A cikin dubban shekaru daban-daban wayewa sun fi son ƙasashen maraba da abin da a yau ke samar da sashen Valle del Cauca, don haɓaka hanyar rayuwarsu da al'adun su, waɗannan hanyoyi daban-daban na ganin rayuwa shine abin da ke tattare da su. Al'adun Calima wanda za mu gani dalla-dalla a nan.
Al'adun Calima
Al'adun Calima shine babban sunan da aka ba ƙungiyar al'adu daban-daban waɗanda suka mamaye kwaruruka na kogin San Juan, kogin Dagua da kogin Calima a cikin sashen Valle del Cauca na yammacin Colombia, wannan yanki ya ƙunshi abin da aka sani a yau. a matsayin gundumomi na Restrepo, Calima Darién da, wani bangare, Yotoco da Vijes, wanda aka bambanta da tuddai masu laushi, yawan ruwa da yanayin yanayinsa.
Wadannan al'adu daban-daban da suka hada da al'adun Calima sun zauna a wannan yanki a cikin shekara ta 1600 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa har zuwa karni na 200 Miladiyya, amma ba su yi haka a lokaci guda ba. Sabon bincike na archaeological a Colombia yana ba da shawarar al'adu uku ko matakai uku waɗanda aka bambanta a matsayin Ilama, daga shekara ta 100 zuwa shekara ta 100 ko 200 BC; Yotoco daga shekara ta 200 BC zuwa shekara ta 200 miladiyya da kuma Sonso, daga shekara ta 200 miladiyya, wasu kafofin sun hada da Al’adun Malagana: daga shekara ta XNUMX BC zuwa shekara ta XNUMX AD.
Wurin yanki
An gano wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na al'adun Calima a tsakiyar tsakiyar tsaunukan gabas. Cordillera wani kagara ne na halitta wanda ya raba yankunan Pacific da Andes na Colombia, kuma gida ne ga sanannen tafkin Calima da babban taron Calima. Tsayin sama da matakin teku a wannan yanki ya bambanta daga 1.2 zuwa 1.5 km. Al'adu daban-daban da suka hada da al'adun Calima sun kasance a yammacin Cordillera na Andes a cikin Colombian Kudu maso yammacin Valle del Cauca, a tsayin mita 1.500 sama da matakin teku.
Historia
Kalmar al'adar Calima tana nufin ƙauyukan da suka wanzu a wannan yanki tun daga karni na XNUMX BC A bayyane yake, yankin yana zaune tun farkon Holocene, a kusan karni na XNUMX BC Don haka, al'adun Calima ya dace da lokacin samuwar. tarihin nahiyar Amurka. Wannan al'ada ta bace tun kafin zuwan masu nasara. Akwai kamanceceniya da al'adun da suka gabata na yankin: Ilama da Yotoco.
An san cewa wakilan al'adun Calima sun yi magana da harshen dangin Caribbean da ke da alaƙa da Panches da Muzos. Ba a san sunan wannan garin ba. Cibiyar wannan al'ada ta kasance a cikin yankunan zamani na garuruwan Darien da Restrepo. Bayyanar yumbu da kayan adon ya samo asali ne tun kimanin ƙarni goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha shida. Ta hanyar rayuwa, wakilan al'adun Calima sun kasance masu farauta da masu tarawa.
Matakan Al'adun Calima
Tarihin al’adun Calima ya kasu kashi biyu manya-manyan lokuta: zamanin mafarauci na farko: mataki na asali da na farko wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru dubu shida; al'adu da al'ummomi masu samar da noma da yumbu: don dalilai na nazari an kasu kashi uku: Ilama, Yotoco da Sonso; Sakamakon gano wani makabarta a shekarar 1992 da aka yi kafin Columbia, wasu kafofin sun hada da Al'adun Malagana.
Al'adun Ilama
Al'adun Ilama tsohuwar al'ada ce da ke cikin yankin Colombia na zamani, sashen Valle del Cauca, a cikin kwaruruka na Calima ( gunduma na Darién ) da El Dorado ( gundumar Restrepo). Dangane da bayanan archaeological, ya wanzu a ƙarni na XNUMXth da XNUMXst BC kuma a hankali ya samo asali zuwa al'adun Yotoco, wanda ya wanzu a ƙarni na XNUMX zuwa na XNUMX. Al'adar Ilama ta fadada zuwa arewa har ta kai inda a yau al'ummar Belén de Umbría suke da kuma kudu zuwa gundumomin La Cumbre da Pavas na yanzu.
