gabobin wannan jamhuriyar da ta daɗe kaɗan, kawai. Arch na Santa Clara ya kasance daga wannan alamar.
Cuzco ya sake fadawa cikin tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al’umma, tun da yawancin mazauna garin sun rasa rayukansu sakamakon yakin ‘Yanci da kuma cututtuka masu yaduwa da suka kashe mazauna wannan gari da dama, shi ma ya yi kusa da mamaye shi da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar. Bolivia a shekara ta 1842; karni na XNUMX ya ci gaba ba tare da bakin ciki ko daukaka ga birnin Cuzco ba.
Barazanar annoba ta lalata rayuwar mazauna Cuzco irin su ƙanƙara a cikin 1885, ta sami lambar yabo ta zama birni mafi tsafta a Amurka har zuwa yau, wanda ya ci gaba da lalata birnin Incas na daular, juyin juya halin masana'antu ya zo Peru a yau. hannun ’yan kasuwa daga Birtaniya, suna kara talauta ’yan asalin Cuzco wadanda ba za su iya yin gogayya da su ba.
A cikin shekara ta 1872, an kafa farkon masana'antun masana'antu guda shida waɗanda daga baya za a san su da Cervecería del Sur a cikin garin Cuzco, haɓakar Cuzco ya kasance saboda waɗannan kamfanonin barasa, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen karni na 1894, wanda ya haifar da yaƙin farar hula na Peruvian a cikin shekarar XNUMX.
An yi artabu a cikin wannan birni na Cusco, inda caceristas suka rasa, don shekara ta 1909, an gudanar da juyin juya halin matasa, an fara makarantar Cuzco, a cikin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Cuzco a shekara ta 1897.
Cuzco a cikin karni na XNUMX
A farkon karni na 1908, Cuzco ya haɓaka haɓakar al'umma na birane, a cikin shekara ta 13, musamman a ranar XNUMX ga Satumba, an ƙaddamar da layin dogo zuwa Cuzco, wanda ya ba birnin sabon damar yin hulɗa tare da mutanen da suka isa tashar jiragen ruwa, kodayake The canja wurin layin dogo ya kasance a hankali sosai saboda yanayin tsaunukan Andes.
Bisa la'akari da karuwar yawan jama'a a Cuzco, koguna irin su Tullumayu, Huatanay da Saphy ya zama dole, an gudanar da sabon gyare-gyaren birane a cikin birnin, kamar titin Choquechaka da Saphy da Tullumayo da Sol avenues. ya ba da damar shiga cikin unguwannin da ke kewaye da tsakiyar gari, tsarin birane ya kai yankunan kudu da kudu maso gabas.
A cikin shekara ta 1911, wani abu mai ban mamaki ya faru a Cuzco, na balaguro da yawa da aka yi daga Cuzco zuwa kewayen tudun Andes, Hiram Bingham, ya binciko abubuwan da ke kewaye kuma ya gano rugujewar wani katon ginin Inca, mai suna Machu Pichu.
Wannan binciken ya tayar da harkar yawon bude ido a birnin Cuzco, kamar yadda aka sani a halin yanzu, domin a kowace rana, masu yawon bude ido da yawa kan je wannan birni, duk da cewa a halin yanzu saboda annobar cutar numfashi ta Covid-19, komai ya gurgunce. hanawa da hana yaduwar wannan cutar.
Wanda ya janyo asarar rayukan dubban mutane, a daidai lokacin da fasaha da bincike ke da matukar muhimmanci kuma har yanzu ba su gano yadda za a gurgunta wannan kwayar cutar ba, an fi samun mutanen da suka gurgunce, suna zama a gidajensu da kula da lafiyarsu. lafiyar ku, don kada ku ci gaba da yada wannan mummunar cutar.
A cikin shekara ta 1913, an kafa kamfani mai zaman kansa a birnin Cuzco, domin wannan birni ya sami damar jin daɗin hidimar wutar lantarki mai kyau, wanda aka yi nazarin da ya dace don ƙirƙirar tashar samar da wutar lantarki, a yankin Corimarca. .
An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da suka dace kuma a cikin shekara ta 1914, birnin Cuzco ya fara jin daɗin sabis na makamashin lantarki a kowane gida, ta wani babban birnin kasar, wanda ya san da kyau cewa ribar yawon shakatawa za ta biya don ci gaban. makamashin lantarki, kamfanonin yawon bude ido sun fara tare da mafi girma ta'aziyya godiya ga sabis na lantarki.
A cikin shekara ta 1921, jirgin farko daga Lima zuwa birnin Cuzco ya kasance ta hanyar wani jirgin ruwa na asalin Italiya mai suna Enrique Rolandi, wanda ya kasance babban labari ga 'yan kasuwa masu yawon bude ido waɗanda suka gudanar da tarurrukan da suka dace don siyan jirgin sama. , wanda zai kasance. mallakin birnin Cuzco kuma wannan matukin jirgi Rolandi zai zama mai ba da shawara kan fasaha ga wannan ƙananan masana'antar jirgin sama na kasuwanci.
Wannan jirgi na farko mallakar birnin Cuzco, wani samfurin biplane ne, mayaka ne da kamfanin SVA ya kera, wannan sufurin jirgin ana kiransa Cuzco, a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1925, matukin jirgin Cuzco Alejandro Velasco Astete Ya rasu yana da shekaru ashirin da da haihuwa. takwas.
Shi ne dan kasar Peru na farko da ya tashi sama da tekun Andes, ya isa birnin Lima bayan ya taso daga Cuzco, amma a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ya yi hatsari inda matukin jirgin ya rasa ransa kuma jirgin ya lalace.
Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙari ya sauka a garin Puno, lokacin da ya fito daga jirgin sama daga birnin Cuzco, a cikin 1930, hakimin Cuzco mai suna José Vargas, wanda shi ne Janar, shi ne ke kula da kwace wasu filayen da ke a cikin birnin. garin Chachacomayoc da wani mai suna La Pólvora.
Yin a wannan wurin filin jirgin sama na farko tare da datti a cikin birnin Cuzco wanda ke aiki har zuwa 1967; Wannan sabis na farko na fasinjoji da jiragen dakon kaya tsakanin birnin Lima da Cuzco ya fara ne a cikin 1937.
