Tsawon tsaunukan Andes jerin tsaunuka ne masu tsayi da ke kan iyakar yammacin Amurka ta Kudu, kuma an san shi da tsaunukan tsaunuka, rugujewar wayewar da ta daɗe, da bambancinsa a cikin flora da fauna. Ƙara koyo game da wannan batu a cikin wannan sakon.
Menene Tsayin Dutsen Andes?
Andes ya ƙunshi ɗimbin tudu masu tsayi da yawa sama da kololuwa masu tsayi waɗanda ke samar da bangon da ba a karye ba na nisan mil 5.500 (kilomita 8.900), daga ƙarshen Kudancin Amurka zuwa bakin tekun arewa mafi girma na nahiyar a cikin Caribbean.
Sun ware wani kunkuntar yankin gabar tekun yamma daga sauran nahiyar, don haka ya dagula yanayin rayuwa a cikin rukunan da kuma wuraren da ke kusa. Andes suna da kololuwar kololuwa a Yammacin Yammacin Duniya, wanda mafi girmansa shine Dutsen Aconcagua mai tsayin ƙafa 22,831 da mita 6,959 akan iyakar Argentina da Chile.
Andes ba layi ɗaya ba ne na manyan kololuwa, a'a tsari ne na jeri na tsaunuka masu kama da juna, tudun mun tsira da tsaka-tsaki. Daban-daban na gabas da yamma, daidai da sunan Cordillera Oriental da Cordillera Occidental, halayen mafi yawan tsarin.
Hanyar shugabanci na jeri biyu gabaɗaya daga arewa zuwa kudu, amma a wurare da yawa Cordillera Oriental bulges zuwa gabas don samar da keɓantaccen yanki-kamar jeri ko yankuna masu tsayi kamar tsaunukan tsaka-tsaki kamar Altiplano, wanda ke mamaye wasu sassan Argentina. , Chile, Bolivia da kuma Peru.
Shekara nawa ne waɗannan tsaunukan?
Tsaunukan Andes sun haura shekaru miliyan 50, an ƙirƙira su lokacin da farantin tectonic na Kudancin Amurka da na Pacific suka yi karo, tarin tudun tsaunuka ne da yawa waɗanda ke haɗuwa a cikin abin da ake kira kullin orographic.
Samuwar Andes na zamani ya fara ne da abubuwan da suka faru na Triassic da Jurassic lokacin da Pangea ya fara wargajewa kuma fashe-fashe da yawa suka ci gaba, a lokacin Cretaceous lokacin Andes ya fara ɗaukar siffar su na yanzu, saboda haɓakawa, kuskure da nadawa na dutsen sedimentary. da metamorphic daga tsohuwar cratons zuwa gabas.
Ina tsaunukan Andes suke?
Duwatsun Andes sun yi layi a gefen yammacin Kudancin Amurka, daga Venezuela zuwa ga Andes Mountains Chile zuwa kudancin Amurka ta Kudu (kimanin kilomita 9,000 a jimlace), wanda ya sa su kasance mafi tsayin tsaunuka a duniya. A kan wannan hanya, suna ratsa Ecuador, Peru da Bolivia. Da faɗin, suna tsallakawa zuwa Argentina, wanda ke kan iyaka da Chile.
Andes kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tudun dutse mafi tsayi, na biyu kawai ga Himalayas a Asiya. Yawancin koli ( saman tsaunuka) sun kai sama da ƙafa 20,000.
Ayyukan
- Daga kudu zuwa arewa, waɗannan su ne Kudancin Andes, wanda ya ƙunshi tsaunin Chilean, Fuegian, da Patagonia.
- Andes na tsakiya, gami da Cordilleras na Peruvian.
- Arewacin Andes, wanda ya ƙunshi tsaunin Ecuadorian, Colombian, da Venezuelan (ko Caribbean).
Ilimin Zamani
An yi sabani game da asalin kalmar Andes, mafi girman yarjejeniya shine cewa ya fito ne daga kalmar Quechua anti, ma'ana "gabas", kamar yadda yake a cikin Antisuyu (Quechua don "yankin gabas"), ɗaya daga cikin yankuna huɗu na daular Inca.
Kalmar Cordillera ta fito ne daga kalmar Mutanen Espanya "Cordel" ma'ana "igiya" kuma ana amfani da ita azaman sunaye na siffantawa ga sassa daban-daban na Andes, da kuma dukan Andes a cikin Cordillera, da kuma a hade da kewayon dutse. zuwa fadin nahiyoyin yammacin Amurka ta Arewa da Kudancin Amurka.
Geology
Tsarin tsaunin Andean shine sakamakon ƙarfin tectonic faranti na duniya a lokacin Cenozoic Era (kimanin shekaru miliyan 65 na ƙarshe) waɗanda suka gina kan ayyukan ƙasa na farko. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 250 da suka wuce, faranti da suka hada da sararin duniya sun hade zuwa cikin babban nahiyar Pangea.
