Akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'in fungi da aka raba zuwa jinsi, iyalai, umarni da azuzuwan da ke cikin masarautar Fungi na fungi, bayyana rarrabuwa na fungi Ba tare da sanin waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba zai iya zama ɗan ruɗani, don haka kowane ɗayansu za a ayyana su don bayyana rabe-raben waɗannan halittu masu rai.
Rarraba nau'ikan
Magana game da rabe-rabe na fungi wani batu ne mai sarkakiya, kamar ka ga bishiyar iyali mai rassa da yawa, daga ita ce wasu kananan rassa ke fitowa, sai wasu kuma daga cikin ganyen suke fitowa wasu kuma suna fitowa daga cikin ganyaye. Wajibi ne a fahimci akalla yadda ake gudanar da dukkan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in halitta don fahimtar inda jinsin yake, yadda azuzuwan fungi suka kasu kashi ɗaya, da sauransu.
Don wannan, abu na farko shine sanin cewa ilimin ilimin halitta shine wanda ya kasance mai kula da tsara duk waɗannan abubuwa, ana amfani da kalmar da farko don ƙaddamar da ilimin rarrabuwa (ya fito daga Girkanci. taxi, menene ma'anarsa yin oda kuma daga nomos menene ma'anarsa na al'ada), na biyu, lokacin da ake magana game da ilmin halitta, wannan kimiyyar ce ke da alhakin yin tsarin rabe-rabe ga kwayoyin halitta bisa ga tsarin da aka tsara.
Don yin odar su, ana la'akari da alakar da ke tsakanin wata halitta da wata, a daidai lokacin da tarihin juyin halitta wanda yake da shi tun farkon gano shi, a cikin burbushin halittu ko a cikin bayanai. A wannan ma'anar, duk wannan aiki ne da aka dade ana gudanar da shi kuma ya ba da damar warware dangantakar da ke tsakanin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) don tunawa kuma don haka yana da amfani ga bil'adama.
Idan za a iya tun farko, ana bayyana yawan al’umma a matsayin rukuni na halittu masu nau’in halitta daya, wannan na iya zama sakamakon ‘ya’yan daya daga cikin wadannan halittu ko kuma ya zama hade da wasu nau’in halittu, ta haka ya zama jinsin da suke da shi. bambancin kwayoyin halitta . Haka nan kuma ana iya raba nau’in jinsi zuwa jinsi domin idan aka ga mutum a gaban wani kuma aka lura da cewa akwai bambance-bambancen dabi’u, za a iya rarrabuwa a raba shi ba tare da la’akari da ko akwai gauraye ba.
Bayan jinsarin, ana lura da sabbin rarrabuwa waɗanda wurin da suke a cikin azuzuwan, wannan shine na nuna wani bayani da asalinta. wane iyali, wace masarauta, da sauransu. A haƙiƙa, ƙungiyar tana da daki-daki har ana iya yin jerin nau'ikan:
- Yanada
- Masarauta
- mulkin mallaka
- Phylum, phylum ko phylum (wanda aka yi amfani da shi ga Masarautar Animalia da Protista kawai) da Division (an yi amfani da Masarautar Plantae da Fungi)
- Subphylum ko yanki
- superclass
- Aiki
- Subclass
- Order
- Suborder
- Iyali
- Fan gida
- Kabila
- Subri
- Gender
- Subgenre
- Dabbobi
- Peasashe
Waɗannan nau'ikan suna aiki don tsarawa kuma ba don kwatanta nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau‘in nau‘in) sun hada da kwatanta wani nau’i da wani, amma wannan muhawara ce tsakanin masana kimiyya. Saboda kurakuran kwatance, an ba da shawarar kawar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan har ma don sauƙaƙe tsarin rarraba masarautu. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa abin da aka saba sarrafawa shine yanki, masarauta, phylum ko rarrabuwa, aji, tsari, dangi, jinsi da nau'in.
Masarauta
Sama da mulkin yana tsaye yankin wanda ya raba masu rai zuwa uku haraji: Archaea (Archaea), wasu kwayoyin cuta (Bacteria sensu stricto) da kuma a karshe Eukaryotes (Eukarya), wannan a cewar Carlo Woese a 1990. Amma tsarin yankin yana da wasu rashin daidaituwa da ke rage amfani da shi, Shi ya sa an fi ganin yadda ake rarraba nau’in jinsin da aka fara da masarautar da ta ke. Masarautar zata kasance mataki na biyu na rabe-raben halittu.
da masarautun halittu masu rai an halicce su ne daga tabbataccen dangi na juyin halitta tsakanin wani mai rai da wani. A da akwai masarautu guda uku: dabba, kayan lambu da ma'adinai, duk da haka, yayin da nazarin ilmin halitta ya samo asali, an fara amfani da rabon masarautu guda biyar saboda alakar juyin halitta tsakanin nau'in halittu da kamanceceniyarsu a cikin bayyanar:
- Dabbobi: wanda ya hada da dabbobi
- Shuka: Wannan zai zama mulkin shuke-shuke
- fungi: Masarautar Fungi ta haɗa da fungi (molds, yisti ko ferment da namomin kaza).
- 'Dan adawa: Wannan masarauta ce da ke da masu suka da mahawara a kusa da ita, ta hada da duk wani mai rai da ba za a iya rarraba shi a cikin masarautun da suka gabata guda uku ba.
- kudi: Wannan ya haɗa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke samuwa a cikin kowane wuri, kamar kwayoyin cuta da algae.
Phylum ko Division
A wannan mataki na uku akwai mazhabobi guda biyu daidai da ake amfani da su don masarautu biyar: rundunar jirgi (kumburi ko nau'in) ana amfani dashi don masarauta Animalia, masarautar Protista da Monera, yayin rarrabuwa Ana amfani dashi don masarauta Plantae, Fungi. Anan an raba dabbobi bisa ga nau'in archetype, yayin da tsire-tsire da fungi suna rarraba ta hanyar tsarin juyin halitta.
Aiki
Wannan zai zama mataki na hudu na rabe-raben rayuwa, a nan an kafa karin bayani na uku daga cikin masarautu biyar da suka yi yawa, kamar su. na baya ga shuke-shuke, phyceae ga alaga da mycetes don namomin kaza. Don sanya nau'in nau'i a cikin aji, ana la'akari da halayen gama gari waɗanda yake rabawa tare da wani nau'in ko waɗanda suka bambanta shi da shi.
Order
A ƙasa aji a matakin biyar ne oda. Anan za ku iya ganin rabe-raben nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ciyarwa, tarihinsu na juyin halitta ko wasu halaye na zahiri kuma ya haɗa da iyalai waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna, misali: tsarin primates ya haɗa da dangin birai da lemurs.
Iyali
Mataki na shida ya fi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa, iyalai suna rarraba bisa ga halaye na gama gari na rukunin talikai baya ga alaƙar da suke da ita. Sama da iyalai akwai nafirai, a ƙarƙashinsu akwai dangi, a ƙasansu akwai ƴan uwa. An yi amfani da kalmar a karon farko don haɗa wasu tsire-tsire, saboda haka an fara amfani da shi a cikin botany (a cikin 1689).
Gender
Kalmar jinsi ta fito daga Latin jinsi wanda ke nufin zuri’a, a harshen Hellenanci shi ne genos kuma yana nufin jinsi, zuriya. Wasu masana kimiyya suna tsara nau'o'in nau'in halittu ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma a kowani jinsin suna rarraba halittu masu rai tare da la'akari da ma'auni guda uku: kadaitaka (inda dukkanin zuriyar kakanni daya ke ciki), cewa jinsin yana da yawa kuma akwai ma'ana a cikin wannan. kungiyar mutane.
Dabbobi
Mataki na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin halittu waɗanda za su iya haifuwa da kuma haifar da 'ya'ya masu haihuwa, wato, waɗanda za su iya haɗuwa saboda jinsi ɗaya ne. A wannan matakin akwai kamanni fiye da a cikin nau'ikan da suka gabata, kodayake ana iya ganin bambancin kamanni ko halayen mutum a cikin nau'in.
A wannan lokaci ana iya yarda cewa nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) ana iya yarda da shi saboda ba su iya canzawa,wato, ana kiyaye halayen su akai-akai akan lokaci (zaton cewa Ciesarancin dabbobi ko kuma keɓewar halittu), wannan zai kasance yadda ɗayan jinsin zai bambanta da wani. Koyaya, wannan zai zama ainihin layin inbred ko ƙungiyar clones ba nau'in ba. Abin da ya sa a cikin wannan matakin za ku iya ganin wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan.
A wasu lokuta sunayen mutane suna amsa nau'in jinsin su, misali Zaki, amma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmomi guda biyu don sanya sunayensu wadanda kuma suke amsa jinsinsu, misali, homo sapiens.
Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda suke hidima a kowane yanayi don sanin yadda ake amfani da yadda ake amfani da shi kuma waɗanne ma'auni ne don ayyana su, waɗannan abubuwa na iya:
- nau'in halittu
- nau'in juyin halitta
- nau'in ilimin halittar jiki
- Phylogenetic nau'in
- nau'in muhalli
- nau'in nominalist
mulkin fungi
Bayyana komai game da rarrabuwar halittu, wasu halaye na fungi zai ba mu damar sanin su da kyau. Suna cikin masarautar Fungi, a baya sun shiga masarautar shuka amma sun bambanta da tsire-tsire saboda fungi suna da abinci mai gina jiki. Haka kuma, lokacin da aka lura cewa suna da bangon tantanin halitta wanda ke da chitin ba cellulose ba, sun rabu da dabbobi amma sun fi kusanci da su a yau.
Fungi, ban da ba da gudummawa ga yanayi, suna da muhimmiyar rawar tattalin arziki (kamar yadda mulkin dabbobi yake da kuma, zuwa wani lokaci, daular shuka), truffles, alal misali, namomin kaza ne waɗanda ake tattarawa akai-akai, ana noma yisti saboda suna girma. ferment giya da burodi, wasu nau'in fungi ana amfani da su don samar da maganin rigakafi, mycotoxins, alkaloids da kuma sarrafa kwari.
Yaya ake rarraba fungi?
Rabe-rabe na farko na fungi ya dogara ne akan yanayin da ake samun su da kuma dangantakarsu da shi, ta haka ne aka raba kashi hudu:
- Saprophytes: Wanne zai zama waɗannan fungi da ke ciyar da ragowar sauran kwayoyin halitta (gawawwaki, najasa, matattun ganye da tsire-tsire, da dai sauransu).
- Lichenized: Za su kasance waɗannan fungi waɗanda aka haifa daga symbiosis tare da algae ko cyanobacterium.
- Mycorrhizal: Wannan ya hada da fungi da aka haifa daga symbiosis tare da tushen shuka.
- Parasites: Naman gwari waɗanda suma ana haifa su ne daga alamar bayyanar cututtuka amma suna dogara ga mai gida kuma suna lalata su har sai sun mutu ko motsi.
A haƙiƙa, an nemi a tsara su ta ƙungiyoyi dangane da haifuwarsu ta jima’i, ta yadda za a iya samun ‘yan’uwa da sauƙi. Koyaya, akwai wasu nau'ikan tare da haifuwa na jima'i (jinin wucin gadi Deuteromycetes). Koyaya, rabe-rabe na biyu na fungi da aka yi shine saboda bambance-bambancen da aka lura yayin da suka bambanta da protist ko chromist kwayoyin halitta, ana iya ɗaukar wannan azaman tsohon makirci da aka sarrafa a baya:
- Mucilaginous fungi: Myxomycotes da Plasmodiophoromycotes
- Absorbotrophic fungi: Oomycotes da Chytridia
- Eumycote fungi: Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes da Basidiomycetes
Sa'an nan, a cikin 2015, an sabunta wannan nau'i na fungi, wanda ya zama mafi sauƙi wanda ya tattara dukkan nau'o'in fungi da aka yi nazari a cikin manyan sassa biyar, waɗannan zasu kasance:
- Basidiomycetes: Ana yawan ambaton wannan rukuni saboda ya ƙunshi faffadan juyin halitta, yana gina nau'ikan jinsuna da yawa a cikinta. Ya hada da fungi irin su namomin kaza da masu hular da za a iya ci, da
- Ascomycetes: Wani rabe-raben naman gwari wanda shi ma yana da fadi sosai, a gaskiya ma yana iya zama fiye da haka, ya hada da namomin kaza da gyaggyarawa da ke haifuwa ta hanyar jima'i da jima'i.
- Glomeromycetes: Wani babban ɓangare na Glomeromycetes fungi yana haifuwa ta hanyar da ba a sani ba kuma suna raba symbiosis a matsayin nau'i na haihuwa, wasu an haife su daga tsire-tsire wasu kuma daga ragowar.
- Zygomycetes: A cikin wannan rukuni kuma akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan da suke hayayyafa ta jima'i da jima'i, abincinsu yana iya dogara ne akan tsirrai da ragowar dabbobi ko najasa. Baƙar fata da ke haifuwa akan burodi yana cikin wannan rukunin.
- Chytridiomycetes: Anan akwai ƙananan fungi waɗanda a cikin su akwai nau'ikan da wasu masana kimiyya suka haɗa a cikin masarautar protists.
Daga nan ne wasu ƙungiyoyi suka taso bisa ƙungiyoyin monophyletic waɗanda, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, suna da tarihin juyin halitta guda ɗaya ta babban kakanninsu, kowane rukuni yayi daidai da zuriyarsa. Yawancin littattafan kimiyya da labaran suna rarraba fungi bisa ga ma'ana guda ɗaya, yana iya zama yanayi da dangantakarsa ko shi, ƙungiyoyin monophyletic, rarrabuwa ta alaƙar phylogenetic ko bambancin waɗannan ukun.
Rarraba fungi na yanzu
Da farko an ambaci manyan nau'ikan fungi guda uku, namomin kaza, yeasts da molds. Ana siffanta yeasts saboda sune fungi waɗanda basa ƙirƙirar hanyoyin sadarwa na filament amma suna girma ta hanyar unicellular, ban da cewa lokacin da aka haɗe wasu mahadi suna bazuwa kuma suna samar da wasu abubuwa. Yeasts suna haifuwa ta hanyar jima'i, suna yin hakan ta hanyar budding da budding.
Molds suna halin zama a cikin yanayi mai laushi da ƙananan haske, irin su yeasts, duk da haka, haifuwar su yana faruwa a wurare masu dumi da m don samar da spores wanda zai iya rayuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa na wurare tare da bambance-bambance a yanayin zafi da sauran yanayin muhalli.
Don haka abu ne na dabi'a don ganin kyawon tsayuwa a bango, a kan tsire-tsire, a kan kututturewa, akan abinci kamar 'ya'yan itace, cuku, burodi, kayan lambu, suna iya girma akan ɗigon dabbobi da ɗan adam, akan namomin kaza, har ma akwai. naman gwari a cikin karnuka.
Namomin kaza jikin 'ya'yan itace ne waɗanda suke samarwa ba kamar ƙura da yisti ba. Gabaɗaya ana iya ganin su suna ƙara girma lokacin da suke cikin ƙasa mai laushi da inuwa. Akwai nau'ikan namomin kaza da yawa, waɗanda zasu iya zama masu cin abinci, masu guba ko na iya haifar da tasirin psychoactive a cikin dabbobi da mutane.
microscopic fungi
Daga cikin rabe-rabe na fungi tare da ƙananan haruffa, ana iya samun rabe-rabe masu zuwa wanda ya ƙunshi namomin kaza waɗanda aka bambanta da launi na matansu, ta haka ne aka rarraba zuwa fiye da 40 namomin kaza tare da mata masu launi daban-daban, wato, fiye da nau'i 40.
- Leucospores
- Melanosporeans
- rhodospores
- Ochrosporeans
- Ianthinosporeos
- Chlorosporeos
fungi macroscopic
An raba manyan azuzuwan guda biyu don tsara fungi tare da haruffan macroscopic iri ɗaya, Basidiomycetes da Ascomycetes. Za a keɓance sunayen matakai biyu na rarrabuwa na waɗannan azuzuwan don ba da ra'ayi na adadin nau'in da aka haɗa a nan.
- Basidiomycetes: Wannan ajin na fungi ya ƙunshi manyan ƙananan nau'o'i uku: Hymenomycetidae, Phragmo-basidiomycetidae y Gasteromycetidae. Ajin farko ya haɗa da umarni shida na fungi: Agaricales, Boletales, Dacryomycetales, Polyporales, Poriales, Russulales, daga abin da iyalai da nau'ikan iri suka fito.
The Order Agaricales yana da iyalai masu zuwa:
- agaricaceae
- amantaceae
- Bolbitaceae
- coprinaceae
- cortinariaceae
- crepidotaceae
- enolomataceae
- Hygrophoraceae
- Omphalotaceae
- pluteaceae
- Sttrophariaceae
- Tricholomataceae
Order Boletales yana da iyalai masu zuwa:
- boletaceae
- Gomphidiaceae
- Hygrophoropsidaceae
- paxillaceae
Tsarin Dacryomycetales yana da dangi: Dacryomycetaceae da tsarin Polyporales yana da: Polyporaceae. A halin yanzu odar Poriales yana da iyalai masu zuwa:
- bankeraceae
- Cantharellaceae
- Clavariaceae
- clavulinaceae
- Ganodermaceae
- Hydnaceae
- Hymenochaetaceae
- poriaceae
- ramariaceae
- schizophyllaceae
- Stereaceae
- Thelephoraceae
Tsarin Russulales yana da iyali: Russulaceae.A daya bangaren kuma aji na biyu da ake kira: Phragmo-basidiomycetidae Yana da tsari na Auriculariales tare da iyali: Auriculariaceae da tsari Tremellales tare da iyali: Tremellaceae. Aji na uku ya kira: Gasteromycetidae Yana da umarni bakwai: Hymenogastrales, Lycoperdales, Melanogastrales, Nidulariales, Phalales, Sclerodermatales, Tulostomatales.
Tsarin Hymenogastros yana da dangi: Rhizopogonaceae.
Tsarin Lycoperdales ya ƙunshi iyalai:
- geastraceae
- lycoperdaceae
- Mycenastraceae.
Umurnin Melanogastros yana da dangi:
- Melanogastraceae da odar Nidulariales ga dangi: Nidulariaceae.
Umurnin Phalales yana da iyalai:
- clathraceae
- Phalaceae
Oda Sclerodermatales ga iyalai:
- astraeaceae
- Sclerodermataceae
- Sphaerobolaceae
A ƙarshe, odar Tulostomatales yana da dangi: Tulostomataceae. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan iyalai na iya ƙunsar daga nau'i ɗaya zuwa goma. Ƙara nau'ikan fungi fiye da 100 a cikin wannan ajin ba komai.
- Ascomycetes: Yana da ƙaramin aji don wannan rikodin, duk da haka yawancin littattafan ilmin halitta waɗanda ke rarraba fungi sun haɗa da adadi mai yawa na fungi a cikin wannan ajin har ya zarce ajin Basidiomycetes. A cikin wannan rukunin akwai umarni shida: Clavicipitales, Helotiales, Hypocreales, Pezizales, Sphaeriales, Tuberale.
Tsarin Clavicipitales ya ƙunshi dangi kawai: Cordycipitaceae, yayin da oda na Helotiales ke da iyalai:
- Geoglossaceae
- Leotiaceae
- Sclerotiniaceae
Tsarin Hypocreales ya ƙunshi dangi: Hypocreaceae, tsari Sphaeriales dangin: Xylariaceae, tsari na Tuberale da fungi na dangin Tuberaceae, da tsari Pezizales ya ƙunshi dangin fungi masu zuwa:
- Ascobolaceae
- helvellaceae
- Humariaceae
- Morchellaceae
- Pezizaceae
- sarcoscyphaceae
Sai kawai a cikin waɗannan umarni bakwai an haɗa su fiye da nau'in fungi 20 kuma kawai an ƙayyade umarnin iyalan macroscopic fungi.