A wajajen shekara ta XNUMX BC a yankin kogin Calima, wata al'umma ce ta kabilanci wacce al'adun Ilama suka samo asali. Abubuwan da aka gano na archaeological, waɗanda a yanzu ana ɗaukar su suna da alaƙa da al'adun Ilama, a baya ana kiran su "al'adun Calima na farko".
Yawan acidity na ƙasa ya hana ragowar kwarangwal na mazaunan Calima kiyayewa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa masana ilimin archaeologists suka kafa da'awar su akan abubuwan da aka yi da yumbu da aka samu a cikin ɗakunan El Topacio da El Pital da kuma a kan alcarrazas, yumbura da aka yi da yumbu. Porous, wanda gidan kayan tarihi na Zinariya na Bogotá ya saya daga masu wawushe dukiyar jama'a.
Godiya ga binciken wadannan abubuwa, an tabbatar da cewa al'ummar Ilama sun gina gidajensu a saman tsaunuka da ke kusa da kwaruruka da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, a cikin ƙauyuka masu yawa ko kadan.
Tushen rayuwa ga al'adun Ilama galibi aikin noma ne kuma, kaɗan amma ba kalla ba, kamun kifi da farauta. Aikin noma na ilama ya ta’allaka ne da tsarin noma, suka yi noma har sai da kayan abinci ya kare sannan suka yi hijira zuwa wasu wurare. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani dasu sune masara, rogo, wake, da wasu kayan lambu.
Wani muhimmin aiki ga ilama shi ne tukwane, sun yi tasoshin da sifofin anthropomorphic ko zoomorphic. An yi ado da yumbu ta hanyar ƙira, appliqué, ko zane. Fentin da aka yi amfani da su na asalin tsiro ne kuma launinsu ja ne da baki kuma tare da shi an ba da haske ga abubuwan da ke da tsarin geometric.
Ilaman suna da ilimin sana'a, ƙwararru, guduma, sassaƙa sassaƙa don ayyukan ƙarfe. Sun yi aiki da zinariya da tagulla, da allunan waɗannan karafa biyu don yin zoben hanci, sarƙoƙi, ƙwanƙwasa, da abin rufe fuska waɗanda suke amfani da su wajen ibadarsu.
Kasancewar ilama sun yi sana’ar noma ta barauniyar hanya, tukwane da kere-kere, ya nuna wata kungiya ce ta zamantakewa, don haka bayan manoma, tukwane da masana’antar karfe, kungiyarsu tana da sarakuna, mashahurai, mayaka da sauransu.
Al'adun Yotoco
Al'adun Yotoco na ɗaya daga cikin ukun da suka haɗa da al'adun Calima, sun zauna a kwaruruka na Calima da El Dorado a yankin da a yau ke cikin sashen Valle del Cauca. Ana ɗaukar Yotocos a matsayin magada al'adun Ilama waɗanda suka gabace su a cikin yanki ɗaya tsakanin 1500 BC zuwa shekara ta sifili.
An yi la'akari da cewa al'adun Yotoco sun wanzu daga karni na farko zuwa karni na goma sha biyu, bisa ga kayan tarihi na archaeological da aka samu a yankunan da yawan mutanen Bitaco, Tragedias, Dagua, Bolívar da Buga suka mamaye. Abubuwan kayan tarihi na archaeological waɗanda suka ba da bayanai kan wanzuwar al'adun Yotoco sun ƙunshi nau'ikan yumbu, yadi, da kayan ƙarfe da yawa.Ba a haɗa ragowar kashi na ɗan adam, tunda acidity na ƙasa yana hana adana su.
Al'ummar Yotoco na zaune ne a cikin 'yan kananan hukumomi da kauyuka a wuraren da kakanninsu Ilama suka mamaye a baya, kuma kamar su, sun gina gidajensu a saman tuddai inda suka baje kasa suka zama filaye.
Bayan zuwan wasu kabilu a yankin, al'ummar Yotoco sun fara raguwa kusan karni na shida bayan Almasihu kuma a cikin karni na sha uku na zamaninmu gaba daya al'adun Sonso sun kaurace masa daga tsaunuka. Lokacin da aka sauko daga taron, al'adun Yotoco ya kasance da sauran al'adu daban-daban har sai da ya ɓace gaba ɗaya.
Yin amfani da dabarun binciken kayan tarihi, an san cewa Yotoco sun yi aikin noma mai zurfi na amfanin gona daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai masara, wake, rogo, arracacha, achiote da auyama. A cikin ƙananan yankunan ƙasarsu da ke fama da ambaliya, sun yi amfani da nau'i daban-daban na tashar jiragen ruwa da suka hada da ramuka da raye-raye, kuma tabbas suna amfani da takin gargajiya.
Sana'ar Yotocos ta yi fice sosai kamar na magabatansu Ilama. Gabaɗaya, ayyukansu sun haɗa da kwano, tukwane, tukwane, tulu, faranti, kofuna da alcarrazas, waɗanda aka yi musu ado da zane-zane na zoomorphic anthropomorphic da zane-zanen geometric, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ta amfani da dabaru irin na Ilama tare da ƙima, aikace-aikace ko zane. Yotoco ya yi amfani da ƙima sau da yawa da zane-zane fiye da Ilama, ko da yake suna iya zama masu launi ɗaya, masu launi biyu, ko masu yawa.
Ƙarfe na Yotoco ci gaba ne kai tsaye na fasahar ƙarfe na al'adun Ilama. Masana karafa na al'adun Yotoco sun kware sosai a fannin sarrafa karafa da fasahar simintin gyare-gyare. Babban fasahohin sun kasance hammering da embossing.
Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano akwai kayayyakin zinari, musamman: tiara, zoben hanci, ’yan kunne, gyale, pectoral, mundaye, pendants, abin rufe fuska da sauran su. An yi amfani da fasahar gyare-gyaren Fusion ta amfani da ƙirar kakin zuma don yin ƙullun ƙura da abin rufe fuska. An yi amfani da fasahar granulation don yin rosaries na pyrite, zobba da madubai.
An haɗa yankuna daban-daban na Yotoco ta hanyar babban hanyar sadarwa. Wannan yana nuna mahimmancin ciniki da kasuwanci tsakanin al'adun Yotoco da sauran al'adun gida. Faɗin hanyoyin ya bambanta tsakanin mita takwas zuwa mita goma sha shida.
Babu shakka al'adun Yotoco sun fi al'adun Ilama da suka gabace su ta fuskar tsarin zamantakewa. An sami ƙunci mai zurfi na al'umma, tsarin sarakunan ƙauye. Tsananin amfani da aikin gona da babban matakin tukwane da fasahar ƙarfe sun nuna cewa akwai ƙwararru da ƙwararru a cikin al'ummar Yotoco. Manyan jaruman sun hada da caciques, shamans da mayaka.
Al'adun Sonso
An raba al'adun Sonso zuwa al'adun Sonso na Farko da Al'adun Marigayi Sonso. Al'adun Sonso sun kasance tare da al'adun Yotoco a kan bankunan zuwa arewa da kudancin kogin Calima, suna farawa daga yammacin Cordillera har zuwa bakin kogin San Juan, suna mamaye yankin da a yau kananan hukumomi na La Cumbre suka mamaye. , Pavas da Bitaco da Valle del Río Cauca, daga Amaime zuwa Río La Vieja. Wannan sana'a ta kai kimanin daga shekara dari biyar zuwa shekara ta dubu daya.
A cikin wannan lokaci an yi watsi da gina ginshiƙai a cikin gindin kwaruruka da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi watsi da su, tare da jaddada yin amfani da gangaren da kuma gina gine-ginen gidaje, a cikin wannan yanayin mazauna wannan lokaci sun yi fice ba kawai ga adadi ba har ma da masu girma. Monumental yanayi na manyan earthworks.
Babban canje-canje a cikin siffar kaburbura, tare da manyan ɗakuna a zurfin mita biyar zuwa goma sha biyar da ambaliya na wasu kaburbura sun ba da damar adana ragowar kwayoyin halitta, sarcophagi, benches, rafts, sheburs, mashi, thrusters da darts.
Har ila yau, filin yumbura ya sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, tasoshin al'adun Sonso suna da bayanan da ba su dace ba waɗanda suka bambanta da kyawawan layi na al'adun da suka gabata. Wakilan Zoomorphic a wannan lokacin ba babban jigon ado bane kamar a lokutan baya. Ma'anar ma'anar anthropomorphic kuma yana canzawa, a cikin al'adun Sonso ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane suna gabatar da hanci mai mahimmanci tare da zoben hanci, idanu suna nunawa a cikin salon "kofi" ba tare da ba da mahimmanci ga baki ba.
Ƙarfe yana iyakance ga ƙananan abubuwa na ado kamar zoben hanci na al'ada, murɗawa da karkace kunnuwa. An maye gurbin daɗaɗɗen takardar da aka ɗaure da nauyi mai nauyi ta hanyar amfani da gwal-ƙarar gwal-ƙarar gwal.
Al'adun Malagan
A shekara ta 1992, a Hacienda Malagana, an samu bazata na wasu zinare da wando na yumbu, bayan da aka gano wurin, ya fada hannun 'yan fashi da guaqueros wadanda suka gudanar da cinikin haramtattun kayan tarihi. Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology da Tarihi ta Colombia ta nada kwamitin ceto wanda masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Marianne Cardale ya jagoranta, wannan hukumar ta kafa wani rukunin al'adu wanda ba a san shi ba wanda suka sanyawa Malagana Sonso.
A gonar Malagana da ke kusa da kogin Bolo, a cikin karamar hukumar Palmira a cikin Valle del Cauca, wani ma’aikaci ya fada cikin wani katon rami da taraktansa lokacin da kasa da yake tafiya a kai ta ruguje, yayin da ake binciken musabbabin faruwar lamarin, ma’aikacin ya fada cikin wani katon rami da taraktansa. ya sami wasu kayan zinariya. Ta hanyar bazata ya gano wani gidan binnewa a karkashin kasa (hypogeum). Ma'aikacin ya sayar da wasu daga cikin wadannan abubuwa, wanda ya ja hankalin jama'a kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka mamaye ƙasar da 'yan fashi da guaqueros.
Tawagar barayin, wasu sun yi kiyasin sama da mutane dubu biyar, ya ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai da hukumomi. Babu kadan 'yan sanda da sojoji za su iya yi don hana kusan lalata tsohuwar makabarta. An yi kiyasin cewa adadin da aka wawashe a wurin ya zarce kilo dari da tamanin. A cikin 1992 Museo de Oro a Bogotá ya sami nau'ikan abubuwan zinare masu ban sha'awa waɗanda aka yi a cikin salon da ba a saba ba. Bincike ya nuna cewa tushen kayan tarihi shine Hacienda Malagana.
A cikin Maris na shekara ta 1993, har yanzu tare da kasancewar guaqueros, masu binciken archaeologists sun yi kokarin yin bincike a Malagana hacienda amma bayan 'yan kwanaki sun yi watsi da wurin. Duk da ƙayyadaddun lokaci, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun iya bincika uku daga cikin kaburburan kuma sun lura da tsarin wurin, wanda ya nuna tarihin yin aiki na tsawon lokaci. Masu bincike sun gano beads na gwal da ragowar yumbu waɗanda barayin suka yi watsi da su.
Wani ragi na ragi da aka samu a cikin kwantena ya ba da kimanin kwanan wata saba'in da ko ban da sittin bayan Kristi. Bayan da masu farauta suka yi watsi da wurin a ƙarshe, an fara aikin Malagana Archaeological Project a cikin 1994.
Wannan aikin bincike yana ƙarƙashin alhakin Gidan Tarihi na Archaeological na Universidad del Valle, Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta Colombia, ICAN, da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Vallecaucano, INCIVA. Tawagar binciken ta kunshi masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, masu ilimin dabi'a, masu ilimin dabi'a (masana kimiyyar ƙasa) da kuma masu ilimin palynologists (malaman pollen). Kungiyar ta tsara aikin tono kusan murabba'in mita dubu daya a kusa da ita domin gano wasu alamomin da ke tabbatar da kasancewar wasu tsoffin matsuguni.
Waɗannan abubuwan tona asirin sun bayyana dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa na binnewa goma sha bakwai, lokutan aiki huɗu, da ƙarin kwanakin carbon carbon. An ƙididdige lokutan ma'aikata, farkon lokacin "Proto Ilama" kuma na ƙarshe kamar Ilama, Malagana da Sonso. Godiya ga waɗannan binciken an ƙaddara cewa al'adu daban-daban sun haɓaka a lokacin Malagana.
Masu binciken sun yi aiki a kan tonowar har tsawon yanayi biyu, daga karshen 1994 zuwa farkon 1995. Bayan nazarin samfurorin da suka tattara, wanda ya dace da yumbura, tun da an fi son kayan zinariya a cikin ganima, shekaru uku, akwai ra'ayi. na al'adun da suka mamaye wurin. Daga hotunan abubuwan da aka yi a kan abubuwan, ana iya fahimtar cewa akwai musayar kasuwanci zuwa yankunan kudancin har zuwa abin da ake kira San Agustín da Tierradentro a yanzu, kuma zuwa gabas har zuwa Tolima da Quimbaya na yanzu.
Ragowar dutse da aka sassaka (lithics), kasusuwan dabbobi, ragowar kasusuwan mutum, fossil pollen da sauran kayan suna da mahimmanci a cikin aikin sake gina abubuwan da suka gabata. A cewar masu binciken, mafi girman mahimmancin waɗannan binciken shine a iya tantance jerin abubuwan ci gaban tarihi da al'adu na wayewar da suka mamaye yankin Valle del Cauca a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka wuce zuwan Mutanen Espanya.
Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Carlos Armando Rodríguez, darektan gidan kayan tarihi na Archaeological na Universidad del Valle kuma darektan aikin, ya nuna bisa ga bincikensa "Al'adar farko da ta wanzu ita ce al'adun Ilama, wanda ke biye da shi a cikin sashin Malagana kuma ya biyo baya. na ƙarshe ya yi daidai da Al'adun Bolo Quebradaseca, wanda shine wanda masu cin nasara na Spain suka fuskanta.
Binciken da aka yi bai cika ba dangane da tantance cewa ragowar da aka samu a cikin Malagana hacienda wata al'ada ce ta daban, kamar yadda wasu malaman suka tabbatar da cewa akwai kamanceceniya da yawa da al'adun Yotoco, don haka watakila ana iya la'akari da bambancin yanki na wannan al'ada.
Kalubalen da aka samu a binne mutane goma sha biyu kafin Colombia sun ba masu bincike bayanai masu yawa da za su iya tantance jima'i, shekaru, abinci da ma cututtuka da tsofaffin al'ummomin yankin ke fama da su. Masu binciken sun sami damar tantancewa daga samfuran da aka bincika cewa abincin jama'a ya haɗa da cin furotin na dabba da furotin kayan lambu.
Za a iya samun ragowar da aka gano na ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su curies, zomaye har ma da karnuka tun lokacin, kare ya kasance cikin gida don zama abinci. An samu yawaitar caries na hakori, wanda masana kimiyya ke dangantawa da shan sikari daga carbohydrates, don haka ana la'akari da muhimmancin cin masara a al'adun gargajiya kafin Colombia, a cewar masanin ilmin kayan tarihi Carlos Armando Rodríguez.
Lalacewar hakora ya yi daidai da wanda ake samu ta hanyar tauna ganyen coca. An kuma ƙaddara kasancewar tsakanin yawan cututtuka irin su arthritis. Ta hanyar fossil pollen da aka samu a wurin, masana kimiyya sun iya samun cikakken hoto game da yanayin da wannan al'ada ta tasowa. Yanzu an sami damar samar da cikakken tarin nau'in tsiro wanda ya wanzu fiye da shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata kuma mazaunan waɗannan garuruwa suka yi amfani da su.
A cikin waɗannan tsire-tsire, dabino masu amfani da yawa sun fi fice. An yi amfani da kusoshi wajen gina gidaje, ganyen sa kuma ana yin rufin asiri, ana cinye 'ya'yan itatuwan abinci.
Aikin da masana kimiyya suka yi ya kasance cikakke. Tare da kayan kayan yumbura, masu bincike sun gudanar da bincike na manna, abun da ke ciki da fasaha na masana'antu. Aikin yana farawa ne ta hanyar rarraba guntun zuwa sassa na bakin ciki sosai don samun damar yin cikakken bincike a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa kuma ta haka ne a tantance irin kayan da aka saka a cikin yumbu don hana shi karye saboda yanayin zafi mai zafi.
Tare da wannan bincike kuma yana yiwuwa a iya ƙayyade launi na manna tun lokacin da wannan muhimmin mahimmanci ne tun lokacin amfani da tebur wanda duk masu binciken ilimin kimiya na duniya ke amfani da su, ana iya ƙayyade yawan zafin jiki na dafa abinci kuma don haka ƙayyade ko don ƙarin bayani. sun kasance Tanderun da aka yi amfani da su ko a'a.
Tun da kayan da aka tattara sun karye kuma sun warwatse, wani aiki mai wuyar gaske kuma mai mahimmanci shine sake gina sassan don ƙayyade siffar yumbura. "Ana bayyana al'adu ta hanyar ƙira kuma ta hanyar zana ɓangarorin za mu iya sanin abin da suka yi daidai da shi," in ji masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Rodríguez. Godiya ga aiki tuƙuru da sadaukarwar su, masu binciken kayan tarihi na iya ba mu alamar yanayin ci gaban ƙauyen da aka samu a cikin Malagana hacienda.
Duk da irin barnar da guaqueros da ’yan fashin suka yi a wurin, masanan sun iya zurfafa bincike a kan binciken da suka yi, don haka sun ba mu ƙarin bayani game da kakanni kafin Colombia. Duk da haka, akwai shakku kan cewa wasu bayanai ko saƙonnin wasu abubuwan da ba za a iya haɗa su cikin binciken sun ɓoye su ba.
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