Ta hanyar wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa za ku iya gano komai game da Cultura Chachapoyas, addininku da sauransu. Kar a daina karantawa! sannan kuma za ku san wasu muhimman bayanai na tsohuwar wayewarta da kuma rugujewar gine-ginenta.
Al'adun Chachapoyas
Al'adun Chachapoyas, wanda ya ƙunshi gungun al'umma masu cin gashin kansu, sun zauna a cikin dazuzzuka na arewacin Andes na Peruvian. Yankin da ke da kusan ruwan sama na dindindin, girgije, ciyayi mai kauri da fadama.
Ta wannan hanyar, ta faɗaɗa yankinta tsakanin 800 zuwa 1570 AD. C. Kimanin kilomita 300 sama da sassan Amazonas da San Martín na yanzu.
Takaitaccen tarihin al'adun Chachapoyas
Chachapoyas zuriyar sauran mutanen Andean baƙi ne, waɗanda suka canza al'adunsu ta hanyar haɗa al'adu da al'adun Amazon. Wannan al'ada ta bunƙasa a zahiri a keɓe, tana bunƙasa a zamanin gargajiya, duk da haka, a ƙarni na 15 an haɗa su zuwa Tahuantinsuyo.
A sakamakon haka, wadanda ake kira mayakan girgije, duk da adawa da mulkin Inca, an ci nasara da sauri. Duk da haka, tashin hankalin Chachapoyas akai-akai ya tilasta wa Incas raba su zuwa sassa daban-daban na yankin.
A cikin 1532, tare da zuwan mulkin mallaka, Chachapoyas sun goyi bayan Mutanen Espanya a cikin cin nasarar su, amma wannan ya ƙare ya rage ƙananan adadin da ya kasance, har sai ya ɓace.
Abubuwan al'adun Chachapoyas
Wayewar Chachapoyas ta ƙunshi ƙananan jagorori waɗanda ke kan tudun kogin Utcubamba. Duk waɗannan garuruwan, waɗanda suke da ayyuka iri ɗaya, siyasa ce ta ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai da ɗaiɗai na ɗariƙar firist, waɗanda ƴan curaca ke jagoranta. Dalilan hadewar wadannan larduna ne kawai na soja da na addini.
Game da harkokin tattalin arziki, an fi son noma, tun da kasan yankin yana da albarka sosai. Dankali, olluco, oca, dankalin turawa mai ɗaci da noman quinoa suma sun haɓaka farauta, tarawa da kiwon dabbobi.
Imani na al'adun Chachapoyas
Saboda ƙarancin kasancewar shaida don sanin ko su wane ne manyan alloli na al'adun Chachapoyas, an yi imanin cewa suna bauta wa maciji, condor da jaguar. Abin da aka tabbatar da gaske shi ne, a cikin imaninsu akwai wata ƙungiya ta matattu.
Bikin jana'izar na al'adun Chachapoyas ya kunshi nade ragowar mamacin da kyalle. An yi jana'izar a keɓaɓɓen wurare ko wuraren tsaunuka, a cikin makabarta iri biyu:
Sarcophagi: Chachapoyas sarcophagus al'adun imani
An yi su ne da sukari da yumbu, an ajiye su ne kawai a cikin ragowar mutum, wanda yawanci manya ne. Fitattun wurare kamar Karajía, Ayachaqui, Léngate, Pueblo de los Muertos, Chipiruc da Ucaso.
Mausoleums ko manyan kaburbura: imani na al'adu chachapoyas mausoleums, sun kasance kaburbura a cikin nau'i na gidaje, an gina su da duwatsun chicola da laka, fentin bango na waje tare da rufin gado.
Wannan samfurin yana cikin Revash, Sholón, Laguna de los Cóndores, Los Pinchudos, Pueblo de los Muertos, Guanlic, La Petaca-Diablohuasi.
Gine-gine na al'adun Chachapoyas
Idan akwai wani abu da ya bambanta al'adun Chachapoyas, shi ne gine-ginensa, wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar gine-ginen da aka yi da duwatsu, friezes da kuma ado da kayan ado na siffofi na geometric ko zane-zane na macizai akai-akai a kan duwatsu.
Gabaɗaya gidaje sun kasance madauwari, suna goyan bayan wani bene mai matakala ko tudu da ke kaiwa ga ƙofar. Wasu fitattun rukunin gine-gine na al'adun Chachapoyas sune:
Kuelap.
Gine-ginen Al'adu na Chachapoyas Kuelap. Wani birni mai karewa mai tsayin ganuwar sama da mita 600, wanda ke saman kogin Amazonian Andes a gefen wani tsauni.
Ƙofofin shiga uku kacal, tana da nagartaccen tsarin hanyoyi da magudanar ruwan sama ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da ke ratsa cikin rukunin. Yana da kusan gine-gine 500, yawancinsu madauwari, mafi mahimmanci shine:
Torreón, wani tsari mai tsayin mita 7 wanda ya zama kariya daga hare-haren da za a iya kaiwa daga garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da su.
inkwell, mai siffa kamar mazugi mai jujjuya kuma tsayin daka sama da mita 5, ya kasance cibiyar lura da taurari.
Castillo Gidan wani mai mulki ne na al'adun Chachapoyas, mai tsarin rectangular da aka yi da dandamali uku.
Babban Pajaten; Kasancewa a cikin dajin San Martín, kagara mai ban sha'awa yana nuna friezes tare da motifs na alama na sifofin ɗan adam masu buɗe hannu da ƙafafu ko tsuntsaye masu fikafikai. An gina kusan gine-gine ashirin a wurin, uku daga cikinsu suna da diamita na mita 15.
Bayyanar al'adun Chachapoyas
Daga cikin manyan maganganun fasaha na al'adun Chachapoyas akwai:
Cerámica
Aesthetically ya kasance fasahar yumbu mai sauƙi tare da ayyuka masu amfani kuma an yi shi da yumbu. Don yin wannan, sun yi amfani da dabarar birgima, wato, suna cuɗa dogayen yumbu da yatsunsu.
Babban nau'ikan su ne tasoshin kwanon rufi, tukwane masu lebur tare da hannaye, da tasoshin globular. An yi wa ado da fentin ƙirar geometric ko madaidaiciya ko lanƙwasa na layi.
Zane
Abubuwan da suka faru na al'adun yumbura na Chachapoyas, sun yi sarcophagi ga marigayi mai martaba, sun kuma yi siffofi na katako irin su Pinchudos, hotuna da suka yi amfani da su azaman kayan ado na gine-ginen da ke da manyan phalluses da ke hade da haihuwa. Sun kuma sassaƙa sifofin ɗan adam a cikin duwatsu kuma sun ƙirƙiri friezes na ado.
Tufafin
Tare da ainihin aikin jana'izar, sun kasance ƙwararrun masaƙa, musamman a cikin auduga, kasancewar bel ɗin da aka fi amfani da su.
Barin fayyace ayyukan gine-gine da jana'izar, al'adun Chachapoyas na iya zama wayewa mafi girma na tsohuwar Peru, duk da haka, abubuwan tarihi sun shafe makomarta.
Kadan Kan Al'adun Chachapoyas
Bari mu ɗan yi magana game da ɗaya daga cikin Los Chachapoyas, musamman wurin da ake kira; Kuelapko Cuelap.
Kuelap
Wani muhimmin wurin binciken kayan tarihi kafin Inca dake arewa maso gabashin Andes na Peru, a lardin Luya, al'adun Chachapoyas ne suka gina shi.
Yana samar da wani babban gungu na gine-ginen dutse wanda yake da yanayinsa mai ban mamaki, tare da babban dandamali na wucin gadi, wanda ya daidaita daga kudu zuwa arewa, wanda aka saita a kan dutsen farar ƙasa a saman Cerro Barreta (a 3000 m sama da matakin teku). Dandalin ya shimfida kusan mita 600 kuma yana da katanga mai kewaye wanda ya kai tsayin mita 19 a wurare.
An yi kiyasin cewa ya kamata a fara gininsa a kusan karni na XNUMX, wanda ya yi daidai da lokacin furanni na al'adun Chachapoyas, kuma ya kamata a ce aikinsa ya kai kololuwarsa a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX.
Babban bangonta da ƙaƙƙarfan gine-gine na ciki sun shaida aikin sa a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a da aka tsara sosai, gami da gudanarwa, addini, biki da wuraren zama na dindindin.
Wuri da shiga
Cibiyar binciken kayan tarihi ta Kuelap tana cikin sashen Amazonas, lardin Luya. Ana samun shi daga titin gundumar Leimebamba, yana barin titin kwalta a Nuevo Tingo.
Kusa da gaɓar kogin Utcubamba, inda hanyar ke ci gaba da tafiya ta hanyar tudu, har sai ta isa wani fili kusa da abin tunawa, inda akwai hanyar da ta kai tsaye zuwa Citadel.
Hakanan ana iya samun shiga ta hanyar tudu da ta taso daga garin El Tingo, kusa da bakin tekun Utcubamba, mai nisan kilomita 8,9 da digon mita 1.200. Tun daga ranar 2 ga Maris, 2017, za a sami damar yin amfani da hadaddun ta amfani da motocin kebul.
Ganowa
Wannan muhimmin jigon gine-gine na Chachapoyas ya kasance ba a kula da shi ba har zuwa 1843. Dalilin ya ta'allaka ne ga rashin isa ga yankin, wanda ke da gandun daji kuma yana fuskantar ruwan sama na dindindin.
Koyaya, a ranar 31 ga Janairu na shekarar da ta gabata, yayin wani aiki a yankin, Juan Crisóstomo Nieto, alkali na Chachapoyas, ya sami damar yaba girmansa da mutanen yankin da suka riga sun san wurin binciken kayan tarihi suka jagoranta. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan gaskiyar a matsayin "gano" na Kuelap.
Daga baya, wannan wurin ya sami kulawar wasu masana kuma suna sha'awar abubuwan tarihi. Daga cikin su, Bafaranshe Louis Langlois, wanda ya yi nazari a cikin shekarun 1930, da Adolf Bandelier, wanda ya bayyana shi a baya, sun yi fice.
Duk da haka, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Peruvian kuma masanin tarihi Federico Kauffmann Doig ne ya kwashe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana nazari da bincike kan shafin Chachapoyas da al'adu.
Descripción
Babban shiga: Babbar kofar shiga ta shaida yadda ake amfani da ita wajen manyan mutane, ba wai kawai saboda siffarsa da cikakkun bayanai na gine-gine ba, har ma saboda sanya ginshiƙan dutse da yawa a cikin gininsa waɗanda aka ƙawata da alamomin addini daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da fuskoki da dabbobi, tatsuniya, macizai. , da alamomi tare da zurfin abun ciki na addini.
A cikin wannan damar, an kiyaye shaidar ci gaban tsarin yanar gizon, musamman manyan nau'ikan cikawa waɗanda suka ba da damar haɓaka damar shiga, duka a tsayi da haɓakar ciki.
Babban haikali: yana daya daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyi masu tsarki na abin tunawa. Wannan ginin, mai siffar juzu'in mazugi, yana da tsayin mita 13.5 a samansa, inda aka rubuta kwararan hujjoji na hadayu daban-daban a cikin hadaddun al'adu da suka hada da sanya kasusuwan mutane a cikin kwandon. ciki, wanda aka mayar da shi da kyau ya zama babban gidan charnel.
A kusa da ginin, an gano wasu binne mutane da hadayu daga bakin tekun arewa, kamar Saliyo de Ayacucho a kudu da Cajamarca a arewa.
Dandalin zagaye: wanda ke nan da nan a bangon kudu na wurin, yana da aiki mai alaƙa da magajin Templo. Halin da ke da alhakin gudanar da haikalin yakamata ya kasance a wannan dandali.
Ƙarshen labarin na Kuelap yana da alaƙa da wani gagarumin kisan kiyashi da ya faru a cikin iyakokin wannan dandali, wanda bai haɗa da mata ba, amma wata ƙungiya ce mai kyau ta gudanar da ita, dangane da rikicin neman mulki. .
Wannan gaskiyar ta biyo bayan wata babbar gobara da ke nuna kwanakin ƙarshe na mamaye wurin. Irin wannan abin bakin ciki dole ne ya faru a kusa da 1570, lokacin da mulkin mallaka na Spain ya kafa tsarin kotunan Indiya. A tsakiyar wannan dandali akwai akwati mai kama da wanda aka rubuta a babba da tsakiyar magajin Templo.
Babban Gari; yana arewa da yammacin wurin kuma yana da katanga da ke shata shi tare da raba shi da sauran mazauna.
Yana da sassa uku masu kyau, waɗanda za a iya shiga daga wurare biyu, ɗaya yana ba da dama ga sashin Arewa da Tsakiya, ɗayan kuma yana ba da damar shiga yankin Kudu kawai, wanda shine ainihin mazauna.
Kabarin Inca a garin Alto Sur: A cikin wani tsari na musamman, an gano kabarin Inca, na wani matashi, tare da hadayu masu inganci, da suka haɗa da tukwane masu kyau, abubuwan katako da aka lalatar da su, da zoben hanci na ƙarfe.
Yana yiwuwa ya kasance nau'in nau'in Capacocha, al'adar Inca a cikin cibiyoyin addini mafi girma a cikin daular.
Tsakiyar yankin Pueblo Alto; Dole ne wannan sashe ya cika aikin jama'a a cikin lokutan ƙarshe na aiki. A saboda wannan dalili, kawai nawa ne tare da sifofi guda uku na murabba'i da sifofi rectangular, daga lokacin Inca, wanda ke mamaye da tsoffin madauwari tsarin.
A ƙarshen kudancin wannan yanki akwai wani tsari mai rugujewa mai rugujewa, wanda ya ƙunshi binne ɗan adam da yawa na firamare da sakandare. Dole ne wannan ginin ya kasance yana da rufin da aka kafa ko kuma a ɗaure. A ƙasa akwai alamun tsofaffin gine-gine.
Función
Dangane da aikin da aka gina wannan wurin binciken kayan tarihi, ba a samu gamsasshiyar amsa ba. An fi bayyana wannan abin tunawa a matsayin “kagara”, saboda wurin da yake da karfi da tsayin katangarsa.
Wasu masu binciken kayan tarihi sun yi ƙoƙari su nuna cewa wannan wurin, fiye da kagara, zai iya zama sansanin soja da aka yi niyya don zama mafaka ga jama'a a cikin gaggawa. Sun danganta shi da shi, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar kwatanci, irin rawar da gundumomi suka taka a Turai ta tsakiya.
Dogayen bangon da ke rufe dandamali da ƙunƙun hanyar shiga kagara a ɓangarensa na ƙarshe suna ba da shawarar, a zahiri, cewa za a iya gina abin tunawa na Kuelap don zama abin kariya, ko kuma aƙalla ya kasance wurin da aka kiyaye shi daga. masu kutse. Amma wannan yiwuwar ba lallai ba ne ya hana wasu, watakila mafi mahimmanci, tafsiri.
Ga wasu hanyoyin haɗin kai: