A yau za mu koya muku ta hanyar wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da babban Halayen tattalin arzikin Colombia. Yadda ake sarrafa samfuran ku bisa ga shi da aikinsa a yau. Kada ku rasa shi!
Halayen tattalin arzikin Colombia
Tattalin arzikin kasar nan yana da babban matsakaicin kudin shiga. Ya yi fice a duniya don gagarumin ci gaban da ya samu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata wajen fitar da kayayyaki da kuma kyawon da take bayarwa ga jarin waje.
Ita ce ta hudu mafi girman tattalin arziki a Latin Amurka, bayan ta Brazil, Mexico da Argentina. A cikin kimar ƙasa da ƙasa tare da mazauna sama da miliyan 50, tana cikin manyan 30 mafi girma a duniya.
Za mu iya cewa tun daga 50s na karni na XNUMX har ma da shekaru goma da suka gabata, babbar hanyar Colombia ta samun musayar waje ta fi mayar da hankali kan sayar da kofi na waje.
Duk da haka, bangarori da dama sun sanya wannan al'umma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da aka fi sani da samar da su, kamar Emeralds da flora.
Har ila yau, ya ba da haske ga masana'antun kera motoci da masaku kuma babban mai fitar da zinari, sapphires da lu'u-lu'u, da dai sauransu.
Ƙasar tana shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da al'ummomi da yawa waɗanda ke neman haɗin gwiwa da ƙarfafa ayyukan ci gaban tattalin arziki.
A duk duniya, yana daga cikin Kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (WTO), Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (OECD) da kuma CIVETS block na kasashe masu tasowa (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Masar, Turkiyya da Afirka ta Kudu).
A matakin nahiya, memba ne na kungiyoyi irin su Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Andean Community of Nations (CAN), Union of South America Nations (UNASUR) da kuma, kwanan nan, Pacific Alliance.
Historia
Lokacin Pre-Latin Amurka: Noma kasuwanci shine mafi mahimmancin aiki mai albarka a cikin tattalin arzikin kafin Hispanic. Sauran ayyukan da kuma suke da mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin kafin Hispanic a Colombia sun kasance da amfani da ma'adinan ma'adinai (musamman zinariya da gishiri) da kuma samar da yadudduka, yumbu da kayan aiki ta hanyar maƙeran zinariya.
Mallaka da aikin ƙasar, irin su cin nama na ma'adinai, na al'ada ko na al'umma, ba sa amfani da manufar dukiya a cikin waɗannan lokuta. A cikin al'ummomin da suka kasance kafin Latin Amurka a Colombia babu kudi, don haka ana musayar kayan da ake samarwa ta hanyar ciniki.
lokacin mulkin mallaka: Lokacin tattalin arziƙin mulkin mallaka ya kasance alama ce ta dogaro ga umarnin babban birni na Spain saboda matsayinta na mallaka. Ba kamar lokacin pre-Columbia na Colombia ba, musayar a cikin mulkin mallaka ya sami halin kasuwanci da kuɗi.
Tare da kiyasin yawan jama'a 938,580, GDP na kowane mutum a cikin mataimakan New Granada an kiyasta ya kasance pesos na azurfa 27 a cikin shekara ta 1800. Peso na azurfa daya yayi daidai da dalar Amurka 11.25 tun 1985., dalar Amurka 83 2019.
A cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na mulkinsa (1800-1810), kuɗin shiga na Crown ya yi daidai da kusan 10% na GDP na Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, ya kai matsakaicin pesos na azurfa miliyan 2.4 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan 770,000 (32)%) ya zo. daga masu shan taba da kuma masu shan taba.
Zinare da aka haƙa a lardunan Popayán da Antioquia ya zama kashi 85% na abubuwan da ake fitarwa na New Granada kuma duk da cewa sarakunan Spain sun ƙarfafa kasuwanci tsakanin mataimakan, amma ba su taɓa samun damar haɗa shi ba.
Masarautar ta yi ƙoƙari ta iyakance ikon ofisoshin jakadanci ko ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci a Cádiz da Seville game da kasuwanci tare da babban birni da na ofishin jakadancin a Cartagena game da rarraba kayayyaki a ƙasashen waje a cikin mulkin mallaka, amma bai inganta buɗewa ko haɓakawa cikakke don haɓakawa ba. gasar.
Duk da haka, a cikin wane lokaci ne mataimakin sarautar New Granada ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a tsakiyar karni na sha takwas, wanda aka katse daga 1808 tare da rushewar Spain saboda mamayewa da yaki da sojojin Napoleon.
Ci gaban ya koma mara kyau saboda katsewar kasuwanci, yaƙe-yaƙe na ƴancin kai da zubar da jini, da koma baya na bauta, da tabarbarewar kasuwancin duniya.
Daga 'yancin kai har zuwa karshen karni na XNUMX
'Yancin kai ya ba da hanya mai tsadar gaske na rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, ko da yake sun fara sauye-sauyen da suka fara zamanantar da tattalin arzikin sabuwar jamhuriyar.
Ga Colombia, karni na XNUMX ya kasance alama ce ta jinkirin sauyi zuwa tsarin jari-hujja na duniya, bisa la'akari da yanayin da kuma samar da damar da ci gaban jari-hujja a cikin kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu na Arewacin Atlantic, karuwar buƙatun samfurori na farko da babban birnin kasar. kwarara.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai, gwagwarmaya tsakanin 'yan kasuwa masu 'yanci da masu ba da kariya ta haifar da yakin basasa guda tara. A cikin wannan lokacin, babu wani sauye-sauye na asali a cikin tsarin mallakar filaye a cikin ƙasa, bayi ko wuraren zama. kasancewar ya dage, a kalla har zuwa tsakiyar karni ta fuskar bauta.
Rugujewar jamhuriya ta bambanta da lokacin wadatar mulkin mallaka tsakanin 1750 zuwa 1808. Don haka, har zuwa 1845 tattalin arzikin ƙasa ya yi ƙunci a sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe, rikice-rikice na yankuna da hukumomi, da rugujewar tsarin kasuwancin Spain.
A gefe guda kuma, bashin waje ya fara ne a shekara ta 1820, lokacin da mataimakin shugaban kasa Francisco Antonio Zea ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Birtaniya, tare da sanin wajibcin da aka kulla a lokacin 'yancin kai, musamman na Luis López Méndez. Daga nan sai Zea ya sake daukar wani lamunin fan miliyan biyu, musamman don biyan bashi.
Duk da haka, bisa la’akari da mawuyacin halin da ake ciki a kasafin kuɗi, gwamnati ta karɓi sabon lamuni a shekara ta 1824 wanda bai hana wani sabon rikicin kasafin kuɗi ya faru bayan shekaru biyu ba, saboda kasafin tsaro da raunin haraji. Bayan karɓar waɗannan lamuni, Kolombiya a zahiri ta rasa damar shiga kasuwannin babban birnin duniya na sauran ƙarni.
Hakazalika, rashin daidaiton tsarin kasuwanci ya mamaye ƙasar. Ƙarin samfuran sun zo daga ƙasashen waje fiye da yadda Colombia za ta iya siyarwa a wasu ƙasashe. A tsawon karni, kasar na shigo da kayayyaki iri-iri, amma rashin tsadar kayan masakun auduga ya sa suka zama reshe mafi muhimmanci a kasar a lokacin.
A cikin wannan mahallin, tsakanin 1850 zuwa 1880, United Kingdom ta ba da kusan kashi 50% na kayan da aka shigo da su cikin ƙasar, yayin da Faransa ta ba da gudummawar 25%. Yawancin wannan karni, ƙasar ta yi ƙoƙari ta haɗa kai cikin tattalin arzikin duniya ta hanyar fitar da zinariya, taba, cinchona, auduga, da indigo.
Koyaya, zagayowar faɗaɗa tattalin arziƙin waɗannan samfuran gajeru ne kuma kudaden shigar da suke samu bai isa ba, don haka ba su kai ga maƙasudin da aka kafa ba. Don haka, zinari, wanda ya kasance babban kayan da ake fitarwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, ya kasance mafi mahimmancin kayan fitarwa har zuwa tsakiyar karni.
A nata bangaren, hauhawar sigari a matsayin babban abin da ake fitar da shi zuwa kasashen waje ya bi ta wani yanayi wanda ya dade daga shekarar 1854 zuwa 1876, lokacin da aka rage fitar da sigari zuwa kasashen ketare, kuma ba a samu farfadowa ba. Sa'an nan haɓakar indigo a kusa da 1870 ya kasance ƙasa da shekaru goma kuma quinine ya zama babban kayan fitarwa a cikin 1880s amma ya ƙi cikin sauri.
A tsakiyar rashin zaman lafiya na hukumomi, an warware takaddamar tarihi tsakanin 'yan kasuwa da masu sana'a a yakin basasa na 1854, inda aka ci nasara da jirgin, bayan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Jam'iyyar Conservative.
Wannan yakin yana nuna tashin hankali tsakanin masana'antun masana'antu da masu sayar da kayayyaki, wanda ke tasowa a cikin layi daya tare da tsarin fadada iyakokin aikin gona, wanda ke tattare da abubuwan mamaki kamar mulkin mallaka na Antioquia da ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa.
A wannan lokaci, kogin Magdalena ya zama cibiyar tsarin sufuri ta hanyar da ake shigo da kayayyaki da kuma fitar da kayayyakin noma da ke shiga da barin tashar jiragen ruwa na Atlantic na Cartagena de Indias da Barranquilla (Sabanilla), a cikin tsarin da ya dogara da 'hanyar hanya guda daya a cikin abin da sassan. na layin dogo da titi aka hade.
Dangane da kudin shiga na kowa da kowa, ya karu da kusan kashi 20 cikin dari tsakanin 1850 zuwa 1880, a wani adadi na 0,5% a kowace shekara. A cikin wannan lokacin, fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje ya karu daga peso na zinariya miliyan 3 zuwa 20. , amma ya tsaya cak har zuwa karshen karni kuma tattalin arzikin ya sake komawa.
A wancan lokacin, ma'auni na bashin waje ya kasance peso na zinariya miliyan 15 (kimanin dala miliyan uku, ko kuma pesos miliyan 6,000 na Colombia). Lamunin kasashen waje a cikin 1898 da 1899 an yi niyya ne don ba da kuɗin canza kuɗin takarda zuwa bayanan bayanan da ke goyan bayan zinariya.
"Kofi takeoff" (1900-1928)
A farkon karni, kofi ya riga ya sanya kansa a matsayin samfurin asali na tattalin arzikin Colombia a fagen fitarwa. Kewayon samfuran da aka fitar ya kasance iyakance sosai: kofi yana wakiltar kusan 85% na fitarwa, wannan hujja ta raunana tattalin arzikin ƙasashen waje na Colombia.
Jamus, Ingila da Amurka sune manyan masu siyan samfuran da Colombia ke fitarwa, amma Amurka tana wakiltar matsakaicin kaso, wanda ya kai a wasu lokuta, kamar yadda a cikin 1917, fiye da 80% na fitarwa.
Ci gaban sashin kofi ya ba da damar haɓakar kasuwannin cikin gida da haɓaka hanyar sadarwar sadarwa wanda ya ba da fifiko ga wani haɗin kai na kasuwannin yanki daban-daban.
Koyaya, matsalolin yanki sun haifar da tsarin sufuri tare da ɗan ci gaban kasuwa na ciki. a kasar. Ka tuna cewa har zuwa karni na XNUMX, yawancin sufuri ya kasance ta hanyoyi masu kauri, tare da zane-zane da aka zana ba tare da wata fasaha ba, bin ginshiƙan tsaunuka sau da yawa ba su da amfani a lokacin hunturu.
Har ila yau, ba za mu manta da yawan amfani da jiragen dakon kaya na mutane ba, wanda ya fi dacewa da jigilar sauran mutane.
Rikicin Duniya (1929-1945)
Ayyukan macroeconomic na rabin farkon shekarun 1950 sun sami tagomashi da hauhawar farashin kofi, wanda ya fi son samar da albarkatu kuma, saboda haka, ba da kuɗaɗen sassa kamar masana'antu.
Rugujewar farashin kofi na baya da kuma rashin wadatattun kayan aiki don samar da ci gaban masana'antu ya haifar da ƙarfafa matakan kariya irin waɗanda aka ɗauka shekaru da suka gabata a ƙarshen XNUMXs da farkon XNUMXs.
Duk da haka, ƙananan bambance-bambancen tushe na fitarwa da kuma yawan shaidar da ke nuna yawan dogara ga kofi don samun damar yin amfani da musayar waje ya nuna bukatar fara aiwatar da tsarin inganta fitarwa.
Don haka, a wannan karon, kariyar da aka aiwatar ya kasance tare da matakan inganta fitar da kayayyakin da ba na gargajiya ba, musamman kayayyakin masana'antu.
Godiya ga wannan ma'auni, a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 1950, GDP ya ninka sau hudu. Duk da haka, dangane da kashe kuɗin jama'a, a cikin shekarun 80-XNUMX, an sami gibi da rarar tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya sami damar wuce matakin rarar kuɗi a farkon lokacin.
Hakazalika, tattalin arzikin Colombia ya kiyaye matakan da za a iya jure wa hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, kasancewa mafi girman kashi 36% a kowace shekara, a farkon shekarun 1970. Saboda haka, tasiri mai karfi na koma bayan tattalin arziki na shekarun 1980 da ya faru a yankin bai sami cikakkiyar sakamako ba a Colombia. , saboda tasirin albarkatun waje (mafi yawan daloli) daga fataucin muggan kwayoyi.
Tare da abin da ya fuskanci halin da ake ciki, hade da kyakkyawan aiki na masana'antu na gida, a cikin wannan shekaru goma, tattalin arzikin Colombia ya ci gaba da bunkasa a matsakaicin 5% a kowace shekara.
Tun 1990
A farkon shekarun 1990, wani sabon lokacin tattalin arziki ya fara da aka sani da budewar tattalin arziki, wanda ya nemi shigar da kasar cikin tsarin dunkulewar tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma cikin tsarin yarjejeniyar Washington (1989).
Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a duniya, da ke tabbatar da dunkulewar duniya da kuma rikicin kasashen Asiya, ya yi barna a yankin Latin Amurka, ya kuma shafi Colombia sosai. Ko da yake an cimma burin rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki daga lambobi ɗaya zuwa lambobi ɗaya fiye da rashin aikin yi, asarar ikon saye.
Faduwar noma da fannin noma, wanda DANE ta ruwaito a shekarar 1999, ba su da kyau sosai, duk da haka, a cikin watanni ukun farko na shekarar 2000, an yi kiyasin sake farfado da kashi 6% na samar da masana'antu. A cikin 2014, rashin aikin yi a Colombia yana cikin lambobi ɗaya.
Don haka a cikin 1998, kawar da rukunin ikon sayayya akai-akai da kuma faduwar kayayyakin da aka saba fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje, tare da sharadi mai tsanani ga tattalin arzikin Asiya a lokacin da suke cikin mawuyacin hali, ya sanya ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a wancan lokaci suka yi matukar rauni.
Kuma tare da wannan, sabis ɗin bashi yana da sakamako mai cin karo da juna: ya yi kwangila, amma farashin biyan kuɗi ya karu, wanda ya haifar da karuwa a cikin fahimtar rikici, tun da gwamnati ba ta da wadata. , dole ne a nemi lamuni. waje don magance halin da ake ciki.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2000, Banco de la Nación ya bayyana cewa bashin da ake bin Colombia daga waje ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 36,000,000,000, wanda miliyan 24,490 daga ciki sun yi daidai da bangaren gwamnati.
Jimlar bashin ya yi daidai da 41,3% na GDP, wanda, a cewar masu sharhi na kasa da na duniya, "yana da damuwa" kuma ya bayyana karuwa a cikin tsananin gyare-gyare a cikin manufofin tattalin arziki da kasafin kudi na gwamnati, tun farkon shekaru goma. 1990, Colombia ta yi watsi da sauya shigo da kayayyaki kuma ta buɗe sabbin kasuwanni.
Ilimin Tattalin Arziki a Zamanin Rikici
Daya daga cikin fa'idar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin gwamnatin Juan Manuel Santos da kungiyar FARC ita ce bunkasar yawon bude ido, la'akari da ci gaban da aka samu na yawan masu ziyara a kasar, la'akari da hakan a shekarar 2010.
A farkon wa'adin mulkin shugaba Santos an samu kudin shiga dala biliyan 3,440, yayin da a shekarar 2017 aka samu karuwar dala biliyan 5,49, wanda ya kai kashi 68%.
A gaskiya ma, shugaban da aka zaba a cikin 2018, Iván Duque Márquez, ya bayyana cewa yawon shakatawa na iya zama sabon mai na Colombia idan aka ba da fitar da hydrocarbon dalar Amurka biliyan 9, yayin da Banco de la República ya yi hasashen fitar da $ 7,000 miliyan a yawon shakatawa.
Tattalin arzikin Colombia a matakin nahiya
Kolombiya ita ce kasa ta hudu mafi karfin tattalin arziki a yankin Latin Amurka, amma har yanzu ta yi nisa da matsayi na farko a fannin yawan kudin shiga na gida (GDP) ga kowane mutum, wanda a shekarar 2015 ya kai dala 6.056. Argentina, Chile ko Panama suna da fiye da ninki biyu. Kuma kasarmu tana da kusan dala 2,000 kasa da matsakaicin na Latin Amurka da Caribbean.
talauci da rashin daidaito
Bayan rikicin 1999, talauci a Colombia ya fuskanci koma baya. Adadin mutanen Colombia da ke ƙasa da layin talauci ya faɗi daga kashi 50% a cikin 2002 zuwa kashi 28 cikin ɗari a 2013. Kashi na matalautan mutane sun faɗi daga 18% zuwa 9% a daidai wannan lokacin. Talauci da yawa ya ragu daga kashi 30% zuwa 18% tsakanin 2010 da 2013.
Juyin tarihi na GDP ga kowane mutum
A ƙasa za mu bar muku sakamakon rikodin da aka bincikar tarihin juyin halittar tattalin arziki a Colombia, a cikin kowace shekara, farawa daga shekaru sittin:
| GDP na kowane mutum Colombia a dala | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960s (60 na) | |||
| Shekara | GIB | GDP ga kowane mutum | Yawan jama'a |
| 1960 | dalar Amurka miliyan 4.041 | $245 | 16.480.383 mazauna |
| 1961 | dalar Amurka miliyan 4.553 | $268 | 16.982.315 mazauna |
| 1962 | dalar Amurka miliyan 4.969 | $284 | 17.500.171 mazauna |
| 1963 | dalar Amurka miliyan 4.839 | $268 | 18.033.550 mazauna |
| 1964 | dalar Amurka miliyan 5.992 | $322 | 18.581.974 mazauna |
| 1965 | dalar Amurka miliyan 5.790 | $302 | 19.144.223 mazauna |
| 1966 | dalar Amurka miliyan 5.453 | $276 | 19.721.462 mazauna |
| 1967 | dalar Amurka miliyan 5.727 | $282 | 20.311.371 mazauna |
| 1968 | dalar Amurka miliyan 5.919 | $283 | 20.905.059 mazauna |
| 1969 | dalar Amurka miliyan 6.405 | $298 | 21.490.945 mazauna |
| 1970s (70 na) | |||
| Shekara | GIB | GDP ga kowane mutum | Yawan jama'a |
| 1970 | dalar Amurka miliyan 7.198 | $326 | 22.061.215 mazauna |
| 1971 | dalar Amurka miliyan 7.820 | $346 | 22.611.986 mazauna |
| 1972 | dalar Amurka miliyan 8.671 | $375 | 23.146.803 mazauna |
| 1973 | dalar Amurka miliyan 10.316 | $436 | 23.674-504 mazauna |
| 1974 | dalar Amurka miliyan 12.370 | $511 | 24.208.021 mazauna |
| 1975 | dalar Amurka miliyan 13.099 | $529 | 24.756.973 mazauna |
| 1976 | dalar Amurka miliyan 15.341 | $606 | 25.323.406 mazauna |
| 1977 | dalar Amurka miliyan 19.471 | $752 | 25.905.127 mazauna |
| 1978 | dalar Amurka miliyan 23.264 | $878 | 26.502.166 mazauna |
| 1979 | dalar Amurka miliyan 27.940 | $1.031 | 27.113.512 mazauna |
| 1980s (80 na) | |||
| Shekara | GIB | GDP ga kowane mutum | Yawan jama'a |
| 1980 | dalar Amurka miliyan 46.784 | $1.645 | 28.447.000 mazauna |
| 1981 | dalar Amurka miliyan 50.969 | $1.753 | 29.080.000 mazauna |
| 1982 | dalar Amurka miliyan 54.583 | $1.837 | 29.718.000 mazauna |
| 1983 | dalar Amurka miliyan 54.249 | $1.787 | 30.360.000 mazauna |
| 1984 | dalar Amurka miliyan 53.581 | $1.728 | 31.004.000 mazauna |
| 1985 | dalar Amurka miliyan 48.877 | $1.587 | 30.794.000 mazauna |
| 1986 | dalar Amurka miliyan 48.944 | $1.557 | 31.433.000 mazauna |
| 1987 | dalar Amurka miliyan 50.948 | $1.588 | 32.092.000 mazauna |
| 1988 | dalar Amurka miliyan 54.925 | $1.676 | 32.764.000 mazauna |
| 1989 | dalar Amurka miliyan 55.384 | $1.656 | 33.443.000 mazauna |
| 1990s (90 na) | |||
| Shekara | GIB | GDP ga kowane mutum | Yawan jama'a |
| 1990 | dalar Amurka miliyan 56.412 | $1.653 | 34.125.000 mazauna |
| 1991 | dalar Amurka miliyan 58.308 | $1.674 | 34.834.000 mazauna |
| 1992 | dalar Amurka miliyan 68.997 | $1.942 | 35.530.000 mazauna |
| 1993 | dalar Amurka miliyan 78.195 | $2.160 | 36.208.000 mazauna |
| 1994 | dalar Amurka miliyan 98.260 | $2.666 | 36.863.000 mazauna |
| 1995 | dalar Amurka miliyan 111.237 | $2.967 | 37.490.000 mazauna |
| 1996 | dalar Amurka miliyan 116.838 | $3.067 | 38.100.000 mazauna |
| 1997 | dalar Amurka miliyan 128.267 | $3.323 | 38.600.000 mazauna |
| 1998 | dalar Amurka miliyan 118.442 | $3.021 | 39.200.000 mazauna |
| 1999 | dalar Amurka miliyan 103.761 | $2.614 | 39.700.000 mazauna |
| 2000s (2000 na) | |||
| Shekara | GIB | GDP ga kowane mutum | Yawan jama'a |
| 2000 | dalar Amurka miliyan 99.875 | $2.479 | 40.296.000 mazauna |
| 2001 | dalar Amurka miliyan 98.201 | $2.406 | 40.814.000 mazauna |
| 2002 | dalar Amurka miliyan 97.946 | $2.370 | 41.329.000 mazauna |
| 2003 | dalar Amurka miliyan 94.645 | $2.262 | 41.849.000 mazauna |
| 2004 | dalar Amurka miliyan 117.092 | $2.764 | 42.368.000 mazauna |
| 2005 | dalar Amurka miliyan 146.547 | $3.417 | 42.889.000 mazauna |
| 2006 | dalar Amurka miliyan 162.766 | $3.750 | 43.406.000 mazauna |
| 2007 | dalar Amurka miliyan 207.465 | $4.723 | 43.927.000 mazauna |
| 2008 | dalar Amurka miliyan 244.302 | $5.496 | 44.451.000 mazauna |
| 2009 | dalar Amurka miliyan 233.893 | $5.200 | 44.979.000 mazauna |
| 2010s (10 na) | |||
| Shekara | GIB | GDP ga kowane mutum | Yawan jama'a |
| 2010 | dalar Amurka miliyan 286.954 | $6.305 | 45.510.000 mazauna |
| 2011 | dalar Amurka miliyan 335.437 | $7.785 | 46.045.000 mazauna |
| 2012 | dalar Amurka miliyan 369.430 | $7.931 | 46.582.000 mazauna |
| 2013 | dalar Amurka miliyan 380.170 | $8.068 | 47.121.000 mazauna |
| 2014 | dalar Amurka miliyan 378.323 | $7.938 | 47.662.000 mazauna |
| 2015 | dalar Amurka miliyan 291.530 | $6.048 | 48.203.000 mazauna |
| 2016 | dalar Amurka miliyan 282.357 | $5.803 | 48.653.000 mazauna |
| 2017 | dalar Amurka miliyan 309.191 | $6.273 | 49.292.000 mazauna |
| 2018 | $327 miliyan | $6.562 | 49 mazauna |
| 2019 | dalar Amurka miliyan 355.163 | $6645 | 49 mazauna |
| Source Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya FMI da Bankin Duniya BM (2019) | |||
Tattalin Arziki ta sassa
Tattalin arzikin Colombia ya dogara ne akan harkokin kuɗi da kasuwannin gidaje, kasuwanci da masana'antu a cewar DANE.
Bangaren farko ko na noma
A gaba za mu bayyana bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arzikin noma:
Noma: an tsara shi a ƙarƙashin ayyukan Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma da Raya Karkara ta gwamnatin Colombia, wanda ke shirin bunkasa aikin noma, inda noman fure da ayaba suka mamaye wani muhimmin wuri.
Sauran abubuwan da aka tantance sun nuna cewa, a duk fadin kasar, kashi 10.3% an sadaukar da su ne ga gandun daji, kashi 7.3% na aikin gona da kuma kashi 2.1% na sauran amfanin gonaki.
A shekarar 2013, yankin da aka sadaukar domin amfanin gona na yau da kullun, kamar wake ko masara, ya karu da kashi 1,0%, daga hekta 828.983 zuwa 837.304 tsakanin shekarar 2012 da 2013. Jimillar amfanin gonakin da aka noma canjin shekar ya kai ton miliyan 4,9. ciki har da kayan lambu, wanda ke wakiltar karuwar 9,7% fiye da shekarar da ta gabata.
A gefe guda kuma, a cikin 2013, yankin da aka sadaukar don amfanin gona na dindindin, kamar kofi ko rake, ya kasance hekta miliyan 1,4, wanda ya nuna karuwar samar da kashi 1,6% idan aka kwatanta da 2012, zuwa tan miliyan 5,2.
cafe: Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki na al'ada a Colombia shine noman kofi, kasancewa na uku mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014.
Ya kasance babban jigon tattalin arzikin Colombia tun farkon karni na XNUMX kuma ya sami karbuwa a duniya saboda ingancin hatsi.
Duk da haka, muhimmancinsa da samar da shi sun canza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan: a cikin 2011, an samar da jaka miliyan 7,8, wanda ke wakiltar raguwar 12% idan aka kwatanta da 2010.
Amma a wannan shekarar da ta gabata tsakanin Maris 2017 da samar da buhuna miliyan 13,969 an gabatar da su a cikin Fabrairu 2018.
Kasar tana fitar da kusan ton 560,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi 85% na abin da take samarwa. Kofin kore ba tare da maganin kafeyin ba yana wakiltar 99.64% na jimlar fitar da wannan samfur. Koyaya, akwai wasu samfura guda biyu: kofi mara gasasshen kafeyin da gasasshen kofi mara-kafi.
Amurka, Jamus da Japan sune manyan masu siyan kofi koren kofi tare da kashi 64% na jimillar kayayyakin da Colombia ke fitarwa, sai Kanada, Belgium da Luxembourg, Netherlands, Faransa, Sweden, Spain, Italiya da Ingila suka biyo baya. .
Tun daga 1927, Tarayyar Kasa ta Kasa ta 'kofi na kofi ya fasa da ingantattun albarkatu ta zaɓar halaye. Haka kuma ta tsara fitar da kaya da kare farashi a kasuwannin waje.82
Kwanan nan, hukumomin tattalin arzikin Colombia sun ba da sanarwar gyare-gyaren haɓakawa na hasashen halayen Babban Samfuran Cikin Gida (GDP), la'akari da halayen abubuwan da ke ƙayyade tattalin arziki, kamar faduwar rashin aikin yi, dawo da masana'antu. , kyakkyawan aikin amfani, da sauransu.
Duk da haka, aikace-aikacen sababbin matakan tattalin arziki ya nuna haɗin kai na ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin tattalin arziki a cikin ƙididdige yawan kayan gida na Colombia, bisa ga ƙarshe na aikin digiri na biyu mai suna «Money laundering a cikin Colombian m tattalin arziki: hanyoyin da tasiri a kan tasiri. a kan GDP na sashen."
A cewar mawallafin takardar, Laftanar na biyu Luddy Marcela Roa Rojas, jami'in kungiyar bincike kan kadarorin kadarorin da karkatar da kudade na Hukumar Binciken Laifuka da Interpol.
Ƙarshen ya samo asali ne daga alkaluman da DNE da ƴan sandan ƙasar suka ɗauka, musamman game da kadarorin da aka gabatar domin a kwato kadarorin da aka kama, da aka kama daga ƙungiyoyin masu laifi, ko kuma damke wasu kudade a cikin kuɗin ƙasar.
Ana kallon wadannan a matsayin nuni da irin jarin da kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka ke yi wajen karkatar da kudade da kuma yadda suke gurbata tattalin arzikin sassan.
"Gudunmawar Valle del Cauca, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Amazonas da San Andrés, sassan da aka saba yiwa tashin hankali, ta kasance a bayyane," in ji Roa, wanda ya nuna cewa Amazonas da San Andrés suna ba da gudummawa kaɗan ga GDP na ƙasa, amma kwatanta In. alkaluman masu safarar kudaden haram, wannan kashi ya yi yawa.
Binciken da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Jami'ar kasar ya bayar ya nuna cewa Antioquia yanki ne mai wani muhimmin bangare na GDP, kuma tattalin arziki ne mai karfin gaske da ke nuna kasancewar kungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi da masu aikata laifuka.
Game da fataucin muggan kwayoyi, littafin The New Dimensions of Drug Trafficking in Colombia ya bayyana yadda fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka ba da gudummawa wajen gina al’ummar da ba ta ci gaba ba.
Kyakkyawan masana'antu na baya. da rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa, domin albarkatun da ke shigowa ba su kasance a cikin tattalin arzikin zamani ba amma a cikin karkara da duniya na yau da kullun.
Kiwo: Ana yin amfani da kiwo da kiwo a kananan gonaki da manyan gonaki. Baƙar fata da fari, Casanareño, Costeño con ƙaho, Romosinuano, Chino Santandereano da Hartón del Valle sune nau'ikan 'ya'yan Colombian da suka fi dacewa.
A cikin 2013, shanu sun mamaye kashi 80% na ƙasa mai albarka a Colombia. Bangaren kiwo na daya daga cikin fitattun yankuna kamar yankin Caribbean, inda sassan bakwai ke da kiwo a matsayin babbar sana’arsu.
Har ila yau, a Antioquia, inda mafi girma a cikin kididdigar shanu a kasar, sashen yana da kashi 11% na shanu a Colombia a wannan shekara 76, kuma bisa ga kididdigar shanu, a cikin 2012 Antioquia tana da kimanin 2,268,000 na shanu.
Hakanan a cikin 2013, garken shanun Colombia ya kai shanu miliyan 20,1, wanda miliyan 2,5 (12,5%) shanun kiwo ne. Bugu da kari, adadin nonon da kasar ta samu ya kai lita miliyan 13,1.
Sabanin haka, karuwar shigo da nama daga bangaren alade, hauhawar farashin kayan masarufi da koma bayan tattalin arzikin kasa ya haifar da rikicin noman alade a shekarar 2015.
Bangaren sakandare
Masana'antu: A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Colombia ta tsananta aikin hako ma'adinai saboda amfani da sabbin fasahohi da kuma shigowar masu zuba jari na kasashen waje a cikin kasar. Masana'antun yadi, motoci, sinadarai da petrochemical sun yi fice a fannin masana'antu.
Haƙon mai na Colombia da kusan ganga miliyan ɗaya a kowace rana a cikin 2012 ya sa ya zama na huɗu mafi girma a cikin Latin Amurka kuma na shida a cikin nahiyar.
Game da ma'adanai, yana da daraja a bayyana yadda ake amfani da gawayi, wanda adadi ya kai ton miliyan 85 a cikin 2011, da kuma samarwa da fitar da zinariya da emeralds. An kiyasta samar da iskar gas a shekarar 2011 a mita biliyan 9.
Na uku
Kasuwancin waje: Production hasashe ne ra'ayi amfani da José Antonio Ocampo don bayyana koma baya na Colombian fitarwa masana'antu idan aka kwatanta da sauran irin wannan m sassa a wasu sassa na duniya, wanda, a cewarsa, ya hana ikon bayar da wani samfurin na uniform quality zuwa. kasuwar duniya.
Dangane da haka, ya kara da cewa idan aka yi la’akari da yanayin sauye-sauyen farashin kasa da kasa da rashin fifita yanayin kasuwa, hakan ya sa wadanda ke da alhakin fitar da kayayyaki suka yi watsi da samar da wani samfurin kawai suna neman wasu wuraren sayar da jarin sa.
Shigowar Colombia cikin tattalin arzikin duniya ya fifita kawai waɗancan yankunan da suka sami damar cin gajiyar hanyoyin da kasuwa ke bayarwa, waɗanda suka haɓaka daga mulkin mallaka. Duk wannan ya yi tasiri mai mahimmancin haɓakar yawan jama'arta, ikon yanki ta hanyar shiga siyasa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa, kusan koyaushe cikin motsi tare da mafi mahimmancin jijiyar mura, Magdalena.
A gefe guda kuma, Colombia ta rattaba hannu tare da aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin 'yanci da dama a cikin tsarin manufofin bude tattalin arziki; Daga cikin su, yana da kyau a ambaci Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci tare da Amurka, Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci tare da Kanada, Mexico, Tarayyar Turai, Japan, Alliance Pacific, da sauransu.
Kai: shi ne a cikin wannan al'umma an kafa ta: iska, kasa da ruwa. Bangaren Quaternary: Babban musayar hannun jarin Colombian shine kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Colombia (BVC), sunan da aka bayar bayan hadewar tsakanin hada-hadar hannayen jarin Bogotá, Medellín da Occidente.
Kuɗi
Matsakaicin kuɗin Colombian peso na Colombian. Alamarta ita ce COP, amma ba a san ta a hukumance ba kuma an rage ta da COL $. (Ba kamar dala ba, alamar peso ta Colombia shine $ tare da layi biyu a sama da harafin, ba ɗaya ba.) Banco de la República de Colombia ne ke ba da kuma sarrafa kuɗin, ƙungiyar da aka kafa da ke kula da bayarwa, sarrafawa da sarrafa ƙungiyoyin kuɗi na Colombia, da kuma ba da takaddun doka a cikin ƙasar, peso.
Peso ya kasance kudin Colombia tun 1810, lokacin da aka maye gurbin na gaske a farashin canjin peso 1 = 8 reales. A halin yanzu, tsabar kudi peso dubu hamsin, da dari daya, da dari biyu, da dari biyar da daya, yayin da kudin banki ya kai peso dubu daya, dubu biyu, da dubu biyar, dubu goma, dubu ashirin, dubu hamsin da dubu dari daya.
Sauran bayanai Tattalin arziki
Colombia ta kasance kasa ta hudu mafi karfin tattalin arziki a Latin Amurka, bayan Brazil, Mexico da Argentina, kuma a matsayi na kasa da kasa tana cikin 31 mafi girma a duniya. Yana daga cikin CIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Masar, Turkiyya da Afirka ta Kudu), waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da babban ƙarfin ci gaba.
A cikin 2012, Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Colombia da Amurka ta fara aiki. Yarjejeniyar ta hade da yarjejeniyoyin goma da aka riga aka fara aiki da su da sauran shidan da ake tattaunawa.
Tattalin arzikinta ya dogara ne akan samar da kayayyaki na farko don fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje da kuma amfani da cikin gida, daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki shine noman kofi, daya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da wannan samfurin a duniya.
Ya kasance wani yanki na tsakiya na tattalin arzikin Colombia tun farkon karni na XNUMX kuma ya sami amincewar duniya saboda godiya ga ingancin hatsi; Koyaya, mahimmancinta da samar da shi sun ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Noman mai na daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a nahiyar, Colombia ita ce kasa ta hudu a yawan samar da man a Latin Amurka kuma ta shida a duk fadin nahiyar.
Noma
Kofi shine babban amfanin gona. Bayan Brazil, Colombia ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya kuma ita ce ta farko da ke samar da kofi mai dadi. Ana shuka shi ne a kan gangaren tsaunuka tsakanin 914 da 1.828 m sama da matakin teku, musamman a sassan Caldas, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander, Tolima da Santander.
Sauran muhimman amfanin gona su ne: koko, sugar canne, shinkafa, plantain ko plantain, taba, auduga, yucca, dabino na Afirka, furanni masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Wasu ƙananan amfanin gona sun ƙunshi hatsi, kayan lambu, da 'ya'yan itatuwa iri-iri. Tsire-tsire masu samar da pita, henequen, da hemp kuma ana shuka su, waɗanda ake amfani da su don yin igiya da jaka.
Kamun kifi da gandun daji
Saboda yanayin yanayinta da kuma nau'in nau'in kifi iri-iri, Colombia tana da babban arziƙin ichthyological (Ichthyology shine reshe da aka keɓe don nazarin kifin).
A cikin ruwa na bakin teku da kuma a cikin koguna da tafkunan Colombia da yawa akwai kifaye iri-iri, daga cikinsu akwai: kifi, tarpon, kifin ruwa da kuma tuna.
Game da gandun daji, namo da kiyaye tsaunuka, zamu iya cewa ana samun gandun daji a cikin Amazon Colombia, a kan gabar tekun Pacific, a yankin Catatumbo (iyakar Venezuela) da kuma a cikin wasu gandun daji na manyan basins da kuma a cikin gandun daji. tsakiyar kogin Magdalena da Cauca. Yawancin itacen da ake hakowa a Colombia ana samun su ne ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Mining
Man fetur da zinariya su ne manyan ma’adanai na wannan al’umma. Ana hako ma'adanai masu yawa, gami da azurfa, emeralds, platinum, jan karfe, nickel, kwal, da iskar gas.
Masana'antar mai na karkashin ikon wani kamfani ne na kasa da kuma wasu rangwame ga jarin waje. Ana amfani da danyen mai ne a cikin kwarin kogin Magdalena, mai tazarar kilomita 645 daga tekun Caribbean, da kuma yankin da ke tsakanin Cordillera Oriental da Venezuela.
A Kolombiya akwai matatun mai da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai wanda ke Barrancabermeja ya yi fice. A cikin Gulf of Morrosquillo (Coveñas) da Cartagena akwai wasu masu mahimmanci.
Ana hakar ma'adinan zinari tun lokacin zamanin Hispanic kuma ana aiwatar da shi ne musamman a sashen Antioquia kuma, a ɗan ƙarami, a cikin sassan Cauca, Caldas, Nariño, Tolima, (Quípama) da Chocó.
A kasarmu, karuwar hako ma’adinan ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda ake hako ma’adinan kwal. Yawan noman kwal ya karu daga tan miliyan 21.5 zuwa tan miliyan 85.8 tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2011, yayin da sauran ma'adinan ma'adinai ya karu da tan miliyan 3.8 a daidai wannan lokacin.
Menene sassan wakilci na tattalin arzikin Colombia
Ainihin, tattalin arzikin wannan ƙasa ya dogara ne akan samar da kayayyakin farko na fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje da kuma kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a kasuwannin cikin gida, aikin da aka fi sani da shi shine noman kofi.
Wanda aka aiwatar da tsarinsa a yankuna da dama na ƙasar, yana nuna yankin Coffee wanda ya ƙunshi sassan Caldas, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca da Tolima.
A cikin wannan ma'ana, ana gane ingancin hatsi, wanda ke da girbi mai kyau da tsarin zaɓi, a duniya, yayin da shi ne na uku mafi girma a cikin kofi a duniya.
Har ila yau, a fannin noma, noman furanni, kayan ado na wurare masu zafi, ayaba, shinkafa, ayaba, auduga, rogo, wake, masara, rake da sauran kananan amfanin gona kamar hatsi, ganyaye da ire-irensu na da matukar muhimmanci. na 'ya'yan itatuwa
Dangane da fannin kiwo, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan kanana da manyan gonaki a sassan Antioquia, Cordoba, Casanare, Meta da Santander, yana daya daga cikin mafi shahara a cikin Caribbean, wanda ya hada da kiwo na asali na asali, kamar fararen fata, baki. , Casanareño da bakin teku. tare da ƙaho, Romosinuano, Santandereano na Sinanci da Hartón del Valle.
Sauran ayyukan tattalin arzikin Colombia
Har ila yau, tattalin arzikin al'adun Colombia yana samun goyon bayan bangaren masana'antu, wanda ya hada da yankin hakar ma'adinai tare da hakar galibi na mai, zinare, kwal da sauran ma'adanai kamar azurfa, emerald, jan karfe, nickel da iskar gas.
Har ila yau haskaka masana'antar yadi, motoci, sinadarai da masana'antar petrochemical da ƙara wasu sassa, kamar su jirgin ruwa, sufurin ƙasa ko iska, da kuɗi.
A sa'i daya kuma, cinikayyar kasashen waje ta zama gurguwar kafar tattalin arzikin Colombia, saboda da yawa ana fuskantar wahala wajen samar da kayayyaki masu inganci da ke gogayya da kasuwannin duniya, a daya bangaren kuma, wasu masana tattalin arziki sun tabbatar da cewa. ana fitar da shi zuwa kasashen waje.
Hazakar man fetur da na dan Adam, duk da cewa ana shigo da kayayyakin kasar Sin ne don amfanin cikin gida, suna kara mayar da jarin da kamfanonin kasa da kasa da aka kafa a kasar ke yi, duk da haka, kudaden da 'yan kasashen waje ke aikawa ko ta yaya za su biya. wannan zubewar
Duk da haka, a halin yanzu Colombia tana da yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin 'yanci waɗanda suka haɗa da buɗe kasuwannin kayayyaki da sabis tare da Mexico, Mercosur, Arewacin Triangle na Amurka ta Tsakiya, Amurka, Kanada, Tarayyar Turai da Japan, da sauransu. zama ginshiƙi na ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin Colombia.
Me yasa fitar da Colombian ba sa girma?
Shekarar da ta gabata ba ta yi kyau ba ta fuskar cinikin kasashen waje. Kamar yadda Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa (Dane) ta ruwaito, ya zuwa watan Nuwamba 2019, kasar ta samu gibin ciniki na dalar Amurka miliyan 10.283. Halin yana da damuwa, saboda a cikin wannan lokacin na 2018 gibin ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 6.460 kawai.
Idan muka yi nazarin lambobi daki-daki, an samu karuwar kashi 61.9% na shigo da mai a watan Nuwamba.
An bayyana wannan adadi ta ƙarin buƙatun mai tun lokacin haɓakar haɓakar ya kasance gabaɗaya yana wakiltar ƙarin motoci, ƙarin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da ƙarin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Idan ba a yi la'akari da bayanan man fetur ba, shigo da kaya ya kasance kamar yadda ake tsammani. Wato kasar na shigo da abin da take bukata daga kasashen waje.
Sai dai kuma, halin da ake ciki na fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen ketare, musamman yadda ake fitar da makamashin da ba na ma'adinai ba, har yanzu yana haifar da tambayoyi, domin da alama ba za su iya amsawa ba. A watan Nuwamban bara, tallace-tallacen da kasar ke samu a kasashen waje ya ragu da kashi 13,6%.
Akwai kuma nuna son kai da man fetur, domin a cikin watanni goma sha daya na farko, sun fadi da kashi 11,4%. Duk da haka, noma bai ci gaba ba, fannin masana'antu ya ragu da kashi 0.1% yayin da sauran kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje suka karu da kashi 19.3%, amma dai wadanda ke shiga mafi kankanta a jimillar jimillar.
Tambayar tana da mahimmanci, saboda rashin daidaituwa na waje zai iya wakiltar haɗari mafi mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Colombia a yau: cewa kasar ba ta da kudaden da take bukata. A halin yanzu, ba da kuɗaɗen waje da jarin waje sun cike wannan gibin.
A takaice dai, dole ne a yi wani abu don inganta matsayin Colombia a cinikin duniya. A cewar Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Harkokin Waje, Laura Valdivieso, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, raguwar matakan kasuwancin waje a duniya, wanda yakin cinikayya ya haifar, ya yi tasiri.
Alkaluman sun nuna wannan gaskiyar. A cikin watanni 10 na farkon 2018, shigo da kayayyaki daga Turai da China ya karu da kusan 12%. Kuma a daidai wannan lokacin na shekarar 2019, shigo da kayayyaki daga kasar Sin ya ragu da kashi 5,1% yayin da kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su Turai suka ragu da kashi 0,7%.
Ƙari ga wannan shi ne faduwar farashin kayayyaki na duniya. A daidai wannan lokacin a cikin 2018, sun faɗi zuwa 14.9% kuma a cikin 2019 sun faɗi zuwa 9.2%. Wannan gaskiyar ta ƙarshe ta shafi ƙasar sosai, tunda tayin da Colombia ke bayarwa na fitar da kayayyaki ya ta'allaka ne a samfuran farko. Gwamnati ta nuna muhimman abubuwa guda uku don magance wannan matsala ta gibi a waje: mafi kyawun amfani da yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin 'yanci (FTAs) da ake da su, sauƙaƙa kasuwanci da zaburar da hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare.
Bugu da kari, gwamnati za ta kaddamar da shirin "Colombia Export More" a tsakiyar watan Fabrairu, don karfafa tallace-tallace na kasashen waje, ba kawai bisa wadannan ka'idojin siyasa ba, har ma da tsarin yanki don fadada samar da kayayyaki na sassan.
Kolombiya tana buƙatar ƙara fitar da kayayyakin makamashin da ba na ma'adinai ba. Kuma a bayyane yake cewa kasar ma tana da babban yuwuwar a bangaren ayyuka, kamar yawon bude ido. Wannan sashe yana nuna babban ci gaba fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Hasali ma, ana sa ran fannin yawon bude ido zai samar da kudaden shiga na kusan dala biliyan 6.
Kasar ta shigo da man fetur da yawa a cikin watan Nuwamba kuma ta fallasa hadarin rasa wadatar makamashin ta. Idan haka ta faru, Colombia za ta kashe dala biliyan 30 a kowace shekara a wannan fagen. Banco de la República kwanan nan ya nuna cewa hukumomin tattalin arziki sun yi hasashen gibin asusu na yanzu fiye da 4,5%.
Lokacin da ƙasashe ke da gibin dindindin sama da 5%, gyare-gyaren tattalin arziƙin yana da tsauri kuma ya haɗa da yuwuwar koma bayan tattalin arziki. Wato kasar za ta kasance a kan wani yanayi mai sarkakiya kan wannan batu.
Yayin da a hankali a cikin kwandon makamashi na duniya ke shirin yin nasara, samun nasara a wannan gaba lamari ne na "kula" ga dukanmu.
Mai da sha'awar abin da ake samarwa a cikin ƙasa
Idan halin da ake ciki ya bar mu da wani abu, tabbas ne cewa mun fi fuskantar rauni fiye da yadda muke zato kuma muna son karba. Mai rauni a matsayin mutum kuma mai rauni a matsayin al'umma. Gine-gine da yawa sun bace ko cire su.
Al'adu, hakkoki, labarun shekaru da shekaru, cibiyoyi, gabaɗaya, duk abubuwan da ɗan adam suka ƙirƙira sun zama masu shuɗewa kamar kowace rayuwarmu. Darasi mai wahala amma mai zurfi da muka samu.
Babban zato na wannan labarin shine cewa duniya, a, tana canzawa. Ba a wannan lokacin kadai ba, ba mu san tsawon lokacin da zai yi ba. Akwai alamun cewa za a sami sauye-sauyen tsarin da dole ne mu ba da kulawa mafi girma. Abin da ba zai iya faruwa da mu ba shi ne mun isa sabuwar duniya kuma ba mu yi shiri don fuskantarta ba.
Ba mu san adadin abubuwan da aka sake tsarawa don wannan sabuwar duniya ba, amma akwai kaɗan waɗanda muka sani. Za mu sami mafi girman rashin aikin yi a tarihi, za mu koma kan talaucin da muke tunanin mun ci nasara.
Kasuwanci za su bace, jihohi za su sami matakan bashi mafi girma fiye da yadda aka yi la'akari da karɓa, da yawa za su bincika megatrend da aka yi la'akari da shi a baya na karuwar tafiye-tafiye.
Za mu zama mafi dijital kowace rana, za mu iya yin aiki ƙasa da mutum, za mu kula da kowane nau'in mura, tsarin kiwon lafiya zai sami fifiko mafi girma, za mu yi la'akari da kanmu mafi haɗari ga yanayin da muke yi. ban sani ba.
Za a sake kimanta hasashe da kimanta haɗarin, musamman a fagen kuɗi, gaba ɗaya. Misali, shin akwai hatsarin cewa kasuwancin kasa da kasa zai canza salo da kuma katse hanyar da za ta kai ga cikar dunkulewar duniya? Don haka da alama.
Tunanin, ga yawancin utopians, cewa duniya babbar ƙungiya ce mai albarka, wadda dole ne ta yi hidima ga dukan jama'a tare da mafi kyawun amfani da albarkatun da ake da su, da alama ba zai yiwu ba a nan gaba. Zaman duniya, ga mutane da yawa, ya ɓace a cikin sigar da muka sani.
Abubuwan da ke sama, saboda dalilai masu yawa; Da alama ba zai yiwu a yi tunanin sarƙoƙi masu kima na duniya ba, waɗanda ake ganin akwai alaƙar kasuwanci, a ɗaya ɓangaren, da dangantakar siyasa ta duniya, a daya bangaren.
An bayyana aniyar kasar Sin na kawar da Amurka da Turai daga kan mukamin shugabancin da suka shafe sama da karni guda. Halin na karshen na son kare matsayinsa na dan lokaci shima a fili yake. To wane irin kwarin gwiwa ne manyan kasashen yammacin duniya za su ci gaba da karfafa babban abokin hamayyarsu?
Wannan sabon daidaito tsakanin muradun siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kasuwanci tabbas zai haifar da ƙarancin dogaro ga matakai da kayayyaki da yawa daga ƙasashe, masana'antu, da wurare waɗanda suka kafa a ƙasashe kamar China.
A wasu lokuta, an riga an san hanyoyin ƙaura, a wasu, mafi ƙarancin za mu gani shine rarrabuwa wanda ke rage dogaro kuma, sabili da haka, haɗarin kasancewa a cikin ƙasar da ke da babbar fa'ida ta mamaye duniya. A cikin wannan yanayin, mai yiwuwa Colombia tana da babban damarta na shekaru da yawa. Wannan dama ce ta sanya kanku a matsayin madadin tafiya na gaba.
Kasance cikin sabbin sarƙoƙin ƙima, mai yiwuwa yanzu yanki. Me ya sa za mu zama madaidaicin madadin wannan? Akwai dalilai da yawa don yin tunani game da fa'idodinmu. Matsayin yanki, gwaninta, ƙwararrun ma'aikata, ƙwararrun cibiyoyi, dimokuradiyya, da alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasashen yamma. Tabbas zai zama wani abu don yin la'akari da wannan sake fasalin sabbin sarƙoƙi masu ƙima.
Duk da haka, na sama ba zai isa ba. Wannan ra'ayin ya riga ya sami mutane da yawa, a Mexico, Peru, Chile, Argentina da sauran ƙasashe sun faɗi iri ɗaya. Gasar zuba jari na kasa da kasa, a kasashen da ke fama da matsanancin rashin aikin yi, za ta yi sanadin mutuwa.
Babban gasar ta fito ne daga zuba jari. Shin za mu iya zama mafi kyawun makoma don komawar zuba jari? Zai ɗauki kyakkyawan hangen nesa don cimma wannan, babban yanke shawara na ƙasa. Dole ne mu canza wasu abubuwa, mu ƙirƙira wasu kuma mu magance cikas da shingayen da a yau ba su sa mu zama ƙasa mafi kyawun saka hannun jari ba.
An san ajanda, abin da ba mu sani ba shine don ba da muhawara mai wuyar gaske. Yana da matukar wahala a gare mu mu gudanar da tattaunawa mai zurfi da tsari game da kasafin kudi, aiki, fansho, haraji, ilimi, adalci ko batutuwan gasa.
Shin za mu iya samun waɗannan muhawara kuma mu yi ƙoƙarin gina tsarin ci gaban dabarun da zai ba mu damar zama masu nasara a cikin wannan sake fasalin da ke gudana?
Wani madadin shine, idan ba ma son ba da cikakkiyar muhawarar, mu mai da hankali kan samar da ingantattun yanayi don aƙalla samar da yanayin da zai ba mu damar yin gasa don sabbin saka hannun jari.
Ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan yanayi mai ban sha'awa don sabbin saka hannun jari, ta yadda za mu iya zaɓar wurin da kuke. Aƙalla yana bayar da abin da wasu ƙasashe ke bayarwa. Misali, ta hanyar yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki ko gwamnatoci na musamman don sabbin jarin da ke haifar da ayyukan yi da ci gaban da muke matukar bukata.
Wani fa'idar sake fasalin ciniki da alama yana da ɗan tsaurin ra'ayi a cikin niyyarsa ta rage dogaro da ƙasashen duniya, kuma tana neman fifita samfuran da ke da babban ɓangaren ƙwadago na cikin gida, a cikin duniyar da rashin aikin yi ke ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin.
Ana sa ran kasashe suna son karfafa samar da ayyukan yi a yankunansu, yin hakan ya zama wajibi. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a yi kokarin fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje, amma ba za mu iya ba don cin gajiyar kasuwanninmu na cikin gida don samar da karin ayyukan yi.
Shekaru da yawa, jihohi da yawa a cikin Tarayyar Amurka suna haɓaka kamfen kamar Buy Local, gami da gida, wanda ke da nufin tallafawa kamfanoni waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan yi a cikin tattalin arzikin makwabta. Yin hakan halal ne kuma yana da ma'ana.
Ya zama ruwan dare ganin masu saye da sayarwa suna sane da cewa abin da suke siya ya samo asali ne daga ayyuka masu ɗorewa, samfuran da suka dace da doka ko samfuran da ke samar da ayyukan yi a muhallinsu.
Daga Andi, mun kaddamar da decalogue na tallafi ga kamfanin na kasa, wato, duk kamfanonin da ke samar da ayyukan yi a Colombia, ba tare da la'akari da asalin jarin su ba. Yana da mahimmanci cewa ana samun ƙarin kamfanoni da ayyuka a yankinmu, muna buƙatar su.
Wannan ba game da kariya ba ne. Wato, ba batun sanya shinge ko haraji kan kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga waje ba. Yana da game da samar da dabarun da ke ba da dama da ayyuka da yawa a cikin ƙasa.
Ƙarfafa abokan ciniki, kamfanoni da jihar Colombia su yi amfani da ikon zaɓi ta yadda da ayyukansu za su saya da samar da ayyukan yi da walwala. Amma, a kowane hali, ba za mu iya ƙyale kowane nau'i na rashin adalci daga masu samarwa a wasu ƙasashe ba.
Kasashe da dama na kallon ayyukan rashin adalci a matsayin babban cin zarafi, saboda suna cutar da ayyuka, iyalai, kasuwanci da kuma kasa. Decalogue kuma yana neman haɗe mu don tsaro da ceton kamfanoni da kasuwanci daban-daban.
Tambayoyin da coronavirus ke barin mu game da makomar Colombia
Tare da wannan annoba, ta fuskar tattalin arziki, ta dakatar da duk sharuɗɗan tsarin, aƙalla don wani muhimmin yanki na al'ummar duniya. A karon farko, bala'in da ya barke tsakanin kasashen duniya ya sanya a kalla kashi 50% na al'ummar duniya ba su iya samun kudi. Wannan ya sa hukumomi da gwamnatoci da masana da dama suka daina cece-kuce ko mafita cikin sauki.
Rikicin da aka saba tasowa yana tasowa daga rashin daidaituwa na kudi, kasafin kuɗi ko na waje. Wato ta hanyar kasashen da suka yi tabarbarewar tattalin arzikinsu. Amma a wannan yanayin, yawancin mazaunan dole ne su zauna a gida, kamfanoni dole ne su kashe injunan su kuma kayan aikin samarwa gabaɗaya sun shiga yanayin rashin bacci.
Don haka gwamnatoci suna buƙatar daidaita da'irar: ta yaya za mu iya tabbatar da cewa na'urar ta fito ba tare da damuwa ba idan mutane sun kasance a kulle? Ta hanyoyi da yawa, coronavirus ya koyi bayyanannun darussa. Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan sun haifar da sabbin cibiyoyi, yanke shawara masu haɗari ko kuma kawai gyare-gyare waɗanda suka yi amfani da tsarin tattalin arziki a wasu matakan.
Misali, game da Colombia, rikicin 1999 ya nuna mahimmancin samun albarkatu don tabbatar da tanadin jama'a. A sakamakon haka, kasar ta yanke shawarar ƙarfafa Asusun Garanti na Cibiyoyin Kuɗi (Fogafin), a yau ƙaƙƙarfan mahaɗin da ke da mahimman albarkatu don inshorar ajiya.
A halin yanzu tana da ajiyar kusan dala miliyan 20 waɗanda ke tallafawa duk wani rikici a cikin tsarin kuɗi. Daga irin wannan rikicin ya taso a halin yanzu tsarin musayar kuɗi na kyauta, wanda ya nuna fa'idodinsa a cikin 2008 da 2014, shekaru na tashin hankali na waje.
Dokokin daidaita kasafin kudi a cikin yankuna, tsarin kasafin kuɗi da kansa da sabon tsarin sarauta sun fito ne daga yanayin da rikice-rikice ya tilasta mana yin tunanin sabbin hanyoyin warwarewa, inganci da gaskiya.
Amma yanzu komai ya bambanta. A bayyane yake, babu wata ƙasa a duniyar da ke da tsarin cibiyoyi da ke da ikon magance tsaikon samarwa ba zato ba tsammani.
A cikin yanayi na yanzu, wasu abubuwa sun zama mahimmanci. Misali, yuwuwar ba da garantin samun kudin shiga ga yawancin jama'a ba tare da sharadi ba. Wato a ba mutane kuɗi (ba tare da zagi ba). Ko da wanda, kafin barkewar cutar, bai yi kama da rauni ba.
Je zuwa ga mafi ƙarancin kudin shiga na duniya?
A bayyane yake, ƙasar tana da cibiyar sadarwar kariyar zamantakewa mai ƙarfi wacce ta taimaka wajen samun kuɗin shiga na miliyoyin mutane waɗanda ke amfana da shirye-shirye kamar Familias en Acción, Jovenes en Acción, da Magajin garin Colombia.
Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar biyan iyalai miliyan 3 a cikin wadannan tallafi ta hanyar shirin samun kudin shiga na Solidarity.
Roberto Angulo, kwararre kan al'amurran da suka shafi manufofin jama'a kuma a halin yanzu dan majalisa mai kula da harkokin zamantakewar al'umma, ya bayyana cewa, godiya ga gaggawar kawo kudin shiga ga wani bangare na jama'a wanda har yanzu ba a kan radar shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na gwamnati ba, in ji shi. :
“Tsarin da aka buɗe sun cika abin da ake buƙata don haɗa ƙananan deciles na yawan jama'a. An ketare shingen fasaha,” in ji shi. Don haka, ya bayyana, "za mu kasance a shirye don samun tabbacin mafi karancin kudin shiga na kasa."
Wannan zai zama ci gaba ne kawai a cikin ƙasashen Nordic. Tunanin tushen samun kudin shiga na duniya ya fara girma sosai tun daga shekarun 1970. Kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, marubuta irin su Steven Pinker da Rutger Bergman sun kare shi.
Na karshen ya kare shi a cikin littafin tsokana mai suna Utopia ga masu gaskiya. A takaice dai, shine game da ba da kuɗi ga kowa ba tare da togiya ba. Tare da ka'ida mai sauƙi: ita ce hanya mafi kyau don sake rarraba kudaden shiga. Tare da aiki tare da bayanan bayanai, da buƙatar ci gaba da biyan kuɗin VAT, sha'awar samar da haɗin kai da kuma ƙarfafa shirye-shiryen da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta yi, wannan hanya a bude take.
Muhalli don gyarawa
Ko da yake ƙasar ta fahimci fa'idodin canja wurin kai tsaye ga jama'a kuma ta yarda da ci gaba zuwa tsarin "tsari na tushen samun kudin shiga na duniya ga 'yan Colombia", tattaunawar da ta biyo baya tana mai da hankali kan tsarin samun kudin shiga don tallafawa wannan ci gaba.
Ministan Kudi Alberto Carrasquilla ya tabo batun yayin tattaunawar majalisar game da sake fasalin haraji. Idan an ƙarfafa wannan cibiyar, za ta iya matsawa zuwa tsarin haraji tare da ƙarin harajin ƙima. Hakan zai sa a iya yaki da zamba da kuma karfafa kudaden gwamnati. Dole ne wannan muhawara ta kasance a bude.
Keynes yayi gaskiya
Duniya koyaushe tana komawa ga ƙa'idodin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tattalin arziki na ƙarni na XNUMX: John Maynard Keynes. Wannan Baturen, wanda ke da tasiri mai girma a kan tsarin duniya na manufofin tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan, ya damu da fahimtar dalilin da yasa tsarin tattalin arziki bisa 'yanci a wani lokaci ya haifar da rashin aikin yi.
Kada mu manta da tasirin rashin tabbas a nan gaba da kuma yadda yake shafar shawarar saka hannun jari na mutane. Dudley Dillard, a cikin aikinsa a kan tunanin Keynesian, ya nuna dalilin da ya sa dole ne wani ya yi tunanin masanin tattalin arziki na Ingila a kowace rana da kuma yadda tunanin tattalin arziki na gargajiya ke cikin matsala mai tsanani a cikin duniyar da rashin tabbas ya mamaye.
"A cikin duniyar da makomar tattalin arziki ba ta da tabbas sosai kuma inda kudi ke zama muhimmiyar hanyar tara dukiya, yawan aikin yi ya dogara da dangantakar da ake tsammani tsakanin fa'idodin da ake sa ran zuba jari a kadarorin jari da kuma farashin ribar da dole ne a biya. don jawo hankalin masu hannu da shuni su canja wurin mallakar kuɗinsu. (…)
Lokacin da aka rasa kwarin gwiwa a nan gaba kuma hasashen samun kuɗi ya yi rauni, farashin da ake buƙata don masu riƙe da dukiyar su rabu da kuɗinsu zai wuce adadin dawowar da ake tsammani. Zuba jari da aikin yi za su faɗi ƙasa kaɗan.
Bacin rai lokaci ne da kuɗin da za a biya akan kuɗi marasa aiki ya zarce adadin da ake tsammani na dawowa wajen tara sabbin kadarorin kusan kowane iri.
Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da hukumomi za su fuskanta, tun da ba a sa ran kawo karshen annobar zai haifar da farfado da tattalin arziki cikin gaggawa, abin jira a gani yadda suke.
batun ko a'a
Tattaunawar tattalin arziki na yanzu tana da ra'ayin buga shi ko rashin buga shi. A takaice dai, "zama jama'a" gibin jama'a da ke haifar da cutar. Batun ya sanya ayar tambaya kan ko kawo karin kudi a kasuwa zai iya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.
Ya danganta da abin da gwamnati ke ware wa al’amuran albarkatu, na biyu kuma, abin da mutane ke kashe wadannan kudaden da suke samu daga jihar.
Gwamnatin tsakiya za ta ware duk wani albarkatun da ake fitarwa don biyan farashin da ya shafi cutar: lafiya, aiki da abinci. Ya zuwa yanzu dai babu wanda ya tattauna batun a Colombia, amma an ce masana tattalin arziki da dama sun goyi bayan yin hakan.
Wata babbar tambayar ita ce irin farfadowar da tattalin arzikin zai fuskanta. Anan, batun mai mahimmanci shine ra'ayin makomar wakilan tattalin arziki.
Idan hukumomi ba su nuna cewa suna da dukkan hanyoyin magance wannan cutar ko wata cuta ba, tattalin arzikin zai yi matukar wahala. Gina dogara ga manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na iya haifar da farfadowar "V" don nasara.
Me za a saka a ciki?
Barkewar cutar ta haifar da wani bangare: ikon da kasashe ke da shi na tunkarar annoba zai kawo canji a wadannan sabbin lokuta. Don haka, kashe kuɗi akan lafiya da bincike zai zama mahimmanci don rage tasirin waɗannan lamuran.
Don haka kasar na fuskantar babban kalubale. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a fannin kiwon lafiya suna da yawa, amma a bayyane yake cewa har yanzu ana bukatar ci gaba don mayar da kasar cibiyar bincike. Ba manufa ce mai nisa ba.
Misalin wannan shine na karatun asibiti: takardar 2016 daga Ofishin Jakadancin Pugatch na dakin gwaje-gwajen Amgen ya nuna cewa Colombia na iya jawo hannun jarin da ya kai dala miliyan 500 don gudanar da binciken asibiti kan sabbin magunguna ko kayayyaki. sadaukar da lafiya. Tabbas akwai dama.
Barkewar cutar ta nuna babbar barazana ta duniya ta farko a tarihi. Ya yi babban tasiri. Amma bai kamata hakan ya zama cikas ga ganin darussan da za a iya koya ba. Idan ba haka ba, kurakurai za su sake faruwa a nan gaba.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin akan Tattalin Arzikin Colombian mai ban sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan wasu: