Mazauna yankin kofi sun samo asali ne daga asalin Paisa. Sun yi fice don alherinsu, ƙwazonsu, ruhin kasuwancinsu da sha'awar kasada. Al'adunsa, ilimin gastronomy, hanyar sadarwa ta musamman da tarihin sa sun sanya al'adun paisa daya daga cikin mafi arziki a Colombia.
al'adun paisa
A Colombia, mutumin da aka haifa a arewa maso yammacin kasar, musamman daga sassan Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda da Quindío, ana kiransa Paisa. Bugu da ƙari, wasu yankuna na sashen Valle del Cauca (arewa) da Sashen Tolima (yamma) an gano su da al'adun Paisa. Manyan biranen yankin Paisa sune Medellin, Pereira, Manizales da Armeniya.
Ilimin Zamani
Paisa wani apocope ne na "dan kasa" da aka yi amfani da shi a yawancin sassan Amurka, a Colombia yana gano wata ƙungiya mai ma'anar al'ada da harshe, wanda kuma aka sani da "mountaineer" ko "antioqueño", dangane da tsohuwar Antioquia, wanda ya haɗa da sauran larduna. de Paisa, wanda ya kasance ƙungiyar gudanarwa guda ɗaya har zuwa ƙirƙirar Jihar Caldas a 1905). A cikin harshe, yana nufin innation (lafazin) irin na sassan Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda, arewa da gabashin kwarin, da arewa maso yammacin Tolima.
Halittu
Dangane da kwayoyin halitta, Paisas keɓaɓɓu ne. Binciken DNA ya nuna cewa yawan mutanen Paisa na farko ya samo asali ne ta hanyar cakuda maza daga tsibirin Iberian tare da matan Amerindia, sannan a ci gaba da hijira daga tsibirin ya shiga tare da yawan jama'a da aka riga aka kafa, yana ƙara yawan ɓangaren Turai, wannan ya haifar da cewa Yawan mutanen paisa na yanzu suna da yawancin zuriyar Turai.
Mutanen Espanya daga Extremadura sune manyan kakannin Paisas, a matsayin gwamnan farko na yankin a yankin Gaspar de Rodas. Garuruwa, birane, da wurare da yawa a yankin Paisa an ba su sunayen garuruwa, birane, wurare, ko haruffa, misali: Medellín na Medellín de Badajoz; Cáceres na lardin Cáceres; Valdivia ga mai nasara Pedro de Valdivia.
Historia
A cikin shekara ta 1537 mai nasara Francisco Cesar ya jagoranci wani balaguro daga Urabá zuwa kogin Cauca a Dabeiba, mayaƙan da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Nutibara suka ƙi. A cikin 1540 Marshal Jorge Robledo ya kafa birnin Cartago. Yankin ya kasance a kusan ware daga dukan mazauna yankin saboda, duk da cewa tsaunukan Antioquia suna da kyau don hakar zinare da kiwo, ba don ƙirƙirar manyan cibiyoyin jama'a kamar Cartagena de Indias ko Santa Fe de Bogotá ba. .
Wannan keɓewa da sauran yankin shine babban dalilin asalin al'adun paisas a cikin mahallin ƙasar Colombia. Daga karni na XNUMX har zuwa karshen karni na XNUMX, yawancin iyalai na Paisa sun ƙaura zuwa kudancin yankin Antioquia a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira bel ɗin kofi na Colombia.
Wannan ƙaura na cikin gida an san shi a cikin tarihin Colombia a matsayin "Mallakar Antioquia". A wannan lokacin, an kafa mafi yawan garuruwa da garuruwan yankin, kamar su Caldas, Risaralda, Quindío da wasu garuruwan dake arewacin Valle del Cauca da yammacin Tolima.
A ranar 1616 ga Maris, XNUMX, baƙo Francisco de Herrera Campuzano ya kafa garin Villa de San Lorenzo del Poblado a cikin Valle de Aburrá, wanda daga baya za a kira shi Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Medellín, daga baya ya ɗauki ainihin sunan Medellin. .
An nada Medellín a matsayin babban birnin lardin Antioquia a shekara ta 1826. A cikin 1849, kusa da Nevado del Ruiz, an kafa Manizales. A cikin 1856 an kirkiro jihar Antioquia wanda ya haifar da wasu yakin basasa tsakanin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. A cikin 1863 aka kafa birnin Pereira. A cikin 1886, tare da Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Siyasa, an ƙirƙiri Sashen Antioquia.
A cikin 1889 an halicci Armeniya. A cikin 1905, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Janar Rafael Reyes, an ƙirƙiri Sashen Caldas tare da ɓangaren kudancin Sashen Antioquia. A cikin 1966, Sashen Caldas ya kasu kashi uku: Caldas, Quindío da Risaralda.
Yankin ƙasa
Babu wani yanki na gudanarwa inda "yankin paisa" yake, sai dai wata ƙungiya ce da al'adun paisa suke, amma yana yiwuwa a kafa wasu wurare a matsayin sararin samaniya na mutanen paisa:
Sashen Antioquia mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 63.612 da yawan jama'a sama da miliyan shida, bisa ga kididdigar 2005, duk da haka, ba za a iya la'akari da cewa duk yankinsa yana cikin al'adun Paisa. Yankin da ke Sashen Antioquia Urabá da arewacin sashen sun fi haɗa kai cikin yankin Caribbean na ƙasar.