Ragewar Pangea da yankin kudancinta, Gondwana, sun tarwatsa waɗannan faranti a waje, inda suka fara ɗaukar siffar da matsayi na nahiyoyi na yau. Haɗuwa ko haɗuwa biyu daga cikin waɗannan faranti: da Nahiyar drift Farantin Kudancin Amurka da farantin Nazca na teku: ya haifar da ayyukan orogenic (ginin tsaunuka) wanda ya samar da Andes.
Yawancin duwatsun da suka haɗa da tsaunukan yau suna da girma. Sun fara ne yayin da tsattsauran ra'ayi ke gushewa daga kogin Amazonia (ko garkuwar Brazil), tsohuwar guntun ƙwanƙolin nahiyoyin duniya wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin Brazil kuma an adana shi tsakanin shekaru miliyan 450 zuwa 250 da suka gabata a gefen yammacin craton.
Nauyin waɗannan adibas ɗin sun tilasta raguwar ɓawon burodi, sakamakon matsa lamba da zafi ya canza ajiyar kuɗi zuwa wasu duwatsu masu tsayi; don haka, dutsen yashi, siltstone, da farar ƙasa an canza su, bi da bi, zuwa quartzite, shale, da marmara.
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 170 da suka gabata, wannan hadadden matrix geological matrix ya fara tashi yayin da aka tilasta gefen gabas na Plate Nazca a ƙarƙashin yammacin yammacin Plate ta Kudancin Amurka (watau Nazca Plate ya rushe), sakamakon motsi na yamma. farantin karshe a matsayin martani ga bude Tekun Atlantika zuwa gabas.
Wannan tsarin ƙaddamarwa na haɓakawa yana tare da kutsawa na magma mai yawa daga alkyabbar, na farko a cikin nau'in baka mai aman wuta a gefen yammacin Plate ta Kudancin Amirka sannan kuma ta hanyar allurar mafita mai zafi a cikin kewayen duwatsun nahiyoyi. .
Wannan tsari na ƙarshe ya haifar da ɗigon ruwa da jijiyoyi masu yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da tarin ma'adanai masu mahimmancin tattalin arziki waɗanda daga baya zasu taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin ɗan adam na Andes. Ƙarfin wannan aikin ya ƙaru a lokacin Cenozoic Era kuma yanayin halin yanzu na tsaunuka ya bayyana. Tsawon lokacin da aka yarda da su ya kasance kusan miliyan 15 zuwa miliyan 6 da suka wuce.
Duk da haka, ta yin amfani da ƙarin fasaha na ci gaba, masu bincike a farkon karni na 25st sun sami damar sanin cewa haɓakawa ya fara tun da wuri, kimanin shekaru miliyan XNUMX da suka wuce.
Sakamakon tsaunukan da aka samu ya nuna wani bambanci mai ban mamaki a tsaye na sama da ƙafa 40,000 tsakanin kasan mahara na Peru-Chile (Atacama) a gabar tekun Pasifik na nahiyar da kuma kololuwar manyan tsaunuka a cikin nisan kwance na kasa da mil 200. .
Hanyoyin tectonic da suka haifar da Andes sun ci gaba har zuwa yau, tsarin, wani ɓangare na babban sarkar volcanic da ake kira Ring of Fire, yana ci gaba da aiki da girgizar asa.
Andes zoning
Matsalolin Tectonic da ayyukan volcanic sun siffata ƙasar, Kudancin Amurka, daga matakin teku, ya fara nuna tsaunukan da muke hawan kwanakin nan.
Kewayon ya ƙunshi ƙananan jeri da yawa masu jujjuyawa da layi ɗaya tare da manyan tuddai masu ƙarfi, tsaunin Andes sun kasance a sakamakon haɗuwar tectonics na farantin karfe. Farantin Nazca da ke gindin Tekun Pasifik da Garkuwan Brazil sun yi karo tare da haifar da tsaunuka.
Wani babban kaso na magma ma ya tunkude sama da irin wannan lamari, duk wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali a bakin tekun, wasu nau'ikan dutsen mai aman wuta sun fito suka samar da mafi yawan dutsen mai aman wuta, wasu daga cikin tsaunukan suna aiki kuma suna fitowa lokaci-lokaci. Rocky outcrops kafa sassan gabas na Tsaunukan Andes.
Geographic
A cikin shekara ta 1973, masanin ilimin kasa mai suna Augusto Gansser ya ba da shawarar rabuwa, wanda a yau ana jin daɗinsa a matsayin classic, tun da yake la'akari da rabon faranti na tectonic na teku dangane da nahiyar.
Arewacin Andes
Arewacin Tekun Guayaquil a Ecuador da Kolombiya, jerin filayen tekun da aka yarda da su (nau'i-nau'i masu ban sha'awa) sun haɓaka waɗanda suka haɗa da Baudo ko bakin teku, tsaunuka, da Yammacin Cordillera. Tsari wanda ya ƙunshi kibau masu aman wuta na teku waɗanda ke haɗuwa bayan kowane karo ta babban kusurwa mai tsayi, yamma-baki.
Andes na Arewa yana da nakasassun duwatsun metamorphic da suites na ophiolitic waɗanda suka haɓaka a lokacin waɗancan abubuwan da suka faru, lokacin tsakiyar Cenozoic, baka na magmatic na nahiyar da aka samu tsakanin Cordilleras gabas da yamma.
Gabas gabas su ne Andes na Venezuela ( Caribbean Andes ) sakamakon karo na Caribbean da Kudancin Amirka, an dauke su faranti a lokacin Cretaceous sau. Wannan hadaddun ya haifar da jerin kurakurai a cikin maɓalli da wuraren da ke da alaƙa a gabas da Bucaramanga (Colombia) da arewacin kogin Orinoco (Venezuela).
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan raƙuman ruwa, wanda tafkin Maracaibo ke mamaye da shi, yana da tarin ma'adinan ruwa mafi girma da aka gano ya zuwa yanzu a Kudancin Amirka.
Central Andes
Andes na tsakiya yana tsakanin Gulf na Guayaquil da Penas kuma ta haka ya ƙunshi kudancin Ecuador, Peru, yammacin Bolivia, arewa da tsakiyar Argentina, da Chile. Ana siffanta su da duwatsun ginshiƙan nahiyoyinsu da kuma rashin tsaunukan teku da na metamorphic.
Samuwar Andes ta tsakiya an ƙaddara ta hanyar tsarin ƙaddamarwa wanda ya faru idan babu manyan tashe-tashen hankula na faranti, tsawon lokaci na tsawon lokaci na tsawon lokaci na Jurassic, har zuwa farkon Cretaceous, lokacin da aka yi amfani da mahimman tudu na volcanic da dutsen plutonic.
Basin baya-baya sun haɓaka a cikin yankuna na yankin Andean, waɗanda ke sarrafa su ta hanyar ɓarna mai tsawo wanda ya faru a daidai lokacin da Kudancin Atlantic ya buɗe. Tsakiyar Cretaceous a tsakiyar Andes an yi masa alama ta canji a ayyukan tectonic, daga ɓangarorin ɓarke zuwa matsi.
Wannan canjin ya kasance yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗin kai tsakanin Kudancin Amurka da farantin tekun da ke kusa, wanda ya fara samar da jerin gwanon binciken kwakwaf na yankin Andean daga Kolombiya zuwa tsakiyar Argentina, a cikin waɗannan kwanukan yanzu mafi girman ɓangaren mai. albarkatun kasashen Andean.
Kudancin Andes
Dutsen da ke kudu zuwa kudu na Gulf of Penas ya ƙunshi Kudancin Andes, waɗannan bel ɗin an bayyana su ta hanyar tsayi mai tsayi mai tsayi mai girma (manyan fallasa babban dutse mai girma) wanda yanzu ya shimfiɗa ba tare da katsewa zuwa Isla de Estados a cikin Kudancin Atlantika. Fitowa daga farkon Cretaceous mafic da ultramafic duwatsu da aka samu a kudu da latitude 50°S tare da axis na tudun an fassara su a matsayin benen tekun wani kwandon baya-baka.
Duwatsu na zamani na Andean ana adana su ne kawai a cikin Darwin Cordillera tare da Fuegian Andes na Chile, bel na gabashin Andean ya ƙunshi jerin kwanduna na baya da na baya, waɗanda sediments suka taru. fiye da mil biyar kauri.
Yanayin yanayin kasa na yanzu
Wuri ta yanki
La Dutsen Andes Yana da wurare daban-daban waɗanda muke nuna muku a ƙasa:
Tsawon tsaunukan ya kai kilomita 8,000, a kudancin kudancin Amurka, tsaunukan Andes suna zamewa cikin teku, manyan duwatsun kankara suna keta glaciers, Cape Horn shine mafi ma'auni a duniya. Dubban kilomita daga kudancin kudancin Chile, gangaren gangaren Andes suna cike da dazuzzuka masu yawa.
Yanzu tsayin Andes shine mita 6962, kololuwar tsaunuka shine kololuwar sunan Aconcagua. Matsakaicin faɗin tsaunuka shine kilomita 400, mafi faɗin wurin ya kai kilomita 750, tsaunin Andes sun kasu kashi uku zuwa yankuna uku: arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Andes.
A cikin tsaunuka, a tsayin tsayi, yanayin rayuwa mai wahala, sama da 4500 m, bel na dusar ƙanƙara na har abada da ƙanƙara ya fara, amma a tsayin 2500-3800 m akwai ƙasashe masu kyau don aikin noma, anan ne yawancin Yawan jama'ar Andean da manyan garuruwa da yawa suna nan, a cikin tsaunuka, mazauna wurin suna garken llamas da alpacas.
arewa Andes
Yankin ya hada da arewacin Andes da Caribbean Coast da Pacific Ocean daga tsibirin Trinidad a arewa zuwa 4 ° a layi daya a kudu, a cikin Venezuela, Colombia da Ecuador, babban fasali na yanayi an ƙaddara ta matsayi a cikin Equatorial da subquatorial latitudes da kuma a cikin ƙasa mai tsaunuka.
A cikin wannan yanki, tsarin dutsen ya kasance kunkuntar kuma ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai guda biyu masu kama da tsayi 1500-2500 m, rarrabuwa ta hanyar kwaruruka masu zurfi, a yamma, sun haɗu da mafi girma kuma mafi girman tsaunin tsaunin Cordillera de Mérida, wanda ya haɗu da su. kololuwar kololuwa sun haura sama da mita 4.500 kuma an lullube su da dusar kankara, a kudu maso yamma Cordillera de Mérida ya hade da tsaunukan Andes, yana kara zuwa wata hanya kusa da kudu.
Central Andes
Tsakiyar Andes tana da nisa mai nisa daga kan iyakar jihar tsakanin Ecuador da Peru a arewa, zuwa 27 ° S a kudu, wannan shine mafi girman tsarin tsaunuka, ya kai nisan kilomita 700-800 a cikin Bolivia. . tsakiyar yankin Andes yana mamaye da tuddai, wanda a bangarorin biyu suna tare da ƙwanƙolin Gabas da Yammacin Cordilleras.
A arewacin Chile, wani jerin Cordillera Costera ya bayyana daga Tekun Pasifik, wanda ya kai tsayin 600-1000 m, basin Atacama tectonic ya raba shi da Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Coastal ya shiga cikin tekun, ya zama madaidaiciyar bakin teku. m, sosai m ga jirgin ruwa parking.
Rocky tsibiran fito daga teku tare da bakin tekun na Peru da Chile, kuma a nan, kamar yadda a kan bakin tekun kankara, da yawa tsuntsaye gida gida, inda babban adibas na guano aka kafa - mafi muhimmanci na halitta taki yadu amfani a cikin wadannan kasashe. ana kuma fitar da shi zuwa kasashen waje.
Fuskokinsa na cike da tarkacen kayan marmari ko yashi, a yankin gabas an lulluɓe shi da kayan wuta mai kauri, a wasu wuraren akwai baƙin ciki da tafkuna suka mamaye.
Misali shi ne kwandon tafkin Titicaca, wanda yake a tsayin mita 3800. A kudu maso gabashin wannan tafkin a tsayin mita 3700 sama da matakin teku a kasan wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi da aka yanke a saman wani tudu kuma a kan gangararsa akwai babban birnin Bolivia - La Paz, babban birnin dutse mafi girma. .
kudancin Andes
Tsawon tsaunuka sun wuce ƙafa 10,000 (Dutsen Fitzroy ya kai ƙafa 11,073) arewa zuwa 46°S latitude, amma matsakaita kawai 6,500–8,400 ƙafa daga 46° zuwa 41°S latitude, ban da Dutsen Tronador (ƙafa 11,453). Arewacin Lake Aluminé (Argentina), madaidaicin kewayon dutsen yana motsawa zuwa gabas zuwa yanki mai canzawa tsakanin 37 ° da 35 ° S latitude, inda yanayin yanki da tsarin geomorphic ke canzawa.
Wannan shiyyar ita ce mafi yawan karɓuwa a arewacin Patagonian Andes, duk da haka, akwai wasu rashin jituwa game da wannan iyaka, tare da wasu sun sanya shi gaba zuwa kudu, a Gulf of Peñas (47 ° S) da sauransu suna la'akari da shi zuwa arewa, a kusa. 30°S
Wuraren Volcanic na Andes
Wannan kewayon tsaunuka mai ban sha'awa kuma gida ne ga Andean Volcanic Belt, wanda ke da yawan tuddai masu aman wuta, bel ɗin ya kasu kashi huɗu. Yankin Volcanic na Arewa, Yankin Dutsen Volcanic na Tsakiya, Yankin Dutsen Volcanic na Kudancin, da Yankin Volcanic na Austral, wanda ya mamaye tsibiran da ke kewaye kuma ya taso daga kudancin Kudancin Amurka.
yankin arewa mai aman wuta
Yankin Volcanic na Arewa ya tashi daga Colombia zuwa Ecuador kuma ya haɗa da dukan tsaunukan da ke cikin babban yankin waɗannan ƙasashe. Daga cikin tsaunukan da ke wannan yanki, 55 ne volcanoes na equator, yayin da 19 ke Colombia.
A Ecuador, da dutsen mai aman wuta iyaka a kan Cordillera Occidental da Cordillera Real, yayin da a Colombia suna located a cikin Cordilleras Occidental da Central, da rikitarwa Iza-Paipa Pliocene volcano located in Boyacá, a cikin Cordillera Oriental, kasancewa mafi Nordic sanarwa na bel na arewacin Andean volcanic.
An kafa baka mai aman wuta ta hanyar rushe farantin Nazca a yammacin Amurka ta Kudu, yawancin tsaunuka a yankin arewacin volcanic, kamar Galeras da Nevado del Ruiz, waɗanda ke cikin yankuna masu tasowa da yawa, sune mahimman hanyoyin haɗari.
An kiyasta kauri na ɓawon burodin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan yanki zai kai kusan 40 zuwa watakila fiye da kilomita 55 (34 mi). Sangay shine dutsen tsaunuka mafi kudu a yankin arewa mai aman wuta.
yankin tsakiyar volcanic
Babban yankin Volcanic na Andes yana tsakanin latitudes 14º da 29º na Andean Cordillera, yanki mai ban sha'awa, mafi yawansa sama da 4000 m a tsayi, wanda ya zama altiplano na Bolivia da puna na arewacin Chile da Argentina. yawancin wannan yanki.
Wannan babban tudu mai tsayi yana da girma na biyu kawai zuwa babban filin Tibet na Tsakiyar Asiya kuma kamar na karshen an gina shi akan ɓawon nahiya mai kauri wanda ya kai matsakaicin kauri na kusan kilomita 70. Volcanism ya keɓanta da iyakar wannan lardi mai ban mamaki a cikin Cordillera Occidental, ko Cordillera Occidental, tare da ƴan misalan keɓantacce a Cordillera Oriental, ko Cordillera Oriental, a Bolivia.
Don haka ba a san komai ba game da wannan yanki wanda ba a taba kwatanta yawancin duwatsun ba kuma a wasu lokutan ma ba a bayyana sunansu ba. An yi la'akari da goma sha shida daga cikinsu "aiki" lokacin da aka buga Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (1963-1966).
Ba shi da wuya a yi la'akari da duhu na tsakiyar Andean volcanoes: yankin yana da tsayi, mai nisa kuma mai ban sha'awa na musamman kuma a sakamakon haka kusan ba a cika yawan jama'a ba, waɗannan abubuwan, da kuma sakamakon iyakanceccen damar da aka samu, suna nufin cewa bayanan tarihi ko fashewa ba su da yawa.
Ko a yanzu, fashewar da ba a yi rikodin ba yana yiwuwa.Abin farin ciki, abubuwan da ke da alhakin matsalolin nazarin tsaunukan Andean ta hanyar al'ada kuma sun sa su zama batutuwa masu kyau don nazarin fahimtar nesa. Tsayin tsayi mai tsayi, sararin sama, da bakararre, mahalli mara kyau yana ba da mafi kyawun yanayi don amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam.
yankin kudu mai aman wuta
Ƙarfin dutsen kudu yana tasowa kusa da Andes na tsakiyar Chile zuwa faɗin Santiago, a kusa da 33 °, a Cerro Arenales a cikin yankin Aysén a kusan 46 °, tare da hanyar fiye da mil 870. (1400 km).
An kafa baka ne saboda raguwar farantin Nazca a ƙarƙashin farantin Kudancin Amurka tare da ramin Peru-Chile, iyakar arewa tana da alamar raguwar lebur na Juan Fernández Ridge, wanda aka yi imanin ya samar da dutsen mai aman wuta. breccia da ake kira Pampas a cikin sashin lebur a cikin yankin Norte Chico tun daga marigayi Miocene.
Ƙarshen kudanci yana da alamar mahadar sau uku na Chile, inda tashin Chile ya rushe a Kudancin Amirka zuwa Tekun Taitao, wanda ya haifar da gibin dutsen mai aman wuta na Patagonia, kudu kuma shine yankin kudancin kudancin.
Magmas daga tsaunukan wucin gadi na zamani a yankin kudancin dutsen mai aman wuta an samo su ne daga tushe iri-iri a cikin rigar duniya, yawancin ƙananan nau'ikan ana samun su ne daga ɓarke da ke cikin teku da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa. A gabas, a cikin yankin baya-arc, matakin narke mantle wanda ya haifar da volcanism yana da ƙasa, kamar yadda tasirin ɓawon burodi ya kasance.
yankin kudu mai aman wuta
Yankin Volcanic na Ostiraliya wani tsauni ne mai aman wuta a kudu maso yammacin Andes na Kudancin Amurka. Yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna huɗu masu aman wuta na Andes, waɗanda suka wuce kudu da tazarar dutsen na Patagonia zuwa tsibiran Tierra del Fuego, nisan sama da mil 600 (kilomita 1000).
An kafa baka ne saboda raguwar farantin Antarctic a ƙarƙashin farantin Kudancin Amurka, samfuran don fashewa sun ƙunshi galibi na basalt alkaline da basasite, volcanism a yankin kudancin dutsen ba shi da ƙarfi fiye da yankin kudancin.
Fashewar fashewar da aka yi rikodin ba safai ba ne saboda yankin jin daɗin da ba a bincika ba a ƙarni na XNUMX, da Yanayin ruwan sama A gabar tekun yamma kuma zai iya hana ganin fashewar fashewar, yankin kudancin dutsen yana gida ga glaciers stratovolcano da dutsen dutsen da ke ƙarƙashin filin Ice.
Wurare daban-daban na dutsen mai aman wuta suna cike da giɓi mai aman wuta, wuraren da duk da cewa suna da nisa daga ramin teku, ba su da wani aiki mai aman wuta. Andes yana da manyan tsaunuka guda uku:
- Bangaren Flat na Peruvian (3°S-15°S)
- Bangaren farantin TV na Pampas (27°S-33°S)
- Ƙarshen Dutsen Dutsen Patagonia (46°S-49°S)
Na farko ya raba arewa da tsakiyar volcanic zone, na biyu na tsakiya ya raba kudu, na biyu kuma ya raba kudu da kudancin yankin volcanic. Tazarar Patagonia na da wani yanayi daban-daban, saboda ba ta haifar da rugujewar wani dutsen aseisic ba amma ta hanyar raguwar hawan Chile, iyakar iyaka tsakanin Nazca da farantin Antarctic.
Kololuwar tsaunukan Andes
Dutsen mafi girma a cikin Andes shine Aconcagua na kusan 6,961 m. Ana daukar Aconcagua daya daga cikin tsaunuka mafi tsayi a duniya, an haɗa shi cikin jerin "kololu bakwai", kasancewa mafi girma a nahiyar.
Ba a san ainihin ma'anar sunan kololuwa ba, wasu masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa sunansa ya fito ne daga harshen Araucaniyawa, yayin da wasu ke magana akan tushen Quechua, akwai kuma sigar asalin harshen Aymara, sunan. Dutsen ana iya fassara shi azaman "farin gadi" ko "gadin dutse" (harshen Quechua).
Yunkurin farko na cin nasara a Aconcagua a 1883, wani gogaggen mai hawan dutse Paul Guessfeldt yayi ƙoƙari sau biyu don hawa dutsen, duk da haka, lokutan biyun ba su yi nasara ba, balaguron farko mai nasara shine yaƙin neman zaɓe a 1897.
A karkashin jagorancin matafiyi na Amurka Edward Fitzgerald, tawagarsa ta tafi Amurka ta Kudu don cinye kololuwar Andes da balaguron da aka yi har zuwa 6 yunkurin, wanda kuma bai yi nasara ba a cikin babban rukuni, kawai jagoran dutse Matthias Zurbriggen. An gudanar. isa kawai mafi girman matsayi na Aconcagua. A sakamakon haka, an wajabta hawan farko da nasara zuwa saman rana a kansa.
Dutsen mafi girma a cikin Andes ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi wahalar cinyewa, a lokaci guda kuma, jan hankali ne na halitta mai ban sha'awa, kusa da gada Inca. Sabanin yadda aka sani, Aconcagua ba dutsen mai aman wuta ba ne, kodayake dutsen ya fito ne daga dutsen mai aman wuta. An kafa shi, kamar duk Andes, na dogon lokaci, lokacin samuwarsa ya ƙunshi matakan Jurassic, Mesozoic da Cenozoic.
Masu hawan hawa, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna zaɓar gangaren arewa don cin nasara Aconcagua, wanda aka yi la'akari da mafi sauƙi a cikin fasaha, da yawa ba sa amfani da silinda oxygen lokacin hawan, amma matsa lamba a nan ya fi ƙasa da matakin teku.
Dutsen a cikin 2016 ya ba da damar yin rikodin bayanai da yawa, ciki har da mafi ƙarancin nasara na Amurka, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru 9 kawai, ga duk waɗanda suke so su gwada ƙarfin su, dutsen yana da hanyoyi tare da kudancin kudu da kudu maso yammacin ridges. , waɗanda duniya ta amince da su a matsayin mai matuƙar wahala har ma da haɗari.
Yanayi a cikin tsaunuka
Domin tsaunin Andes ya tashi daga arewa mai nisa na nahiyar zuwa kudu mai nisa, yanayin yanayin tsaunuka ya bambanta, inda wasu yanayi ke da sanyi sosai, wasu kuma suna da zafi sosai.
Wannan yana da nasaba da girman kowane yanayi, da kuma yadda yanayin yake kusa da ma'aunin yanayi. Haka kuma, tsayin kowane dutse zai iya taka rawa a yanayinsa. Kowane yanayi yana tallafawa nau'in rayuwar dabba da shuka.
Mafi zafi dazuzzuka da hamada galibi ana raba su da tundralike puna da ƴan miliyoyi. Hakanan akwai babban bambance-bambancen yanayi tsakanin gangaren waje (watau waɗanda ke fuskantar Tekun Pasifik ko rafin Amazon) da gangaren ciki na tsaunukan; gangaren waje suna ƙarƙashin tasirin teku ko na Amazon River.
Bambancin Halittu
Akwai babban bambanci a cikin flora da fauna na Dutsen Andes, mun nuna shi a kasa:
flora na andes
Bambance-bambancen flora na Andes yana da girma mai ban mamaki, an bambanta gangaren yamma da gabas ta wurin mafi kyawun murfin shuka.
Andes na Venezuela suna jin daɗin ido tare da dazuzzuka masu yawa, waɗanda ke ba da sararin sarari ga dukiyar dazuzzukan dazuzzukan tsaunukan da ke kusa da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi a cikin ƙananan sassan arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar tsarin tsaunuka, kuma suna raba unguwar tare da gandun daji masu gauraye. a cikinsa bishiyoyin da ba su da kore suke girma.
Gandun daji na Equatorial suna wakiltar bishiyar dabino, ficus, ayaba da koko, canje-canje masu yawa suna faruwa a cikin duniyar shuka lokacin da tsayin mita 2.500 zuwa 3.000 ya kai tsayi, ana maye gurbin bishiyoyi da bamboo da fern. Daga mita 3.000, ƙananan tsire-tsire masu girma, ciyayi na myrtle da heather suna yaduwa. A hade, mosses sun fi yaɗu kuma madawwamin bel ɗin kankara yana farawa a mita 4.500.
Tsire-tsire masu girma a kan chernozems da ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa sun yadu a cikin yankin Andes na subtropical. Dry Pune ya zama ruwan dare a tsaunukan sama da mita 3.000, a gabas daga Babban Range, hazo mai yawa ya faɗi, wanda ke ba da damar haɓaka ciyayi na ciyayi, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun mamaye sararin samaniya a cikin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya daga gefen manyan. gangara.
Tsakanin tsakiyar Andes ya kasance dazuzzuka da yawa, amma an sare bishiyoyi da yawa, kawai ƙananan bishiyoyin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka sun ragu, ciyayi mai tsayi tare da peat bogs, a kan ƙasan Andes na Patagonian, gandun daji masu yaduwa, waɗanda aka yi su. na subarctic duwatsu. Ga masarautun beech, magnolia, bishiyar coniferous, duk suna kusa da bamboo.
Gandun daji na gabas suna cike da dazuzzukan kudan zuma. Babban ciyayi na kudancin tundra, a cikin yankin Tierra del Fuego, gandun daji na beech suna girma. Suna mamaye kawai kunkuntar tsiri, bayan haka bel ɗin dusar ƙanƙara na har abada ya fara nan da nan, godiya ga Andes cewa itacen quinine ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya, ana amfani da shi a fannoni daban-daban na ayyukan ɗan adam, gami da magani.
fauna
Duniyar dabbobi na Andes tana da wadata da takamaiman, fauna tana cike da nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu, daga cikinsu akwai dabbobin da zasu iya ba kowa mamaki. Alal misali, sanannen barewa na pudu yana da kyau sosai, wannan dabba ce mai kyau, wanda ke da launi mai launi mai ban sha'awa ga barewa da siffar mai ban sha'awa na kunnuwa.
Ba abin mamaki ba ne lmas masu kyau da kuma danginsu na alpaca na kusa. Manya-manyan marasa natsuwa su ne birai masu wulakanci, wadanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin daji. Sau da yawa an cire shi a cikin fina-finai, Andean (show) bear, wanda shine kawai wakilin gajeren fuska, ya sami matsayi na relic.
Anteaters, chinchillas, guanacos (magabatan llama), na musamman tuco-tuco rodents, m hummingbirds suna zaune a cikin dazuzzuka na Andes. A tsayin tsayin mita 7,000, zaku iya saduwa da babban condor, babban nau'in amphibians, adadin wanda ya wuce nau'ikan 900.
wasanni da nishadi
Andes sune mafi kyawun makoma a Latin Amurka don matafiya masu ƙwazo. Ga masu sha'awar kasada mai tsayi, hakika babu filin wasa mai ban sha'awa, tun daga hawan hawa zuwa tafiye-tafiye, rafting, keke, hawan doki, ski, wasan tauraro da ƙari mai yawa - waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da za ku iya. Yi amfani da mafi kyawun kasadar dutsen Andes.
Bike na dutse
Inda akwai tsaunuka da suka shahara a duniya, akwai hanyoyin hawan dutse masu daraja a duniya. Tare da wasu hanyoyin da ke rufe sama da ƙafa 14,000 na zuriya, tafiya a cikin Andes zai sa zuciyar ku ta yi famfo, daga tsayin daka da adrenaline ko duka biyun, zaku iya hawan hanyar mutuwa ta Bolivia, bincika dajin gajimare na Ecuador ko kololuwar Patagonia, duka. daga kujerar babur din ku.
Rafting
Daga rafting na farin ruwa, zaku iya zaɓar matakin kasada akan ɗayan kogunan Kudancin Amurka waɗanda ke gudana daga Andes. Raft ta cikin Chicamocha Canyon a Colombia, wanda aka fi sani da Grand Canyon na Kudancin Amirka, ko a cikin ruwan fari na duniya na Patagonia.
yi tunani
Cikakkiyar kasada, zo nutsewar dutse ko ruwa tare da gogaggun jagorori a Colombia.
Paragliding
Duk da cewa tsaunin Andes ne mafi tsayin tsaunukan da ke wajen Asiya, za ku iya yawo a saman tsaunukan kamar tuddai ne, tare da ra'ayoyi mara misaltuwa da samun damar da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, damar yin fare-faren kasada na fashe a ko'ina cikin yankin Andean.
Zango
Idan kuna so ku nutsar da kanku a cikin babban waje, Andes suna ba da manyan wurare don kafa tanti kuma ku ji daɗin shiru na tsaunuka. Daga Colombia zuwa Chile, idan barci a ƙarƙashin taurari ya yi kama da mafarki, za ku iya gaske a Kudancin Amirka.
Tattalin Arziki a cikin Andes
Ƙara koyo game da tattalin arziki a Cordillera de Los Andes:
Noma da Kiwo
Noma a cikin Andes yana da wahala kuma amfanin gona ba ya da kyau sosai, samar da ruwa ba su da isasshen ruwa kuma yawancin yankin tudu ya bushe ko kuma a sami ruwan sama kaɗan kuma ba tare da matsala ba, yanayin zafi a cikin tudu yana da sanyi kuma amfanin gona yana fuskantar daskarewa.
Ƙasar tana da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa kuma ƙasa ba ta da kyau kuma inda kwaruruka masu albarka suke, ƙanƙanta ne da ƙanana, an samar da filayen filaye a tuddai da yawa don ƙara yawan filayen noma.
Sabili da haka, yawan amfanin gona na Andean shine don amfanin gida, duk da haka, an noma wasu samfurori da yawa don fitar da su, ciki har da kofi (musamman daga Colombia), taba, da auduga.
Bugu da kari, an fitar da coca mai yawa (tushen hodar iblis) daga kasashen Colombia da Bolivia, duk da kokarin da ake na dakile noman, yiwuwar kara yawan filayen noma ta hanyar ban ruwa yana da iyaka.
Mining
Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai na Andes na ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci a duniya.
Ma'adinai yana da yawa musamman a kudu, manyan ma'adanai sune jan karfe a Chile da Peru; tin a Bolivia; azurfa, gubar da zinc a Bolivia da Peru; zinariya a Peru, Ecuador da Colombia; platinum da emeralds a Colombia; bismuth a Bolivia; vanadium a Peru da kwal da baƙin ƙarfe a Chile, Peru da Colombia. Ana rarraba albarkatun mai daban-daban a gefen gabashin Andes.
Shigo
Andes ya kasance wani babban shinge na sadarwa a ko da yaushe, tare da babban tasiri ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da al'adu na yankin, cibiyoyin samar da kayayyaki gabaɗaya suna da nisa daga tashar jiragen ruwa kuma yanayin tsaunuka na ƙasar ya sa gine-gine da kula da su ke da wuyar gaske. da tsada.
Har yanzu ana amfani da babban hanyar sadarwar fakiti tsakanin ƙananan al'ummomi da tsakanin gonaki da kasuwanni. Ana amfani da dawakai, jakuna da alfadarai. A Colombia, shanu da a Peru da Bolivia suna kiransa, su ma dabbobin sufuri ne.
Manyan tituna sun fi dacewa da yankunan aikin gona na Andean, saboda ƙananan kwaruruka masu yawa, suna sa layin dogo yayi tsada don ginawa da aiki.
Tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dukkan kasashen da ke kan tsaunukan Andean sun fadada hanyoyin sadarwarsu a ciki da kuma ta tsaunuka, ko da yake kadan ne daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin da aka shimfida, babbar hanyar Pan-American ta hada manyan biranen yammacin duniya; hanyoyi da yawa gabas-yamma sun haɗa cikin tsarin.
Harkokin sufurin jiragen sama ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin Andes, inda ya rage matsalolin sadarwar ƙasa, hanyoyin jiragen sama sun inganta sosai a Colombia da Peru.
Menene yawan jama'ar Los Andes?
An kiyasta yawan jama'ar Andes a 84.500.000 mutane tare da 44% suna cikin ƙasashen Andean, saboda haka, an kiyasta cewa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutanen da ke zaune a Kudancin Amirka suna zaune a Andes, musamman a manyan biranen. .
Mazaunan Andes na Ecuador sun fi masu magana da Quechua da mestizos, a kudu akwai ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na Canaris kuma a arewa, Salasacas, noma (masara, dankali, wake) shine babban aikin, wasu mazauna Indiya sun sadaukar da su ga yumbu. da saƙa.
Yaushe ne lokaci mafi kyau don ziyarci Los Andes?
Disamba zuwa Maris shine lokacin damina a cikin Andes, mafi kyawun lokacin ziyartar Andes shine daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba, lokacin da ya fi sanyi (musamman a kudu), tare da bushewar yanayi shine mafi kyawun damar sararin sama mai shuɗi da yanayin haske, yanayin zafi a cikin Andes ya dogara da tsayi fiye da yanayi.
Andes na daya daga cikin wuraren da ake neman yawon bude ido a Kudancin Amurka, musamman ga masu yawon bude ido da ke son balaguro mai tsayi, wadannan tsaunuka suna ba da filin wasa don abubuwan ban sha'awa na waje, ciki har da hawan dutse, tauraro, hawan keke, hawan keke, rafting, ski da doki. hawa