Nan da nan aka ba da jiragen da jiragen DC-3 da DC-4 daga kamfanin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama mai suna Faucett, shekaru uku suka wuce kuma aikin jirgin ya zama al'ada godiya ga dimbin maziyartan da suka zo duba birnin Machu Pichu.
A halin yanzu wannan sarari na wani wurin shakatawa ne mai suna Zonal, Asibitin Kasa na Adolfo Guevara Velasco kuma yana cikin wannan sarari a cikin abin da aka sani da gundumar Wanchaq da Casa de la Juventud Closed Coliseum.
A cikin 1964, an ƙaddamar da filin jirgin sama na Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport, da sunan ɗan Peruvian na farko da ya tashi a kan tsaunukan Andes, wanda Cuzco ke hidima tun lokacin kuma shi ne filin jirgin sama na biyu tare da mafi girman zirga-zirgar fasinja a Peru. , godiya zuwa kamfanin yawon bude ido.
Yana da mahimmanci a nanata cewa tun daga 1944, ranar 24 ga Yuni ita ce ranar Cuzco, don haka suke gudanar da wani yanayi mai jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido, inda suke gudanar da shi a wurare daban-daban na alamomi kamar Plaza de Armas, Ruins na Sacsayhuamán ko Inti Raymi, kuma su ma sun ƙirƙira Waƙar zuwa Cuzco.
Shekaru shida ke nan a shekara ta 1950, kuma girgizar kasa ta afku a birnin Cuzco mai girman maki 6.8 a ma'aunin Richter, lamarin da ya haifar da barna a biranen birnin, musamman a gidajen ibada da gidajen ibada na 'yan mulkin mallaka, inda rahotanni daban-daban suka fito. al'ummar Peruvian da UNESCO wanda ya aiko da bincike George Kubler na asalin Amurka.
Wane ne ke kula da aiwatar da binciken da ya dace don gudanarwa da daidaitawa na sake fasalin gine-gine, gwamnatin Peruvian a cikin sha'awar yin aiki tare da sake gina Cuzco, ya kirkiro wata doka mai lamba 11551, wanda ta fallasa bukatun jama'a. Cuzco , a fili ta hanyar kamfanin yawon shakatawa kuma ya sanya haraji akan amfani da sigari don tallafawa sake gina gine-gine.
A cikin shekara ta 1952, an sake gina birnin Cuzco, wanda ya ba da izinin sabunta biranen muhalli, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka mafi girma a cikin masana'antar yawon shakatawa, a cikin shekara ta 1952, an ƙidaya adadin masu yawon bude ido 6092.
Wadanda suke karuwa a kowace shekara, a cikin 1975, yawan masu yawon bude ido ya kai 176.625, wanda ya zarce yawan mutanen birnin Cuzco, wanda aka yi nazari ga mazauna 174.000.
Domin shekara ta 1972, al'ummar Peruvian ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi, ta yanke shawara mafi girma da ke bayyana al'adun al'adu na al'ummar kasar zuwa yankin Monumental na Cuzco, ya zama dole a fadada birnin tsakanin 1974 da 1991, yayin da wannan ke faruwa a cikin Taron VII na kwamitin UNESCO na Duniya, a birnin Florence na ƙasar Italiya.
An ayyana Cuzco a matsayin Al'adun Al'adu na Bil'adama a cikin mako na 05 zuwa 09 ga Disamba, 1983, amma a ranar 05 ga Afrilu, 1986, wani motsi na telluric ya faru wanda ya lalata wani yanki na babban birni na Cuzco.
A cikin 1990, magajin gari Daniel Estrada Pérez ya aiwatar da wani shiri na ƙawata abubuwan tarihi, murabba'ai da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a lokacin gwamnatinsa; samun Cuzco taken Babban Babban Tarihi na Peru.
Wanda yake a cikin Magna Carta na Peru, tun 1993, garkuwar Cuzco ita ma an yi karin bayani, inda aka bar Blason na mulkin mallaka don haɗa Rana ta Echenique, a matsayin sabuwar garkuwar birnin Cuzco, shi ma ya yi ƙoƙarin canza sunan. zuwa harshen Qosqo, amma bai dawwama ba, ya bar Cuzco.
Geography da yanayin birnin Cuzco
Wannan birni yana cikin wani kwari wanda kogin Huatanay ya kafa da kuma tsaunukan da ke ba da kariya, yanayin Cuzco galibi bushe ne da yanayin zafi, kasancewar yana kusa da equator yana da yanayi biyu ne kawai; busasshen da ke tsakanin watannin Afrilu da Oktoba, a wannan lokacin ana jin ranakun rana tare da wasu darare daban-daban inda ake sanyi sosai kuma zazzabi ya ragu zuwa 13 ° C.
Sauran yanayi na damina kuma yana faruwa tsakanin watannin Nuwamba zuwa Maris, yanayin zafi yana tsakanin 12 ° C, a ranakun rana yana iya tashi zuwa 20 ° C, amma iska daga tsaunuka yana da sanyi.
Cuzco Architectural Heritage
Godiya ga yawancin gine-ginen Inca da za a iya gani a cikin birnin Cuzco, wanda ke cikin zamanin pre-Columbian, a cikin 1972, sun ayyana shi al'adun gargajiya na al'umma, wannan ya bayyana a cikin babban ƙuduri tare da lamba 2900- 72- ED, da kuma don kare birnin Cuzco, an gudanar da taron VII na kwamitin UNESCO na duniya a cikin 1983.
Yanke shawarar ayyana wannan birni na al'adun ɗan adam, wanda manyan wuraren yawon buɗe ido a cikin birnin Cuzco sune kamar haka:
Unguwar San Blas, a nan masu sana’ar hannu suna zaune, wuraren bita da shagunan sana’o’insu suna nan, a lokacin da za ka ziyarci wannan birni za ka ga cewa yana daya daga cikin wuraren da ya fi jan hankali a cikin Cuzco, titunansa suna da tudu kuma a lokaci guda kunkuntar, za ka iya ganin manyan gidajen gidaje da suka fi shahara. Mutanen Espanya ne suka gina su, akan tushen gine-ginen Inca.
Tana da fili mai kyau kuma ita ce Ikklesiya mafi dadewa a cikin birnin Cuzco, wacce aka kafa ta a shekara ta 1563, tana da mimbarin da aka yi da itace, wanda aka sassaƙa a zamanin mulkin mallaka, a cikin harshen Cuzco ana kiran Barrio de San Blas Toqocachi. wanda ke nufin a cikin harshen Castilian ramin gishiri.
Hatun Rumiyuq Street, ita ce mafi yawan ziyartan dubban 'yan yawon bude ido, da ke ziyartar birnin Cuzco kullum, wannan kalmar Quechua tana nufin a cikin Mutanen Espanya, Daga dutsen mafi girma, Fadar Inca Roca ta kasance a can, a kan shi, an gina fadar Archbishop .
Wannan titin yana kaiwa daga Plaza de Armas zuwa Barrio de San Blas, wanda a cikin hanyarsa za ku iya ganin dutsen kusurwoyi goma sha biyu a bangon Inca, yayin wannan tafiya za ku iya siyan abubuwa marasa adadi godiya ga masu sana'a waɗanda suka zama. m sosai.
The Convent and Church of Nuestra Señora de La Merced, an gina wannan kyakkyawan haikali a shekara ta 1536, girgizar ƙasa ta shekara ta 1650 ta lalata gininsa na farko, an sake gina shi kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 1675. gini, ana lura da salon baroque.
Musamman a cikin rumfunan mawaƙa, a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane na itace, a nan za ku iya ganin mafaka a cikin zinariya da duwatsu masu daraja wanda nauyinsa ya kai kilo 22 da tsayinsa na 130 centimeters, abin mamaki ne kuma na zamanin mulkin mallaka ko kuma Inca, tun da yake. Mutanen Espanya sun kwace zinariyar da ke cikin haikalin Allahn Rana.
Cathedral na Cuzco, Cathedral na farko na Cuzco shine Cocin na Triumph wanda aka gina akan ginin Fadar Viracocha Inca, wanda aka gina a cikin 1539, amma a halin yanzu ya zama babban ɗakin sujada na wannan babban babban cocin, wanda wannan babbar babbar coci ce. An gina babban coci a saman Suntur Wasi, gidan Condor, tsakanin 1560 zuwa 1664.
An yi amfani da dutse a matsayin babban sinadari, wanda aka ciro daga wasu gine-ginen Inca da Mutanen Espanya ke amfani da su a matsayin dutse, baya ga granite blocks masu launin ja da suka kawo daga wani rukunin Inca mai suna Sacsayhuaman.
Anan masu gine-ginen Mutanen Espanya sun yi aikin tsarin Renaissance, a cikin haikalin addini an lura da Baroque da ke hade da Gothic, yana da mafi kyawun maƙerin zinariya na zamanin mulkin mallaka.
Har ila yau, ya yi fice ga bagadai na addini masu ban sha'awa a cikin katako da aka sassaka, a cikin wannan haikali za ku iya ganin kyawawan ayyuka na Makarantar Zana ta Cusco da ke ƙawata bangonta, kuma ita ce hedkwatar Archdiocese na Cuzco.
Babban Filin, daular Inca ta yi la'akari da wurin farin ciki, yana da faɗi sosai cewa abin da ake kira Plaza del Regocijo nasa ne, da kuma wani filin wasa mai suna San Francisco.
Godiya ga tarihi, wannan filin ya kasance babban jigon abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi, daga cikinsu akwai shelar farko ta 'yancin kai na al'ummar Peruvian, wanda 'yan'uwa masu suna Ángulo suka yi a 1814.
Wannan Plaza de Armas, dake cikin birnin Cuzco, ya kuma shaida fille kan José Gabriel Condorcanqui, wanda ake kira Túpac Amaru II, wanda tarihin kasar Peru ya dauka a matsayin shugaban farko na juriya na 'yan asalin kasar, lokacin da yake fuskantar sauye-sauyen Bourbon na Sarki Philip.
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Mutanen Espanya sun gina wani katafaren gidan wasan kwaikwayo na dutse mai ban sha'awa tare da hannun 'yan asali, wanda har yanzu akwai, a nan akwai gidajen ibada guda biyu, tsohon babban cocin Cuzco da haikalin ƙungiyar Yesu, dukansu suna kan gine-ginen da Incas suka yi da kuma tsakiyar tsakiya. wani ɓangare na murabba'in filin tafki kuma akan sa alamar Inca.
A yau wannan Plaza de Armas an gudanar da bukukuwa daban-daban na al'adu da ayyukan al'umma a birnin Cuzco, daga cikinsu akwai bikin Inti Raymi na Rana na Allah, wanda ake yi a duk ranar 24 ga watan Yuni, domin jin dadin dubban 'yan yawon bude ido da za su je. lura, ban da bukukuwan Corpus Christi.
Wanda yana da m kwanan wata bisa ga kalandar addinin Katolika, ana iya aiwatar da shi a tsakanin watanni na Afrilu, Mayu ko Yuni, inda ake gudanar da jerin gwanon tsarkakan Katolika daban-daban, a duk raye-rayen yanki ana kiyaye su kuma saboda haka kowace Lahadi. suna yin bikin daga tutar birnin Cuzco da na kasar Peru.
Ana kuma gudanar da bikin Santurantikuy a birnin Cuzco, wanda shine siyan waliyyai, a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, kasancewar baje kolin kasuwanci da ke nuni da mabiya addinin kirista a lokacin Kirsimeti, tunda a kowace rana akwai masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar birnin, dole ne su gudanar da bukukuwa daban-daban da na kasuwanci. Tunda mazauna wurin suna rayuwa daga tattalin arzikin yawon bude ido.
Cocin Ƙungiyar Yesu; An gina wannan haikalin addini a saman ginin Inca, fadar Amarucancha, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga allahntakar maciji, a nan za ku iya ganin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan salon baroque, a lokacin mulkin mallaka, za ku iya ganin dutsen da aka sassaka da shi da aka yi. Inka..
A halin yanzu wannan haikali na addini ya ƙunshi ɗakuna biyu, ɗakin karatu na Lourdes da San Ignacio de Loyola Oratory, a kan bangonsa za ku iya ganin adadi mai yawa na zane-zane na mulkin mallaka daga makarantar Cuzco na zane-zane a birnin Cuzco.
Coricancha da Convent na Santo Domingo, shi ne haikali mafi muhimmanci na daular Inca da aka keɓe ga Sun God, a cikin Quechua sunansa Qorikancha, an san shi da wurin zinare, tun da ganuwarsa an ƙawata shi da zanen zinariya da Incas suka yi. .
A cikin wannan ginin Inca, an gina ginin Convent na Santo Domingo ta hanyar salon Renaissance, yana dauke da hasumiya ta baroque, wacce ita ce mafi tsayi a cikin dukkan gine-gine a cikin birnin Cuzco, ana iya ganin bangon Inca marasa adadi a ciki da cikin monolith a tsakiyarsa, kuma kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran temples, adadi mai yawa na zane-zane na Makarantar Zana ta Cuzco.
Inca Urbanism a cikin Cuzco
Wani daga cikin halayen da aka gabatar a wannan birni na Cuzco shi ne irin ƙarfin da injiniyoyin Inca suka yi a lokacin da suke aiwatar da tsarin biranen birnin duk da yanayin wurin, a cikin al'adarsu sun yi imani da gumaka daban-daban na addini kuma suna girmama su. sun gina gidajen ibada.
Daga cikin su akwai Sun God Inti, Pachamama, baiwar Allah ta haihuwa, Huiracocha, wanda shi ne Inca mai lamba takwas, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi mafarki tare da Allah Wiracocha, da sauransu, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin mutane.
Wannan hanyar wakilcin gumaka ita ce ta sanya wakilcin birnin Cuzco a cikin siffar puma, wanda alama ce ta iko mai girma da ke nuni ga ikon Allah wanda ya halicci birnin Cuzco.
Dukkanin tituna da tsare-tsaren birane an gina su ne ta hanyar Rana, ban da yin hulɗa tare da yanayin yanayi, tun da ba su lalata yanayi ba amma sun yi amfani da yanayin don shiga cikin wurin da kuma daidaita shi da zane, babban basira ya nuna. ta injiniyoyin Inca.
Alamomin Daular Inca, kamar kowane birni a duniya, Cuzco yana da tutarsa, garkuwarsa da waƙarsa, duk da cewa jiha ce ta al'ummar Peruvian, a cikin watan Yuni amfani da waɗannan alamomin shine. An yi bikin ranar 24th na Inca Festival na Inti Raymi, kuma ita ce ranar birnin.
Game da rigar makamai, a halin yanzu ana amfani da alamar Sun na Echenique, tsawon shekaru talatin, a matsayin alamar gashin makamai na birnin Cuzco, tun da halayensa suna wakiltar daular Inca.
Yawan Jama'a a cikin birnin Cuzco
A cikin shekara ta 1533, lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa, birnin Cuzco yana da yawan jama'a tsakanin mazaunan 40.000, tare da adadin garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da su ya kai kimanin mazauna 200.000 a wannan wuri, amma lokacin da aka ci nasara, yawan jama'a ya ragu sosai. .
Duk da haka, bisa ga binciken alƙaluma a ƙarni na 1780, Cuzco na ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi yawan jama'a a nahiyar Amurka, kuma a cikin ƙasar Peruvian birni ne na biyu mafi yawan jama'a, a cikin XNUMX, tawayen Túpac Amaru II da tawaye. na Túpac Catarí.
Sun kasance dalilin da ya sa wani bangare na al'ummar kasar ke neman yin hijira zuwa Lima babban birnin kasar Peru, don gujewa mutuwa a yakin neman 'yancin kai, amma a cikin shekaru na karshe na karni na XNUMX, mazaunan da suka ci gaba da zama a birnin Cuzco sun mutu. a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban da suka fuskanta wanda ya haifar da lamarin a ƙarni na XNUMX.
Lokacin da aka yi shelar Jamhuriyar Peruvian, a cikin shekara ta 1825, ana iya shaida bisa ga tarihi, cewa lokacin da aka karbi Janar Simón Bolívar, inda Majalisar Peruvian ta yi fahariya kuma wannan fitaccen Venezuelan ya sami lambar yabo don lashe yakin Junin da kuma Ayacucho.
Kawai birnin Cuzco, yana da adadin mutane dubu arba'in, kuma bayan shekaru ashirin, dubu ashirin ne kawai suka rage, saboda akwai keɓewar wannan birni.
Ba tare da wutar lantarki ko sabis da mazaunanta ke isa ba, matasa sun gwammace su gwada sa'ar su a babban birnin Lima, a shekara ta 1910, adadin mazaunan 13500 ne kawai aka yi rajista a cikin birnin Cuzco kuma yawancin mutanen mestizo ne.
Amma lokacin da aka sami birnin Machu Picchu, komai ya canza ga waɗannan mazaunan, a cikin shekara ta 2017 an ce yawan jama'ar Cuzco ya kasance 437.538 mazauna saboda godiya ga masana'antar yawon shakatawa.
Juyin jama'a, bisa ga Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasa da Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasa, birnin Cuzco yana da gundumomi biyar na birni, na shekara ta 2017, ƙidayar ta nuna cewa yawan jama'a ya karkata tsakanin mazaunan 437.538 kuma a cikin birnin Cuzco 114.630 mazauna ne musamman mazauna cikin wannan babban birnin. karamar hukuma.
Cuzco a matsayin Cibiyar Addini
A cikin daular Inca, birnin Cuzco shi ne cibiyar da ake bauta wa allahntakar Rana, wanda saboda shi akwai wani babban haikali mai suna Coricancha, wanda ke nufin shingen zinare, akwai kuma Aqllawasi a kusa, wadanda su ne gidajen da ya yi. ya zaba. allahn rana
Suna kuma cikin wannan birni, wurin zama na dangin jana'izar iri-iri na dukan sarakunan da suka yi mulkin daular Inca, wanda ake kira Panakas, domin bayan sun mutu sun mutu kuma har yanzu suna da daraja a cikin al'adun addini, akwai kuma. gidan sarauta inda mai mulki yake zaune wanda shi ne allah, Rayayye.
Baya ga malaman addini da Willka umu wanda shi ne babban limamin coci ya wakilta. A wannan birnin na Cuzco, an gudanar da manyan bukukuwan sarakunan gargajiya, kamar yadda aka yi na Inti Raymi, wanda aka fi sani da bikin Rana, wanda har yanzu ake ci gaba da gabatar da shi a dandalin Plaza de Armas.
A gaban dubban 'yan yawon bude ido da kuma a kan esplanade na Sacsayhuamán, ko da yake a halin yanzu ana gudanar da wadannan bukukuwan yawon bude ido, Cuzco ita ce wurin zama babban Bishop na kasar Peruvian.
Al'adu a birnin Cuzco
Sun gudanar da ayyukan al'adu da dama a cikin wannan shekara a birnin Cuzco, daya daga cikin mafi kyawun abin da ya faru shi ne na Inti Raymi, wanda aka fi sani da Bikin Rana, shi ne bikin mafi muhimmanci bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar. al'adun Inca.
Ana kuma iya gani a birnin Cuzco, wani biki da ake yi a ranar Triniti Mai Tsarki, sunan wannan aikin al'adu shi ne Ubangijin Qoyllur Riti, inda sama da mahajjata 60.000 ke kan hanyar zuwa tsaunukan da suke. dusar ƙanƙara ta lulluɓe, a can yanayin zafi yana canzawa kusan 4 ° C, yayin da suke tafiya a cikin al'ada ana yin wasan wuta iri-iri da kasuwar Alasitas, wannan bikin yana ɗaukar kwanaki huɗu.
A cikin watan Satumba a birnin Cuzco, musamman a ranar 14 ga wata, dubban jama'a masu sadaukar da kai ga waliyyin Huanca, sun yi tattaki zuwa haraminsa, jama'ar wasu kasashe ma suna zuwa domin gudanar da wannan aikin hajjin, dangane da mako mai tsarki, a cikin watan Satumba. birnin Cuzco, ana gudanar da bikin ne amma an sadaukar da shi ga Ubangijin girgizar kasa, wanda shi ne mai kare birnin, tare da tunawa da cewa ya sha fama da ƙungiyoyi masu yawa.
Dangane da Corpus Christi, ana gudanar da ziyarar tsarkaka da budurwai goma sha biyar, waɗanda mazauna birnin Cuzco suka canjawa wuri, a cikin jagorancin Cathedral a cikin jerin gwano don ba da girmamawa ga jikin Kristi, wanda aka wakilta a cikin tsattsarka. mai masaukin baki, a cikin al'adar Katolika, wanda aka ajiye a cikin wani ƙaƙƙarfan dodon zinariya mai nauyin kilo ashirin da shida kuma yana da tsayin mita daya da ashirin.
Ana kuma yin bikin Kirsimeti a ranar Santurantikuy, inda ake sayar da dubban wakilcin tsarkaka ga masu yawon bude ido da ba su kirguwa da suka ziyarci Cuzco, don girmama Kirsimeti, za ku iya ganin siffofi daban-daban na haifuwa ko makiyaya don sanya su a cikin gidan iyali. .
kiɗa a cikin birni
Dangane da ayyukan al'adu akwai ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Symphony ta Cuzco, wacce aka ƙirƙira ƙarƙashin lambar ƙuduri mai lamba 021/INC-Cuzco, tun daga Maris 10, 2009, ita ce ke kula da yin kide-kide kusan hamsin a shekara, ana gabatar da su a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Municipal. da Cuzco.
Dangane da Cibiyar Qosqo ta Fasaha ta 'Yan Asalin, an kafa ta a cikin 1924, ita ce cibiyar gargajiya ta birnin Cuzco, gwamnatin Peru ta riga ta karɓe ta kuma ita ma Al'adun gargajiya ce ta Yankin Cuzco.
Tattalin Arziki a cikin birnin Cuzco
Bisa la'akari da kwararar 'yan yawon bude ido zuwa birnin Cuzco, babban aikin da yake yi shi ne karbar yawon bude ido, da inganta ababen more rayuwa da ayyuka, saboda godiyarsu da birnin ya tsaya tsayin daka, suna kuma aikin noma, kamar masara da sauran 'yan kasar. tubers.
Haka kuma kanana da matsakaita masana’antu suna da alaka da yawon bude ido, kamar ayyukan nishadi da mu’amala, kayayyakin abinci ban da abubuwan sha, daga cikin karfinta na giya, ruwa, abin sha, kofi, cakulan da sauransu.
Bankin Kasuwanci
Babu shakka, saboda wuri ne mai matukar sha'awar yawon bude ido, Cuzco yana da rassa na banki daban-daban ta yadda masu yawon bude ido za su samu damar samun kudadensu, a lokaci guda kuma, ta bude sabbin hanyoyin samar da ayyukan yi ga mazauna wannan birni mai girma, daga cikin daban-daban. rassan bankin da aka samu akwai kamar haka:
• Bankin Kiredit na Peru
• BBVA Continental
• Bankin Scotia
•Citibank
• Interbank
• Bankin kasa
• Babban bankin kasar Peru
• Inter-American Finance Bank
• Bankin Pichincha
• Kiredit
• Bankin Azteca
• Bankina na
• Bankin Kasuwanci
• Prestaperu
• Katin bashi
• Akwatin Piura
• Akwatin Huancayo
• Keelcoop
• Akwatin Cuzco
• Akwatin Tacna
• Metropolitan Cove
• Edyficar kudi
• Hadin kai na Kuɗi
• Bank of Materials
• Hadin gwiwar 'Yanci
• Santo Domingo de Guzman Cooperative
• San Pedro Cooperative
Siyasa a cikin Gari
Tun lokacin da aka fara a cikin daular Inca, Cuzco ya kasance yana kewaye da siyasa, tun da yake cibiyar siyasa ce ta yankin Inca inda aka ba da gwamnatin Tawantinsuyo na farko, tun da wannan birni ya ƙunshi manyan daular, daga mai mulki wanda yake da rai. abin bautawa, danginsu, masu daraja da sauran masu daraja.