Paisas suna cikin Sashen Antioquia, musamman a yankin tsaunuka, a tsakiya da kudu, a cikin abin da ake kira "Montaña Antioqueña". Babban birnin shine Medellin, wanda ake kira City of Madawwami Spring kuma ana la'akari da shi a matsayin birni na biyu da cibiyar masana'antu na Colombia. A cikin Metropolitan Area na Medellín akwai wasu birane masu mahimmanci kamar Rionegro, La Ceja, Santafé de Antioquia, Puerto Berrío, Yarumal da sauransu. Kudu maso yammacin Sashen Antioquia wani yanki ne na Yankin Kofi na Colombia.
An kafa Sashen Caldas a cikin 1905 tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 7.888 da yawan jama'a sama da dubu dari tara, bisa kididdigar kididdigar dubu biyu da biyar, babban birninta, Manizales, Antioquians ne suka kafa shi a 1849 kuma ana yi masa lakabi da Birnin Budaddiyar Kofa.
A cikin shekara ta 1966, an kafa Ma'aikatar Risaralda ta yankin Caldas tare da yawan yanki na murabba'in kilomita 4.140 da yawan jama'a sama da dubu ɗari takwas, bisa ga kididdigar yankin kofi na shekara dubu biyu. biyar, Babban birninsa shine Pereira, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1863 kuma ana kiransa La querendona, mujiya dare da Morena.
Karamin sashen a Colombia shine Sashen Quindío mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 1.845, an kafa shi a shekarar 1966 tare da birnin Armenia, La Ciudad Milagro, a matsayin babban birnin kasar, bisa ga kidayar jama'a ta 2005 tana da yawan jama'a fiye da dubu dari biyar. mazauna.
Biranen Sashen Tolima waɗanda ke cikin al'adun Paisa suna yammacin sashen kuma Roncesvalles ne (wanda Antioquians suka kafa a 1905); Herveo (wanda aka kafa a 1860); Lebanon (kafa a 1849); Casabianca (wanda aka kafa a 1886); Murillo (wanda aka kafa a 1871); Armero (wanda aka kafa a 1895) da Villahermosa (wanda aka kafa a 1887).
Garuruwa da biranen arewacin Sashen Valle del Cauca suma sun samo asali ne daga al'adun Paisa: Seville (wanda Antioquians suka kafa a 1903); Alcalá (wanda aka kafa a 1819); Algeria (aka kafa a 1904, kuma aka sani da "Medellincito"); Bolivar (wanda aka kafa a 1884); Calcedonia (wanda aka kafa a 1910) Cartago (wanda aka kafa a 1540), El Águila (wanda aka kafa a 1905); Ƙungiyar (wanda aka kafa a 1890); Versalles (wanda aka kafa a 1894) da Trujillo (wanda aka kafa a 1922).
Yare
Castilian da paisas ke magana ana kiransa Antioquian Spanish kuma yana da halaye a cikin Colombia, yana da sauri kuma a lokaci guda mai laushi, tare da yawancin Colombian da yankuna na kansa waɗanda wasu lokuta ba a san su ba a wasu yankuna na ƙasar.
Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun halaye na amfani da Castilian ta al'adun Paisa shine voseo a cikin maganganun magana. Paisa na amfani da vos maimakon tu, ana amfani da tu a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun, kodayake kuma ana amfani da shi tsakanin dangi da abokai. Duk da haka, an taƙaita vos don yin amfani da harshe kuma ba kasafai ake amfani da shi a cikin takaddun hukuma ko a cikin jaridu ba kamar yadda yake faruwa a wasu yankuna da ake amfani da voseo.
Marubuta da yawa suna amfani da voseo a cikin ayyukansu don ƙarfafa ainihin su Paisas, da sauransu Tomás Carrasquilla, Fernando González, Ochoa Manuel Mejía Vallejo, Fernando Vallejo da Gonzalo Arango.
Kamar yawancin yarukan Amurka a Castilian, paisas ba sa bambanta sautin "s" daga "z" ko "c" mai laushi. A cikin yankin Paisa akwai tsananin lafazin harafin "s", an bayyana shi azaman apicoalveolar "s̺", sautin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin "s" da "f", kama da sautin "sh" kamar yadda yake a tsakiya kuma. arewacin Spain da kudancin Amurka ta tsakiya. Basques, Catalans da Extremadurans sun rinjayi 'apicoalveolar', kuma Andalusians da Canarians sun yi tasiri akan seseo.
Gastronomy
Abincin Paisa yana da tasiri sosai saboda yanayin tsaunukan karkara. An kwatanta shi da yawan adadin hatsi, shinkafa, masara, naman alade, naman shanu, 'ya'yan itatuwa na yanki, dankali da kayan lambu iri-iri.
Tireshin Paisa jita-jita ce mai wakiltar yankin kuma ta shahara sosai a gidajen cin abinci na Colombia a Kudancin Amurka, Turai da Amurka. Yawanci ana hada shi da carne asada ko naman sa, da karen alade, shinkafa, wake wake, yankan avocado, soyayyen plantain mai dadi, soyayyen kwai, karamin filin masara, wani lokacin ma chorizo.
Sopa de mondongo miya ce da ake yin ta daga cubed tripe (cikin saniya ko alade) wanda aka dafa shi da kayan lambu irin su barkonon kararrawa, albasa, karas, kabeji, seleri, tumatir, cilantro, tafarnuwa, da kayan marmari.
An shirya Antioquia empanadas tare da dandano, kayan yaji da kayan abinci waɗanda aka saba amfani dasu a Antioquia. Ana siffanta shi da kullu mai bakin ciki sosai da kuma cikawa mai kyau sosai. Mafi yawan cika cika shine nama, da farko, da dankali.
Mazamorra a Antioquia sau da yawa yana tare da panela kuma sanannen abinci ne na gefe don abinci kamar tiren paisa. Abin sha yakan haɗa da ƙwaya na masara, a niƙa shi da turmi, sannan a jiƙa a cikin ruwa, a ƙarshe kuma a dafa shi har sai ya yi laushi. Mazamorra yana da yawa don abincin rana da abincin dare a kowane lokaci na shekara. Mazamorra abinci ne na Colombia na yau da kullun wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman jita-jita ko azaman babban jita-jita, ko dai sananne ko na yau da kullun.
Sauran jita-jita da abubuwan sha na yau da kullun sune wake Antioquian, Wake mai kofato, Antioquian sancocho, Antioquian black pudding, tsiran alade Antioquian, Gasasshen Gawa ko gasasshen nama, Posta ko ɗan gumi ko «sudao», Hogao, Calentao paisa, Arepa paisa ko Arepa de Tela, masarar Pelao, shredded, mai laƙabi, muleteer, chocolo tare da cuku Antioquian, Peto, cuku Antioquian, Lentils, Antioquian tamale, Antioquian empanadas, Arequipe paisa tare da brevas, Marialuisa da kayan abinci, Piononos, Panderos, Pandeyucas, Pandeyucas, cakulan Pardeyucas da Parquesovias. , Custard.
Kiɗa
Ana noma nau'o'in kiɗa daban-daban a yankin Paisa, gami da na gargajiya, na zamani da kuma nau'ikan da ake shigo da su daga wasu yankuna ko ƙasashe. Abubuwan da aka fi so don fassarar nau'ikan kiɗan daban-daban, musamman na gargajiya, su ne tiple da guitar.
El Pasillo wani nau'i ne na kiɗan jama'a da raye-rayen asalin ƙasar Kolombiya, ya shahara sosai a cikin yankunan da suka haɗa da Mataimakin Sabon Granada a ƙarni na sha tara. An haife shi a Colombia kuma ya bazu cikin sauri a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, musamman Ecuador (inda ake la'akari da salon kiɗa na ƙasa) kuma, a ɗan ƙarami, a cikin yankuna masu tsaunuka na Venezuela da Panama. Mutanen Venezuela suna kiran wannan salon waƙar a matsayin "valse".
A cikin al'adun Paisa ya kasance mai tushe sosai cewa ana shirya bikin National Hall Festival kowace shekara a cikin gundumar Aguadas a cikin sashin Caldas. Carlos Vieco Ortiz yana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan Paisa mafi alamar alama tare da ginshiƙai sama da ɗari biyu da saba'in, gami da titin jam'iyyarsa da layin sa na sannu-sannu, ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran kasancewar hanyar "Zogawa".
Kiɗan mota salo ne na shahararren kiɗan Colombia na rumba da liyafa wanda ya samo asali a yankin Antioquia, ana kuma san shi da kiɗan cantina ko kiɗan guascarrilera ko kuma kawai guasca. Mazauna yankin sun saurari nau'o'in kiɗa daban-daban daga Mexico, Ecuador, Peru da Argentina kamar rancheras na Mexico, corridos da huapangos, tangos, waltzes, tonadas, zambas da hanyoyin Argentina, da kuma hanyoyin Ecuadorian da Peruvian da boleros.
Waɗannan ƙauyen paisa, a cikin XNUMXs da XNUMXs, sun yanke shawarar fassara duk waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka samo asali ne a karshen karni na XNUMX da kuma farkon karni na XNUMX zuwa cikin abin da ake kira guasca. kamar kiɗan layi.
Paisa trova ko copla salon waka ne da aka samar a Sashen Antioquia, kuma ya ƙunshi mawaƙa biyu da ke fafatawa da juna tare da rera waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi. Paisa trova abu ne mai sauƙi da kiɗa tare da waƙoƙin binary ko ternary rhythm inda abin da ke da mahimmanci shine haɓaka abin da ake faɗa da ƙirƙira na ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Ta hanyar yarjejeniya gabaɗaya, Salvo Ruiz da Ñito Restrepo de Concordia ana ɗaukar su masu ƙirƙirar Paisa trova.
Tango daga Argentina da Uruguay ya shahara sosai a al'adun Paisa na farkon karni na ashirin. Carlos Gardel, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da sarkin Tango, ya mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a babban birnin yankin Paisa, Medellín, a shekara ta talatin da hudu. A cikin unguwar Manrique na Medellín akwai "Tangovia" inda akwai abin tunawa da girmamawa na Carlos Gardel kuma an gudanar da bikin Tango a can.
Furen Baje
Kowace shekara ana gudanar da bikin baje kolin furanni a birnin Medellin, wanda shi ne bikin da ya fi dacewa da birnin, kuma shi ne alamar al'adun Paisa. A cikin wani yanayi mai ban sha'awa na bukukuwan bukukuwan, ana gabatar da abubuwa iri-iri da ba lallai ba ne su shafi furanni, gami da gasa, faretin mota, faretin doki na Paso Fino da kide-kide marasa adadi.
Arturo Uribe Arango, memba na Hukumar Bunƙasa da Yawon shakatawa na Medellín ne ya shirya bikin baje kolin furanni na farko a ranar XNUMX ga Mayu, XNUMX, don murnar ranar Budurwa Maryamu. Bikin ya kwashe kwanaki biyar ana nuna baje kolin furanni a babban cocin Metropolitan Cathedral, wanda kungiyar Medellín Gardening Club da Monsignor Tulio Botero suka shirya.
Tun daga shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin da takwas, an canza lokacin rani zuwa watan Agusta don bikin 'yancin kai na sashen Antioquia da kuma ɗaukaka da kuma dawwamar da dabi'un al'adun Paisa. Bikin baje kolin furanni wani biki ne na alama na bunƙasar al'adu da na kabilanci da na rayuwar gaba ɗaya na yankin.
Bikin yana gabatar da ɗaruruwan al'amuran da ke cike da launi kuma an naɗe su da turaren da flora na yankin ke bayarwa, ciki har da ayyuka kamar Mules da Fondas, Silleteros Parade da "Cavalcade" da kuma matakan kiɗa a duk unguwannin birnin.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na Medellin Flower Fair shine Silleteros Parade. Silleteros a halin yanzu suna rarraba sirdiyoyin su zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in shuka iri iri na silleteros na silleteros da silleteros da silleteros da silleteros na silleteros suna karkasa sirdiyoyinsu zuwa nau'i-nau'i guda hudu: sirdi mai alamar alama tare da saƙon abubuwan ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a ta hanyar amfani da alamomin ƙasa ko addini ko kuma girmama wani fitaccen hali.
Monumental Silleta ita ce mafi girma, kusan mita biyu zuwa biyu, tare da launi mai yawa da kuma babban abin nunawa, ƙirar ta yi wahayi zuwa ga marubucin ta ta yin amfani da duka bouquets na aƙalla nau'ikan furanni huɗu tare da kambi na furanni a tsakiyar kewaye da gladioli. da spikes.
Sirdi na gargajiya shine salon sirdi da manoma ke amfani da shi a tafiye-tafiyensu zuwa birnin Medellin don kawo furanni. Kimanin girmansa ya kai centimita casa'in da tamanin tare da kusan nau'in furannin gargajiya dari daya daga yankin.
Silleta na kasuwanci yana ba da izini ta wata ƙungiya ta kasuwanci wacce ke son a haɗa sunanta a matsayin mai ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin furanni na Medellin.
Alamomin al'adun Paisa
Asalin al'adun Paisa ya samo asali ne a cikin tarihin mulkin mallaka da kuma a cikin "paisa" ainihi, wanda ya fito don alherinsa, aiki, ruhun kasuwanci da sha'awar kasada. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar yankin da noman kofi shine babban injin tattalin arzikinsa.
poncho
Poncho wani ɓangare ne na tufafi na yau da kullum na manoma na yankunan sanyi na sashen Antioquia tare da espadrilles na cabuya, da Aguadeño hat, machete, da Carriel da zurriago. Magana ce a cikin mazauna yankin cewa poncho alama ce ta rungumar dangin Paisa.
Paisa poncho an yi shi da ulu mai tsabta kuma yawanci yana da duhu da launuka masu tsanani. A zamanin da ana iya ƙawata su da ratsan ja da rawaya amma bayan lokaci an sauƙaƙa ƙirar su. A halin yanzu mafi yawan ponchos baƙi ne, kuma duhu shuɗi ko launin toka mai duhu ya kai baki.
A cewar "El testamento del Paisa" na Agustín Jaramillo Londoño, ma'auni na ponchos dole ne ya kasance: "...Wanda mai shi yana da daga yatsun hannu ɗaya zuwa yatsu na ɗayan tare da bude hannu". Wasu ponchos a yau suna da abin wuya, amma wannan daga kwanan nan ne.
Hat Aguadeño
Hulun Aguadeño wani yanki ne na hannu wanda ya zama alamar al'adun Paisa da na dukkan yankin. Ana saka hular Aguadeño da hannu tare da zaren dabino na Iraca (Carludovica palmata) a cikin gundumar Aguadas, sashen Caldas.
A da, waɗannan huluna suna da babban kambi mai kyau, amma ba a yin su ta wannan hanya, don haka waɗannan samfuran suna da matukar godiya ga masu tarawa. A zamanin yau ana kera su ne da ƙaramin kofi, gajere ne ko kuma gaɓoɓin baki kuma ba koyaushe na ƙarshe ya zama fari ba kuma a wajen kofin yana da ribbon baki. An yi hat ɗin Aguadeño na asali kuma na gaske tare da zaren da aka samo daga zuciyar dabino na Iraca kuma a nan ne yanayin fari ya fito.
Tarihi ya ce wani dan kasar Ecuador mai suna Juan Crisóstomo Flores shi ne ya kawo hular yankin a shekara ta 1860 kuma ya koya wa al’ummar yankin yadda ake yin ta. Na farko masana'antun duk maza ne, daga baya mata za su shiga cikin masana'anta.
Fiber na dabino iraca ana sanya shi da tururi na sulfur, bayan an dafa shi kuma a bushe a cikin inuwa, don ba shi farin launi wanda ke siffanta shi, sai ƙwararrun masu sana'a za su kammala aikin ta hanyar ba da sassauci da siffar hula. A cikin gundumar Aguadas, a cikin Sashen Caldas, masana'antar kera hular iraca ta kai babban matsayi, har sai da ta zama abin alfahari na gida, kamar yadda ayoyin waƙar "Aguadas, na mawaƙin Aurelio Martínez Mutis ya ce.
«Saƙa huluna, saƙar waƙoƙi, Iraca suna aiki da 'yan matan ku masu gaskiya, kamar masu yin mulete waɗanda suke tafiya, rana da rana saƙa. Kuma masaƙanku suna raira waƙa taurin kai game da ƙauna, farin ciki, jin daɗi; Hannun ƙasƙantattu na matan da suke rina masana'anta da sulfur sun sa faɗuwar rana ta rawaya, sun kuma ba da fari ga safiya.
dogo
Carriel ko guarniel wani nau'in jakar fata ne ko walat don amfani da maza irin na Paisa na Colombia tun lokacin mulkin mallaka. Wannan tufa ce da mazauna yankin Paisa ke amfani da ita na musamman wanda kuma ke bambanta sarakunan Antioquia. Daruruwan sun yi amfani da shi sosai ta wurin masu yin alfasha. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya kebantu da shi shi ne yawan aljihu da rukunan da yake da su, wasu ma na iya zama “asiri”.
Lokacin da Sashen Antioquia ya kasance yanki ne kawai na noma, jigilar kaya riga ce don amfanin gaba ɗaya, amma yayin da tsarin birni ya ci gaba, an bar shi don amfanin manoma, duk da haka, kasancewar yanki na wakilci, ya zama alama. yankin da dukkan al'adun Paisa.
Akwai da yawa hasashe game da asalin sunan carriel ko guarniel, daya daga cikinsu ya ce ya fito ne daga kalmar Faransanci cartier ma'ana jakar mafarauci, wani hasashe dangana shi ga juyin halitta na jumla a cikin harshen Turanci Dauke duk tare da. ma'anar lodin komai. Wata yuwuwar ita ce asalinsa a cikin yaren Ibrananci Carr-I-El, "don ɗauka ko ɗauka", ko Guarni-El (guarniel), "don kiyaye".
Murfin ko gaba ko facade na carriel an yi shi da fatar dabba mara kyau, don zama ainihin paisa carriel dole ne ya kasance da Jawo kuma dole ne a yi shi da kyau, jakunkuna ba tare da gashi ba suna kwaikwayo ne waɗanda ba su da wani abu na ainihin tufafin paisa .
Asali na Antioquia carriel an yi su ne da katuwar otter ko fatar tigrillo, ana kuma amfani da su, musamman don yin fatar facade na zaki (puma) ko damisa (jaguar), amma kwanan nan saboda dalilai na muhalli, don gujewa farauta da samun adana daji. nau'in, facades na carriel an yi su tare da calfskin, wanda ke kula da gabatarwar asali.
Kariel ɗin yana da igiya ko madauri, wanda za'a rataye shi daga kafada, faɗin kusan santimita huɗu da aka yi da siraɗin fata kuma dole a rufe shi da fata ta mallaka. Wasu dogo masu kyau suna da kayan adon da aka yi da faranti na ƙarfe ko gashin ido da zane-zane masu banƙyama da aka yi da zaren kore, rawaya da ja.
Da farko karukan paisa na da dakuna biyu ko uku ne kawai, a hankali wadannan suna karuwa har sai da aljihu goma sha takwas. Dogon dogo na yau suna da matsakaicin aljihu guda tara da suka haɗa da ƙugiya uku ko aljihun sirri da ke ɓoye tsakanin rufin.
The Machete
Guda wani kayan aiki ne mai kaifi guda wanda a wasu lokuta kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman ɗan gajeren makami, adduna yana kama da wuka amma yana da tsayi mai tsayi da nauyi wanda manoman gabaɗaya ke ɗauka a maƙala a gefen hagu na kugu. . An lulluɓe shi a cikin wani kwano na fata mai ƙawanya, yawanci launin ruwan kasa. Peinilla yana kama da adduna amma tare da gefe biyu da sirara.
Bargon da ke hannun manomi na Paisa ba makami ba ne illa dai makami ne da ya shiga tsaunuka ya kwace masa da kokari da gumi filin da zai noma da kuma inda zai gina guraren da aka fara amfani da su a tsawon shekaru. manyan garuruwa. Adduar da ke hannun Paisa ba makamin laifi ba ne, makamin ne don gina burin ci gaban kasa mai albarka.
Aya ta "Romance al arriero" na Guillermo Cordoba Romero: Canvas apron sauti / rataye daga kwatangwalo; / kushin tsefe / a kan kafa ya buga / kuma, datti. Sama da kafadu / alfadari yana ninke.
The Muleteers
Ana iya cewa masu yin mulete sune ainihin wakilcin al'adun Paisa. Irin wannan mahimmancin shi ne cewa wani muleteer, Juan Valdez, ya zama siffar Colombia a duniya. Maharan sun kasance wadanda suka sadaukar da kansu wajen tuka alfadarai don jigilar kayayyaki, kayayyaki, dabbobi da abinci daga wannan wuri zuwa wani wuri domin biyan bukatun wadannan kayayyakin a kananan garuruwa. Gabaɗaya, ƴan alfasha sun kasance mazaje masu taurin kai, ba su da ko kaɗan, masu albarkatu masu yawa da ƙwazo.
Don su ci gaba da aikinsu, maharani sun fuskanci hanyoyi masu haɗari da tudu, suna fama da rashin kyawun yanayi na tsaunuka. Godiya ga babban ƙoƙarinsu, sun gudanar ba kawai don inganta yanayin su da na danginsu ba, har ma don haɗa ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi ƙasƙanci na yanayin ƙasar Colombia tare da sauran ƙasar.
Muleteers sun fara wannan aiki tun suna kanana, suna yin ayyuka mafi ƙanƙanta kuma a cikin shekaru da suka yi aiki da sadaukarwa sun sami ƙarfin hali da ɗabi'a mai tsayin daka wanda zai taimake su jure bukatun sana'ar don haka hawa matsayi. Har zuwa mukaman shugabanci har ma da mallakar dabbobin nasu.
Maharan sun ba da gudummawar ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin, ta hanyar danganta shi da sauran sassan kasar, tare da samar da sabbin hanyoyi da adduna da za su kai ga wuraren da ba za a iya isa ba, amma babbar gudunmawarsu ita ce samar da al'adun Paisa, tare da al'adun su, salon rayuwarsu, nau'ikan furucinsu da ƙirƙirar ainihin Paisa.
Chapolera
La Chapolera manomi ne dan kasar Colombia wanda ke zaune a yankin Kofi na yankin Paisa kuma ya sadaukar da kai don girbi kofi a sassan Caldas, Risaralda, Quindío, da wasu gundumomi a Arewacin Valle del Cauca. An bambanta chapolera da salon sa na asali na asali da yanayin yankin da ayyukansa. Sunan chapolera ya ba su sunan malam buɗe ido da aka sani da sunan Chapola wanda ke ƙaura zuwa gonakin kofi a lokacin girbi.
Bisa al'ada, matar Paisa ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan gida, kuma a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, bayan da ta shawo kan ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma samun 'yancin kai, matan yankin sun iya sadaukar da kansu ga girbin kofi, aikin da ya kasance. Saboda yanayinsa, yana da ma'anar yin tafiya tsakanin yankuna daban-daban da gonaki suna neman inda za su samar da ayyukansu a matsayin masu tattarawa.
Gabaɗaya, kayan ado na chapoleras suna da ɗigon gyale a kai da kuma hular lanƙwasa ta dabino a sama. Rigar rigar auduga fari ce mai gajeren hannun riga, mai tsayin wuya da bolero, gabaɗaya tana da kayan ado da suka haɗa da kayan adon, ruches, jakunkuna da laces daban-daban, idan rigar tana sanye da dogon hannun riga waɗannan ba kayan ado ba, yadin da aka saka kawai. gwiwar hannu .
Siket ɗin suna da tsayi, har zuwa inci takwas sama da ƙafar ƙafa, an yi su da auduga mai zagaye biyu, bugun yakan ƙunshi furanni kuma an ƙawata shi da lace. A can k'asa tana sanya boleros d'aya ko biyu kuma kullum tana sanye da k'anun kaya, siket na k'ara ta hanyar amfani da atamfa domin kariya. A matsayin takalma, chapoleras suna amfani da espadrilles. Ƙarƙashin gyale an yi gashin gashi a cikin sutura da aka ɗaure tare da ribbons, tare da dogon ƙugiya, candongas ko 'yan kunne da babban fure a cikin gashi.
Ta hada kayanta da wani kwandon da aka saka da rattan siririn kunnuwa guda biyu wadanda ake makalawa a kugu, wannan kwandon ana dibar kofi daga rassan bishiyar kofi kai tsaye sannan a kai shi wurin ajiya.
A matsayin karramawa ga matar Paisa da kuma daukaka darajar jama'a, zamantakewa, al'adu da iyali da take wakilta, a kowace shekara a watan Oktoba ana gudanar da mulkin La Chapolera a bukukuwan tunawa da ranar tunawa da birnin Armeniya.
Tatsuniyoyi, almara da camfi na al'adun Paisa
A cikin al'adun Paisa akwai imani marasa adadi, waɗanda suka bambanta daga al'umma zuwa al'umma, saboda akwai nau'i mai yawa; duk da haka, yawancinsu sun zama ruwan dare a cikin babban yankin Paisa. Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan lokuta sune jet don mugayen idanu; opals don kawar da sihiri; ƙaho na unicorn, ƙusa na morrocoy, ƙusa na babban dabba, ƙusa na algator, ido na barewa, gidan macuá, congolo da covalonga da sauran abubuwan sihiri na sa'a.
Matatun soyayya na garin Remedios sun shahara kuma sun shahara a ko'ina cikin Sashen Antioquia. Shahararrun tatsuniyoyi da yawa, ko alloli masu kariya na tsaunuka, koguna, garuruwa da filaye suna da alaƙa da mazaunan Antioquian da kuma cikin zuriyar Antioquian mulkin mallaka.
Tatsuniyoyi na mutanen dutsen sun samo asali ne daga kaurin dazuzzuka, a cikin maɓuɓɓugar koguna da rafuka, a cikin kogo da wuraren kaɗaici na tsaunuka, yawancin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi sun fito ne daga lokacin mulkin mallaka na Antioquia da kuma. taso daga imanin al'ummar mazauna zama.
Daga cikin tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi mafi yaɗuwa shine Madremonte, wanda shine allahntakar tsaunuka da dazuzzukan Antioquia da Old Caldas; Bisa ga imani, yana sarrafa iskoki, damina da duk yanayin shuka. La Patasola, ita ce allahiya na kauri daga cikin gandun daji na budurwa kuma a cikin tudu na tsaunin tsaunuka, ta bayyana a matsayin mace mai kafa guda daya wanda ya ƙare a cikin kofato na dabba, amma yana iya canzawa dangane da yanayin.
Hojarasquín na dazuzzuka, yana da kama da gandun daji, wanda ya bayyana a adadi daban-daban, yana iya zama mutum ko dabba, ko da yaushe yana rufe da kurangar inabi da ferns ko kuma ɗaukar kamannin bishiyar bishiya a cikin motsi. Uwar kogin wani tsiro ne da ke bayyana a cikin koguna, rafuka, rafuka da bakin teku suna korar yara.
Sauran tatsuniyoyi da ke cikin al'adun Paisa suna nufin haruffan da suka shahara a tsawon lokaci kuma suna bayyana a matsayin fatalwa a cikin karkara da kuma a cikin garuruwa: la Llorona, el Patetarro, María la Larga, la Rodillona, la Colmillona, la Mechuda, the Green Lady, the Meneses, the embers, the girl from the letter, María Inés, María Pimpina, Mareco, the Guando or the Barbacoa del Muerto, da saba, da mayu, da goblins, da Mohan da sauransu da yawa.
Sauran fatalwowi suna da nau'ikan dabbobi ko wakiltar dabbobin tatsuniyoyi kamar: baƙar fata, ƙoramar Guaca, alfadari mai ƙafafu uku, malam buɗe ido da sauransu.
Har ila yau, akwai tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun Paisa da suka dogara da masu tarihi irin su tatsuniyoyi na Cif Nutibara da ɗan'uwansa Quinunchú; labari na María Centeno, mahaifiyar ma'adinai a Antioquia; labari na dangin Castañeda; Uba López, fitaccen firist da sauransu.
Madremont
Madremonte kuma ana kiransa da Honeysuckle, hali ne na tatsuniyoyi na al'adun Paisa amma kuma ana samunsa a cikin tatsuniyar dukkan Colombia, musamman a Antioquia, tsakiya da yammacin Andes na Colombia, da kwarin Magdalena da Cauca. . Imaninsa ya fito ne daga alloli na tsoffin ƴan asalin ƙasar inda ya wakilci Uwar Duniya.
Kwatankwacin da aka yi mata ya bambanta sosai, kasancewar wata babbar halitta mace ce gaba ɗaya an lulluɓe ta da rassan ganyaye da kurangar inabi masu haɗaka, da idanu masu haske, wasu kwatancen sun ce ita mace ce kyakkyawa, mai ƙayataccen ɗaki, da ado sosai, da kyau. kambi da aka yi da rassa da tsire-tsire. Ana kuma bayyana ta a matsayin tsohuwa mai rugujewa, kasusuwa mai dogayen gabobin jiki sanye da rigar ganye.
A cewar wasu nau'ikan, yana bayyana a cikin fadama ko a cikin zurfin dazuzzuka lokacin da babban hadari kuma ya ƙaddamar da kururuwa masu ban tsoro waɗanda ake ji sama da hayaniyar tsawa. Bisa ga imanin masu hawan dutse, lokacin da ruwan kogi ko rafi ya zama gizagizai, saboda Madremonte yana wanka a cikinsu.
La Madremonte yana da aikin kare gandun daji, kula da flora da fauna. Yana addabar mafarauta, masunta da masu yankan itace, ance har ila yau yana tsananta wa mazaje marasa aminci, da masu jayayya akan iyakokin dukiya. Yana fitowa da kyau don kula da tsaunuka da dazuzzuka lokacin da rana ta faɗi kuma ba a jin waƙoƙin tsuntsayen rana. Idan ya yi mamakin wanda ya raina yankinsa, sai ya labe su ya yi kwarkwasa da su ya kai su cikin dajin da ya cinye su.
Halinsa da kayan sa na yi wa duk wanda ya kalle su sihiri ya sa su rasa kansu a cikin daji. Yana jan hankalin manya da yara. Yin wanka a cikin koguna yana lalata ruwansu kuma yana yada cututtuka. Ana iya ƙi shi ta hanyar fuskantar fuska da fuska, ba tare da nuna tsoro ba kuma a yi masa bulala da rassan taba.
Madremonte yana da alaƙa da Dabaibe allahn mutanen Catío, Nutabae da Chocoe, a cikin tsaunuka na yankin Antioquia, kuma yana kama da Pachamama na Andes na Peru da Bolivia, almara na María Lionza da Capu a Venezuela. , Allolin ruwa Yara daga yankin Amazon, da Caa Yurí a Brazil.
Mai Scratcher Leaf na Dutsen
Hojarasquín del Monte wani halitta ne na ɗan adam wanda ke da kamannin mutum, kan ɗan adam da gangar jikin guayacán, an rufe shi da chamizos, lichens na daji da ferns. Wasu sun ce yana kama da bishiyar tafiya. Wasu kuma suka ce muguwar halitta ce mai kan jaki da jikin mutum, har ma akwai masu cewa ai katon biri ne mai gashi mai ganyaye da busasshen ganye da ganye.
Hojarasquín del monte ita ce ke kula da tsaunuka, tsiron daji da dabbobin da ke zaune a cikinsu. Ta hanyar kururuwar kogin yana haɗiye, yakan koyi lokacin da mutum mai niyyar cutar da yanayi ke gabatowa, kuma ya san abin da zai yi don kare ta. Dutsen Dutsen yana iya yin masu tafiya a cikin daji, amma lokacin da mai tafiya yana da kyakkyawar niyya, Leaf Scratch ya nuna masa hanyar dawowa.
Iyalin Castaneda
A cikin bukukuwa na yankuna da yawa na Colombia da kuma musamman a yankin Antioquia, akwai al'ada da ke da alaka da Gidan Castañeda wanda ke nuna haɗin kai na iyali, komawa ƙasar da aka haife su da kuma al'adu da yawa da suka dogara da al'ada. . Wannan ƙungiyar carnival tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ƴancin bayi da suka fara a Antioquia a tsakiyar ƙarni na sha takwas, inda dangin Castañeda ke da hannu sosai.
Sajan Don Ignacio Castañeda da matarsa Doña Javiera Londoño tare da taimakon gungun bayi suka fara cin moriyar ma'adinan nasu wanda suka kira "Avenaderos de Guarzo" dake cikin El Retiro a Sashen Antioquia. Mazajen Castañeda da Londoño sun shahara wajen kula da bayinsu da kyau, suna kula da su cikin ƙauna da ƙauna, koyaushe suna tabbatar da jin daɗin jikinsu da kyakkyawar mu'amala.
Don Ignacio da Doña Javiera sun yanke shawarar, ta hanyar yarjejeniya, don ba wa bayinsu 'yanci, wanda suka bar shi a rubuce, suna bayyana shi a cikin nufinsu. Bayan mutuwar Sajan Don Ignacio Castañeda a birnin Rionegro, matar da mijinta ya mutu, Doña Javiera Londoño de Castañeda, ta 'yantar da bayi dari da ashirin da bakwai. Wannan taron na karni na sha takwas shine karo na farko da ya faru a duk fadin Amurka.
Baƙar fata ɗari da ashirin da bakwai da aka 'yanta sun karɓi sunan ƙarshe na tsoffin masu su, Castañeda, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ne suka ɗauki alƙawarin yin bikin Virgen de los Dolores a kowace shekara. A ƙarshen kowace shekara, tsoffin bayi suna zuwa don bikin ’yancin da aka samu kuma da farin ciki suna tunawa da ranar da suka yi ritaya daga bauta kuma aka gane su a matsayin ’yantattu a karon farko.
Baƙar fata 'yantar da su sun zo daga mafi nisa na yanayin yankin kuma sun kafa Iyalin Castañeda. Tare da ƙauna, girman kai da godiya, sun fada a baki abin da ya riga ya zama almara, labarin Doña Javiera Londoño de Castañeda, wanda ya fara ba da 'yanci ga bayi a cikin dukan tarihin Amurka.
Wannan taro na bayin da suka kai 'yancinsu na dangin Castañeda a El Retiro shine abin da ya haifar da Fiesta de los Negritos, wanda a matsayin al'ada ana bikin kowace Disamba da Janairu.
Patasola
Bisa ga imani na al'adun Paisa irin na ƙauyen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Antioquia a yammacin Colombia. Wata halitta ce mai ban tsoro, aljani da muguwar halitta wacce ta bayyana a cikin kusurwowin dazuzzuka, na gandun daji na budurwa da kuma cikin tsaunuka na tsaunukan yankin da ake kira Antioquia Grande.
Patasola wata halitta ce daga cikin dazuzzukan da ke fitowa da kafa guda daya da ta kare a cikin kututture ko kofato na beyar da ke barin wani sawu da aka kife da shi wanda ke rikitar da dabbobin da ake zalunta. Da kafarta daya tilo tana tafiya da sauri. A cikin wannan mahallin da ba shi da tushe, cinyoyin biyu suna haɗuwa zuwa ƙafa ɗaya. Bayyanuwa ce ta mugu, mai tsananin kama da fushin tatsuniyar Turai. Abokiyar namun daji ce da take karewa daga mafarauta da duk mai son cutar da su.
Hana firgici tsakanin masu yin katako, masu tafiya, masu hakar ma'adinai, da mazauna. Patasol na iya canza kamanninsa gwargwadon yanayi. A wasu lokuta takan yi kama da mace mai nono daya tilo a kirjinta, idanunta sun bubbuga, katon baki, hakora masu zafi, hanci mai kauri, gaskia, cikkake da nama, dogon hannaye kuma kullum da kafa daya.
Wani lokaci kuma takan rikide zuwa wata kyakkyawar mace mai ban sha'awa wacce ta yaudari marasa hankali, takan kira su su bi ta, ta kai su cikin kurmi da bata su. Nan take ya fashe da wata muguwar dariya ya dauki ainihin kamanninsa. Wasu shaidun gani da ido sun ce sun ji Patasola da mugun kukan irin na wata batacciya da suka same ta sai ta rikide ta zama wata dabbar da ta kai musu hari.