Tantanin halitta nau'in tantanin halitta ne na eukaryotic wanda daga cikinsa ya ƙunshi kyallen jikin dabbobi daban-daban.. Dukkan halittun da suka kunshi daular dabbobi sun dogara ne, domin su yi rayuwa, akan wannan tantanin halitta da muka yi magana akai. A cikin wannan littafin da kuka sami kanku a ciki, za mu yi bayanin duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da shi, ban da sassa daban-daban da suka haɗa tantanin dabbobi.
Dukanmu mun san cewa tantanin halitta shine ainihin sashin aiki na dukkan kyallen jikin dabba. Wadannan halittun halittu ne masu yawa, wato suna da tantanin halitta fiye da daya. Kamar yadda muka ambata, nau'in sel da dabbobi ke da su sune ƙwayoyin eukaryotic wanda a ciki za'a iya samun tsakiya da wasu na'urori na musamman.. Amma sassa daban-daban na tantanin halitta ba kawai su tsaya a can ba, amma kowannensu yana da takamaiman aiki kuma ya bambanta da sauran.
Saboda haka, ana iya cewa ƙwayoyin dabba suna kama da tsari, idan kuna da yawa, mafi girman waɗannan sifofin za su kasance. Tare da ƙirƙira na'urar microscope da juyin halittarsa na gaba, an gano tantanin halitta kuma an bincikar shi a karon farko., musamman kwayar jini.
Menene kwayar dabba?
Kamar yadda muka ambata, Tantanin halitta shine ainihin sashin aiki na kyallen jikin dabbar dabba.. Akwai nau'ikan kwayoyin halittar dabbobi daban-daban, fiye da nau'ikan nau'ikan 200 daban-daban a jikin mutum. A sashe na gaba za mu gano nau'ikan kwayoyin halittar dabbobi da manyan ayyukansu.
Kwayoyin Epithelial
su ne sel akwai a cikin ganuwar gabobin kuma sune wadanda ke samar da kyallen da ke rufe su. Dangane da gabobin da suke, suna da wani aiki daban. Misali shine ƙwayoyin da aka samo a cikin ƙananan hanji, ƙwayoyin epithelial waɗanda ke da microvilli don ƙara yawan sha na gina jiki.
Kwayoyin jijiya
A wannan yanayin, Kuna iya samun sel guda biyu waɗanda ke samar da nama na jijiyoyi, a gefe guda, akwai neurons kuma a ɗayan, ƙwayoyin glial.. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan, ƙwayoyin cuta, suna da alhakin watsa motsin jijiya ta hanyar synapse tsakanin neurons da ƙwayar tsoka. Game da sel glial, ba sa watsa motsin jijiya kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin da ya gabata, amma suna da aikin kulawa da tallafi na neurons.
Kwayoyin tsoka
Akwai manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin tsoka guda uku waɗanda za mu yi magana akai; santsi, zuciya, da kwarangwal tsoka. Siffofin da kowannensu yake da su ya bambanta sosai tunda, dangane da inda suke, suna da manufa ɗaya ko wata. Nama mai santsi suna elongated, kuma duka kwarangwal da na zuciya suna da striae.
Kwayoyin jini
A wannan group din. Za a iya bambance jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, fararen jini da platelets. Kwayoyin jajayen jini sune kawai sel a jikin dan adam wadanda basu da tsakiya. Kowannen su yana da wata manufa ta musamman, dangane da jajayen kwayoyin halittar jini suna jigilar iskar oxygen da musanya shi da carbon dioxide. Kwayoyin farin jini wani bangare ne na tsarin garkuwar jiki, su ke da alhakin yakar cututtuka ko cututtuka. Kuma a ƙarshe platelets, wanda kuma ake kira thrombocytes wanda manufarsu ita ce ta daidaita jini don dakatar da zubar jini.
Kwayoyin mai
adipocytes, Su ne sel masu girman girma kuma manufarsu shine samarwa da adana mai.. Babban aikinsa shine adana lipids don adana makamashi na dogon lokaci a cikin jiki.
kwayoyin guringuntsi
Cartilage yana da sel da ake kira chondrocytes, waɗanda ke mamaye ƙananan ramuka da ake kira lacunae. Akwai nau'ikan guringuntsi iri-iri; guringuntsi na roba, fibrocartilage da guringuntsi hyaline. Yana daya daga cikin mafi wuyar kyallen takarda a cikin jiki, da kuma juriya ga daban-daban karfi da ake amfani da shi.
kashi
su ne sel osteoformed da alhakin kiyayewa, girma da gyara kowane kashi a cikin jiki. Daga cikin su, ana iya bambanta nau'i uku; osteoblasts, osteoclasts da osteoclasts.
sassan kwayar halittar dabba
Kafin sanin menene mafi mahimmancin halayen tantanin dabba. dole ne mu fara magana game da sassa daban-daban da ayyukanta. A cikin tebur mai zuwa, za mu yi magana game da su a taƙaice, daga baya za mu zurfafa zurfi cikin kowannensu.
| wani bangare na kwayar halittar dabba |
| Plasma membrane |
| Babban |
| Cytoplasm |
| Mitochondria |
| Lysosome |
| Kayan aikin Golgi |
| Ticarshen endoplasmic |
| Tsakar gida |
| chromatin |
Plasma membrane
Hakanan ana kiransa membrane cell ko plasmalemma, shine sashin waje na tantanin halitta wanda kuma ke iyakancewa da rufe abun ciki. Yana ba da damar wasu abubuwan da ake so su shiga ciki da sharar gida su fito. Tsari ne da ke kewaye da tantanin halitta kuma yana cikin dukkan sel masu rai.
Babban
Ita ce mafi yawan ganuwa na kwayoyin halitta da dabbobi. An rufe tsakiyan tantanin halitta a kusa da shi da membrane. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan halayensa shine cewa yana da siffar mai siffar zobe kuma yana da tsayi fiye da 5 µm a diamita. A ciki, duk bayanan kwayoyin halitta da aka tsara a cikin chromosomes an tattara su.
Cytoplasm
Yana tsakanin tsakiya da membrane plasma. Yana da kyau sosai kuma granular colloidal abu, inda daban-daban na rayuwa tafiyar matakai faruwa. Wannan ɓangaren tantanin halitta ya ƙunshi cytosol, haɗawa, gabobin jiki, da fibers na furotin. Babban aikin cytoplasm shine sanya gabobin tantanin halitta da kuma taimakawa motsinsu.
Mitochondria
A wannan yanayin muna magana ne game da a ƙananan tsarin tantanin halitta tare da membrane sau biyu wanda alhakinsa shine juyar da abubuwan gina jiki zuwa makamashi. Wannan tsari da muka ambata an san shi da numfashin salula.
Lysosome
Suna da alhakin abin da aka sani da narkewar salula.. Ana aiwatar da wannan tsari ta hanyar enzymes waɗanda ke da alhakin ɓarna abubuwa kamar furotin, lipids, carbohydrates da acid nucleic. Ana samar da enzymes na Lysosomal ta kayan aikin Golgi.
Golgi apparatus
Har ila yau, ana kiransa rukunin Golgi, wani sashe ne mai ban sha'awa na tsarin membrane a cikin tantanin halitta. Ana iya lura da su a cikin ƙwayoyin dabba da tsire-tsire, da cManufarsa ita ce gyara da jigilar sunadaran da aka haɗa daga granular zuwa m endoplasmic reticulum.
Ticarshen endoplasmic
Endoplasmic reticulum tsari ne mai rikitarwa na membranes wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassan tantanin halitta. Ya ƙunshi jakunkuna masu baƙaƙe da tubules da ke haɗa juna a sarari ɗaya.. Ya shiga, a lokacin aiwatar da furotin da lipid tuning.
endoplasmic reticulum, za a iya raba zuwa santsi endoplasmic reticulum da m endoplasmic reticulum. Na farko daga cikinsu, santsi yana shiga cikin daidaitawar lipids. A gefe guda kuma, m su ne jakunkuna na membranes waɗanda ke yin haɗin gwiwa a cikin narkar da sunadarai da canja wurin su na gaba.
Tsakar gida
Cylindrical organelle kafa ta uku sau uku na kananan bututu dake cikin sashin cytoplasm, musamman a wani yanki da ake kira diplosome.. Wadannan ducts da muke magana akai, suna da aiki na asali a cikin rarraba kwayoyin halitta a cikin tantanin halitta da kuma tsarin rarraba tantanin halitta.
chromatin
Saitin DNA, sunadaran histone da sunadarai marasa histone waɗanda ke cikin tsakiya na ƙwayoyin eukaryotic kuma waɗanda ke cikin kwayoyin halittar waɗannan sel. Asalin raka'a na chromatin an san su da nucleosomes.
Ta yaya kwayar dabba ta bambanta da tantanin shuka?
A kan wannan batu na karshe, Za mu yi ƙoƙari mu bayyana ta hanya mai sauƙi babban bambance-bambance tsakanin kwayar halitta da tantanin shuka.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da za a iya gani shine bangon tantanin halitta. Kwayoyin shuka suna da bango mai tsauri wanda ke sa haɓakar su ya fi iyakancewa, amma yana sa su ƙarami sosai. Wannan bangon yana waje da membrane na tantanin halitta kuma an haɗa shi a cikin yanayin tsirrai ta hanyar cellulose. Amma ga ƙwayoyin dabba, lura cewa ba ya nan.
Babban bambanci na biyu shine girman sel. A cikin na dabbobi, sun fi na kayan lambu ƙanƙanta girma. Wannan yana iya zama saboda gaskiyar cewa suna gabatar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan vesicles a cikin cytoplasm.
Kuma a ƙarshe, Muna magana ne game da chloroplasts, ƙwayoyin salula da ke da alhakin photosynthesis. Kwayoyin shuka suna da su kuma lura cewa ana samun chlorophyll a cikinsu. Kwayoyin dabba kuwa, sun rasa su.
A gaba tebur da muka haɗa, muna nuna kwatance na sassa daban-daban na wasu sel da wasu, ga abin da kuke gani a sarari.
| Kwayar dabbobi | Shuka tsirrai | |
| sassa na asali | Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton |
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton |
| kwayoyin halitta | Babban
m endoplasmic reticulum santsi endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome Kayan aikin Golgi Mitochondria Gallbladder Lysosome vacuoles Centrosome (centrioles) |
Babban
m endoplasmic reticulum santsi endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome Golgi apparatus (dictyosomes) Mitochondria Gallbladder Lysosome Central vacuole microbodies |
| ƙarin tsarin | Flagellum
Ciliya |
Flagellum (gametes kawai)
Bangon sel plasmodes |
Muna fatan cewa wannan bincike inda muke magana game da menene kwayar halitta ta dabba da sassanta daban-daban zasu taimake ku kuma ya bayyana duk shakku game da wannan batu.