Lokacin da Spaniards suka isa, sai ta rasa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suke da shi na siyasa, saboda wani birni kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa, kamar Lima, ya fi jin dadi ga mataimakan sarauta, har ma da shiga harkokin siyasa, domin shi ne birni na farko da ya sami babban Bishop.
Har ila yau, ya kasance mahimmin mahimmanci don hanyoyin kasuwanci, domin a nan Corregimiento yana da cibiyarsa don al'amuran haraji, daga baya ya zama Intendancy na Cuzco kuma a ƙarshen mataimakinsa kafin samun 'yancin kai a Kotun Sarauta ta Cuzco.
Lokacin da aka saki fadace-fadacen da suka ba da 'yancin kai ga al'ummar Peruvian, rawar siyasa na Cuzco ya kasance marar fahimta, saboda kasancewarsa, Arequipa ya doke shi saboda ya fi dacewa da ƙasa, amma bayan binciken archaeological na Machu Picchu, birnin An sake la'akari da Cuzco ta fuskar siyasa.
Wakilan jam'iyyun hagu da dama sun fito daga Cuzco, kamar yadda lamarin Daniel Estrada Pérez ya faru, bayan mutuwarsa, an jagoranci jam'iyyun siyasa, kamar jam'iyyar Nationalist Party ta Peruvian da kuma wata mai suna Broad Front for Justice, Life and Liberty. , da ma ƙungiyoyin siyasa na yanki.
Sufuri da sadarwa
Godiya ga kwararar masu yawon bude ido na yau da kullun zuwa birnin Cuzco, an sami babban ci gaba ta fuskar sufuri da aiyuka, domin ba da hidima ga dubban bakin da ke zuwa domin koyo game da gadon Incas, daga cikin wadannan sabbin abubuwa a cikin sufuri shine Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport.
An bude wannan filin jirgin na Cuzco a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1967, yana tsakanin gundumomi biyu na birnin Cuzco kamar Wanchaq da San Sebastián, wannan filin jirgin yana karkashin kulawar wani kamfani na jiha mai suna CORPAC SA.
Anan ana samun jirage daga birnin Lima a kullum, a kowace shekara filin jirgin saman Cuzco yana tattara mutane 1.700.000, ana kiransa da sunan matukin jirgi na Peruvian na farko da ya tashi a kan tsaunukan Andes, a 1925, sannan ya gabatar da wani shiri na iska a birnin Puno. , a ranar 25 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, ya rasa ikon sarrafa jirgin kuma ya mutu sakamakon tasiri.
Godiya ga wannan filin jirgin sama, an tattara mutane da yawa zuwa birnin Cuzco, saboda wannan yana daya daga cikin filayen jiragen sama masu inganci, an shimfida titin jirgin sama, an sanya gadoji na shiga, yana da sarari don karɓar Boeing 757- model jirgin sama.200 a cewar rahoton na jihar.
Wannan filin jirgin sama yana karɓar jirage na yau da kullun daga birane daban-daban kamar Lima, Tacna, Arequipa, Iquitos, Puerto de Maldonado da Juliaca a matakin ƙasa kuma dangane da yanayin ƙasa da ƙasa Bogotá, Santiago de Chile, La Paz, tun daga 2019 daga Santa Cruz de la. Saliyo .
Chinchero International Airport
Sakamakon karuwar yawon bude ido a birnin Cuzco, an gina wani filin jirgin sama wanda ke wajen birnin, kuma ya fi girma, wanda zai iya samun hanyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa ba tare da amfani da filin jirgin sama na Jorge Chavez ba, zai kasance mai tazarar kilomita 28 daga birnin Cuzco. Cuzco a cikin gundumar Chinchero.
Kuntur Wasi Consortium ne zai gudanar da wannan aikin, wanda ya nemi gwamnatin Peruvian adadin dala miliyan 264,7 kuma ƙungiyar Peruvian za ta ba da gudummawar 48% kawai na aikin, sauran za su kasance masu zaman kansu.
Godiya ga wannan filin jirgin sama na zamani, an kiyasta cewa zai iya karbar adadin masu yawon bude ido miliyan biyar a duk shekara, tare da yiyuwar fadadawa da kuma taimakawa mutane miliyan takwas, an tsara jimillar aikin da dala miliyan 665.
Layukan dogo da manyan hanyoyin zuwa Cuzco
Sakamakon ziyarar da 'yan yawon bude ido suka yi a birnin Cuzco, an yi hanyar jirgin kasa da birane daban-daban ciki har da Arequipa, Juliaca da Puno, dangane da hanyar kasa, ana iya haɗa shi da birane kamar Arequipa, Puno, Puerto daga Maldonado. , Abancay dan Juliaca.
Hanyar da ta hade birnin Abancay ita ce mafi sauri don isa zuwa Cuzco, bayan da ya yi balaguron kasa na kimanin sa'o'i ashirin a lokacin da ya ratsa yankuna daban-daban na kasar kamar Apurímac, Lima, Ayacucho da Ica.
Har ila yau, akwai tsarin jirgin kasa na jirgin kasa wanda ke ba masu yawon bude ido damar tafiya zuwa Machu Picchu, daga birnin Cuzco, a kan titin tsaunuka maras kyau a cikin motsi na zigzag, yana da tasha a cikin garin Poroy.
Don jin daɗin masu yawon bude ido, sai ta bi tafarkinta har zuwa kwarin Tsarkaka inda wani abin tarihi na kayan tarihi na Inca yake, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da kogin Urubamba kuma daga nan ne makomarsa ta ƙarshe Machu Picchu.
Batun Lafiya a cikin birnin Cuzco
Babban bunƙasa a cikin masu yawon bude ido kuma saboda Cuzco babban birni ne na gudanarwa tare da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin a yankin Peruvian, yana da kyakkyawan yanayi dangane da ilimin kimiyyar lafiya, na jama'a da na sirri, dangane da na jama'a na yanzu a Cusco, sune kamar haka:
• Asibitin yanki
• Asibitin Antonio Lorraine
• Asibitin Adolfo Guevara Velazco
• Metropolitan Polyclinic
• San Sebastian Polyclinic
• Santiago Polyclinic
• La Recolecta Polyclinic
Ilimi a birnin Cuzco
Birnin Cuzco yana da daraja ga manyan cibiyoyi guda biyu waɗanda suka dawo zamanin mulkin mallaka, irin su Colegio San Francisco de Borja, wanda ke da shinge ɗaya daga Plaza de Armas, wanda aka sadaukar don ilimin yaran caciques, da Seminary of San Antonio Abad, wanda aka kafa a 1598, wanda shine na addini, ƙungiyar Yesu ce ke gudanar da waɗannan cibiyoyi a lokacin.
A cikin karni na 1825, an kafa jami'o'i biyu a Cuzco, San Ignacio de Loyola, wanda aka rufe bayan korar Jesuits, da San Antonio de Abad, wanda har yanzu akwai. Kimiyya da Fasaha, wanda shekaru da yawa ya zama babban misali a ilimi.
A yau birnin yana da cibiyoyin ilimi a kowane mataki tun daga matakin farko zuwa ilimin jami'a, daga cikin manyan makarantun addini kamar San Antonio de Abad, San Francisco de Asís, La Merced, Salesiano, LaSalle da Santa Ana.
Dangane da gidajen karatu, akwai da yawa, kamar haka suna cikin birnin Cuzco, don horar da mazaunanta, kuma ana iya samun cibiyoyin harshe daban-daban:
• Jami'ar Kasa ta San Antonio Abad na Cuzco
• Jami'ar Andean ta Cuzco
• Alas Peruanas University
• Jami'ar Australiya ta Peruvian na Cuzco
• Jami'ar Fasaha ta Andes
• Jami'ar San Ignacio de Loyola
• Jami'ar Cesar Vallejo
• Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa "Diego Quispe Tito"
• TELESUP jami'a mai zaman kanta
Cibiyoyin Harshe
• Makarantar Harshen Quechua
• Royal Spanish Academy
• Cibiyar Harshen UNSAAC
• Cibiyar Harshen UAC
• Cibiyar Al'adu ta Arewacin Amirka ta Peruvian na Cuzco
• Cibiyar Al'adun Italiya
• Ƙasar Faransa
Cinema a cikin birnin Cuzco
Ana yin wannan ne a birnin Cuzco, duk shekara da sunan FENACO, wato bikin gajerun fina-finai na duniya, ana gudanar da shi ne a watan Nuwamba, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2004, da farko taron kasa ne a takaice a tsarin fim tare da iyakance tsawon mintuna talatin, tare da haɗin gwiwar nune-nunen kasa da kasa.
To amma irin wannan ne ya taso a tsakanin masu shirya fina-finai da furodusoshi da masu rarrabawa daga kasashe daban-daban wanda ita kanta ta zama kasa da kasa, inda a halin yanzu take karbar bakuncin kasashe fiye da talatin da bakwai, inda ta yi gajerun fina-finai kusan 354 a gasar.
Gastronomy a cikin birnin Cuzco
Su ne nau'ikan jita-jita na yau da kullun na Cuzco, samfuran ɓarna da haɗin kai na pre-Inca, Inca, kakannin mulkin mallaka da na zamani, wanda ya ba da izinin haɗin kai na ɗanɗano irin na Cuzco.
Wasan kwaikwayo
A lokacin gasar Copa América a shekarar 2004, birnin Cuzco ya samu damar karbar bakuncin wasa tsakanin Colombia da Uruguay, shi ya sa aka fahimci cewa wasan da mazauna Cuzco suka fi so shi ne wasan kwallon kafa, a wannan birni a halin yanzu akwai kungiyoyin wasanni uku. na farkon su shine Cienciano wanda ke cikin rukunin farko.
Tabbatarwa a cikin 2003 ya zama zakara na gasar cin kofin Kudancin Amurka, a 2004, zakaran Recopa Sudamericana, kasancewar ita kaɗai ce ƙungiyar al'ummar Peruvian wacce ta sami damar samun lambobin yabo a filin wasanni na duniya, wata ƙungiyar daga birnin Cuzco ita ce. Deportivo Garcilaso, wanda ya halarci gasar cin kofin Peru, yana biye da kungiyar Cuzco Fútbol, Cal an kafa shi a cikin 2009 kuma yana taka leda a rukunin farko na kasar Peru tun 2012, ya lashe gasar cin kofin Peru a shekara ta 2011.
Game da abubuwan wasanni, akwai filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da yawa a cikin birnin Cuzco, an raba tsakanin gundumominsa, mun fara da gundumar Wanchaq, akwai filin wasa na Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Stadium, Rufe Coliseum "Gidan Matasa", Wanchaq. Zonal Park, wuraren waha guda biyu, na farko a Wanchaq da na biyu a cikin Season, wurin shakatawa na Marianito Ferro da Uriel García Coliseum.
A kusa da birnin Cuzco akwai Ƙungiyar wasan Tennis da harbi ta duniya, filin wasa na UNSAAC, Cibiyar Kwando ta Qoricancha, filin shakatawa na Umanchata da filin wasa na Kwalejin Garcilaso.
San Sebastián Zonal Park da Cachimayo Park suna cikin gundumar San Sebastián, kuma filin wasa na Huancaro yana cikin gundumar Santiago.
Laƙabin da aka bai wa birnin Cuzco.
Laƙabin da aka bayar a birnin Cuzco
Bisa la'akari da ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Inca a birnin Cuzco, ta sami lakabi na girmamawa iri-iri, wanda ya gabatar da girman kai, kasancewar kamar haka:
• Garin Farko da Kuri'ar Farko na Duk Birane da Garuruwan Sabon Castile, wanda aka bayar a cikin birnin Madrid ta Takaddar Sarauta ta Carlos V, ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1540.
• Babban Insigne, mai daraja, mai aminci da aminci na Cuzco, mafi mahimmanci kuma shugaban masarautun Peru, wanda aka ba shi a cikin birnin Madrid ta Royal Certificate na Carlos V, a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1540.
• Archaeological Capital of America, wanda XXV International Congress of Americanists bayar da, wanda aka gudanar a birnin La Plata, Argentina, a 1933, shi ne goyon bayan da Congress na Jamhuriyar Peru ta hanyar doka lamba 7688 na kwanan wata Janairu 23. 1933
• Al'adun Duniya na Duniya, An ba da lambar yabo ta Taro na Bakwai na Magajin Gari na Duniya, wanda ya hadu a Milan, Italiya a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1978.
• Al'adun Al'adu na Dan Adam, wanda UNESCO ta bayar, a Paris, Faransa a ranar 09 ga Disamba, 1983
• Al'adun Al'adu na Ƙasa, wanda aka ba da shi a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba 23765 mai kwanan watan Disamba 30, 1983, kuma ana kiran wannan a cikin labarin wannan Dokar, birnin Cuzco, Babban Birnin yawon shakatawa na Peru.
Babban birnin Tarihi na Peru, wanda Magna Carta na ƙasar Peruvian ya ba shi a labarin lamba 49 mai kwanan wata 1999
• Babban Birnin Tarihi na Latin Amurka, wanda Majalisar Kansiloli da Kansiloli ta Latin Amurka suka bayar, a birnin Cuzco, a cikin Nuwamba 2001.
• Babban Babban Al'adu na Amurka, wanda Cibiyar Al'adu ta Amurka ta ba da a cikin 2007
Yarjejeniyar 'yan uwantaka da birnin Cuscoo
A farkon shekaru tamanin, birnin Cuzco, ta hanyar gundumar Cuzco, ya kulla yarjejeniyoyin 'yan uwantaka daban-daban tare da garuruwa ashirin da daya, saboda haka, an hade shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar tsarin tarihi, al'ada da al'adu, biranen Sisters. Cuzco sune kamar haka:
• La Paz, ƙasar Bolivia, tun 1 ga Maris, 1984
• Baguio, ƙasar Philippines, tun 08 ga Maris, 1984
• Samarkand, ƙasar Uzbekistan, tun daga 04 ga Agusta, 1986
• Birnin Mexico, ƙasar Mexico, tun ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1997
• Kyoto, kasar Japan, tun 19 ga Satumba, 1987
• Krakow, Poland, tun 08 ga Nuwamba, 1988
• New Jersey, ƙasar Amurka, tun ranar 08 ga Nuwamba, 1988
• Chartres, ƙasar Faransa, tun ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 19889
• Kaesong, Koriya ta Arewa, tun ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1990
• Athens, ƙasar Girka, tun ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1991
• Santa Bárbara, ƙasar Amurka, tun daga 29 ga Agusta, 1992
• Moscow, kasar Rasha, tun ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1993
• Havana, ƙasar Kuba, tun ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1993
• Baitalami, ƙasar Falasdinu, tun ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1993
• Jerusalem, ƙasar Isra'ila, tun ranar 23 ga Maris, 1996
• Copán, ƙasar Honduras, tun 11 ga Afrilu, 1996
• Xi'an, kasar Sin, tun daga ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1998
• Potosí, ƙasar Bolivia, tun 22 ga Yuni, 1998
• Cuenca, ƙasar Ecuador, tun ranar 14 ga Maris, 2000
• Montevideo, ƙasar Uruguay, tun 19 ga Yuli, 2001
• Rio de Janeiro, ƙasar Brazil, tun ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2003
Sauran wuraren yawon shakatawa a Cuzco
Birnin Cuzco yana jan hankalin dubban 'yan yawon bude ido a kullum saboda dadadden fara'a, mun yi magana game da Sacsayhuaman, Coricancha da Machu Picchu, amma kuma akwai jajayen kwarin Pitumarca, yana kudu da Cuzco, komai yana da launin ja saboda launin fata. na ma'adanai da aka samu a cikin ƙasa, yana ba da peculiarity ga wuri mai faɗi.
An isa daga birnin Cuzco, tafiya ta sa'o'i uku zuwa garin Pitumarca ana yin ta ne ta kasa, ko da yake kuma yana iya kasancewa da jirgi mai saukar ungulu, idan ya isa garin yakan dauki sa'o'i biyu a kafa kuma ana isa wurin, ga masu ziyara. wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa.
Akwai kuma wani wurin da ake kira giciyen zinare guda uku, shi ma a cikin birnin Cuzco, a cikin garin Paucartambo, sai ka yi tafiya ta hanya ta tsawon sa'o'i hudu, sannan ka yi jigilar kashin kai zuwa wannan wurin, akwai kuma Piquillacta, wani birni kafin Inca. na Cuzco, ana kyautata zaton cewa kusan mutane dubu goma ne suka zauna a wannan birni, yana kudu da Cuzco.
A cikin hanyar Machu Picchu, barin Cuzco, za ku iya zuwa Ollantaytambo, wanda ke da gine-ginen Inca, tituna masu shinge, filayen noma da manyan injiniyoyin Inca suka yi, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan al'umma, zai yiwu a kara yawan aikin noma. a wata hanya Abin mamaki, yana da gidajen ibada na addini, wanda a yau cibiyar binciken kayan tarihi ce.
Babban abin da ke da kyau game da wannan babban jarin yawon shakatawa shi ne cewa Cuzco, ko da yake shi ne babban birnin tarihi na Peru, yana kan gaba a fannin fasaha, tun da ana iya siyan tikitin sufuri na ƙasa daban-daban akan layi, tun lokacin da aka sabunta birnin Cuzco .
Don ziyarci Machu Picchu, dole ne ku yi tafiya daga birnin Cuzco zuwa garin Aguas Calientes, a can za ku iya zama kuma washegari, godiya ga wuraren shakatawa daban-daban, za ku iya ziyarci babban dutse da wuri.
Idan kun same shi mai ban sha'awa, wannan labarin akan "Gano Tarihin Cuzco, tushen Daular Inca" Ina gayyatarku ku ziyarci hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon masu zuwa: