Tun da ’yan Adam suka samo asali a Afirka kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, sun yi nasarar yaduwa a duk duniya, suna dacewa da yanayi daban-daban, kamar yanayi. Rarraba al'ummomin da suka taso a duniya sun bambanta da ƙirƙirar Halayen Banbancin Al'adu wanda har yanzu akwai.
Halayen Banbancin Al'adu
Bambancin al'adu shine nau'ikan al'adu a cikin takamaiman yanki ko a duniya gaba ɗaya. Matsakaicin bambancin al'adu a cikin yanki ko al'umma na iya samuwa daga matakin kasancewar mutane daga kabilu da al'adu daban-daban. Baya ga fitattun bambance-bambancen al’adu da ake da su, kamar harshe, tufa, da al’adu, akwai kuma bambance-bambancen banbance-banbance ta hanyoyin da al’ummomi suke tsara kansu, da dabi’u da ka’idojinsu, da hanyoyin da suke mu’amala da su. muhalli..
Bambance-bambancen al'adu yana da wuyar aunawa, amma ana ɗaukar adadin harsunan da ake magana a wani yanki ko a cikin duniya alama ce mai kyau. Wannan hanya tana nuna cewa za a iya samun wani lokaci na raguwar bambancin al'adu a duniya.
Binciken David Crystal ya nuna cewa, a matsakaici, ba a yin amfani da harshe kowane mako biyu. Ya lissafta cewa idan aka ci gaba da wannan yanayin na bacewar harshe, nan da shekara ta 2100 sama da kashi 90% na harsunan da ake magana a yau za su shuɗe. Yawan jama'a, shige da fice da mulkin mallaka sune dalilan da zasu iya bayyana wannan raguwar.
Menene bambancin al'adu?
Bambance-bambancen al'adu su ne bangarori daban-daban da al'adu daban-daban ke wakilta musamman, kamar harshe, al'adu, ilimin gastronomy, addini, al'adu, tsarin tsarin iyali, siyasa, da sauran halaye na rukunin 'yan adam da ke zaune a wani yanki.
Bambance-bambancen al'adu ra'ayi ne da aka ƙirƙira don fahimtar hanyoyin bambancewa tsakanin al'adu daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a duniya. Al'adu da yawa sun zama abin da ake kira asalin al'adun mutane ko na al'umma; "alama" da ke keɓancewa da bambanta membobin wani wuri da sauran al'ummar duniya.
Bambance-bambance na nufin yawa, iri-iri da bambance-bambance, ra'ayin da ake la'akari da cikakken kishiyar daidaito. A halin yanzu, saboda tsarin mulkin mallaka da kuma karkatar da al'adu a tsakanin mafi yawan al'ummomin duniya, kusan dukkanin kasashe suna da bambancin al'adunsu, wato, "yanki" na hadisai da amfani da al'adu daban-daban.
Akwai al'ummomi daban-daban da yawa a cikin duniya waɗanda suka bambanta sosai da juna. Yawancinsu sun kiyaye waɗannan bambance-bambance har yau. Akwai bambancin al'adu tsakanin mutane, kamar harshe, tufafi, da al'adu. Hatta tsarin tsarin al'umma na iya bambanta sosai, misali dangane da ɗabi'a ko kuma dangane da muhalli. bambance-bambancen al'adu ana iya ɗaukar kamanceceniya da bambancin halittu.
Wasu mutane suna ɗaukar dunƙulewar duniya a matsayin haɗari ga kiyaye halayen bambance-bambancen al'adu, tun da sun yi imanin cewa yana nufin asarar al'adun gargajiya da na kowace al'umma, yana ba da hanya ga halaye na duniya da na rashin mutunci. Nazarin da masu bincike da yawa suka yi sun kammala cewa tsarin dunƙulewar duniya yana yin katsalandan ga bambance-bambancen al'adu, tun da akwai musanyar tattalin arziki da al'adu tsakanin ƙasashe, waɗanda galibi ke neman daidaito.
Dangane da yanayin da ake bi wajen daidaita abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da al'adu da ke haifar da dunkulewar ciniki da kayayyaki a duniya, kiyaye bambancin al'adu ya zama muhimmin batu kuma ya yi la'akari da shi.
- cewa babu wani abin koyi na al'adu guda ɗaya sai dai ɗimbin al'adu iri-iri waɗanda suke da ƙima iri ɗaya kuma sun cancanci girmamawa daidai
- cewa amincewa da wannan bambance-bambancen abu ne mai mahimmanci ga zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin al'ummomi.
"Bambancin al'adu yana wakiltar [...] kamar bambancin halittu, wadataccen tafki mai yiwuwa." A saboda wannan dalili, "a halin yanzu cibiyoyi na kasa da kasa suna ba da kansu da kayan aikin doka da na doka don inganta bambancin al'adu." (Fabric Flipo)
Abubuwan Banbancin Al'adu
Ta hanyar kwatankwacin halittu masu rai, wanda ake gani a matsayin wani abu na dogon lokaci na rayuwa a duniya, za a iya cewa fasali na bambancin al'adu suna da mahimmanci ga wanzuwar ɗan adam na dogon lokaci; kuma cewa kiyaye al'adun asali na iya zama mahimmanci tun da yake yana kiyaye wanzuwar nau'in nau'in halittu da halittu gaba ɗaya.
Babban taron UNESCO ya cimma wannan matsaya ne a shekara ta 2001 lokacin da ya amince da tanade-tanade na 1 na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya game da bambancin al'adu, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Bambancin al'adu ya zama dole ga bil'adama kamar yadda rayayyun halittu ya zama wajibi ga yanayi".
Wasu mutane suna jayayya da wannan da'awar saboda dalilai daban-daban. Na farko, kamar yawancin abubuwan juyin halitta a cikin yanayin ɗan adam, mahimmancin bambancin al'adu don ci gaba da wanzuwa wani hasashe ne da ba a gwada shi ba wanda ba zai iya tabbatarwa ko karyatawa ba. Na biyu, ana iya jayayya cewa rashin da'a ne don kula da "al'ummomin da ba su da ci gaba" kamar yadda ya hana yawancin mutanen da ke cikin su damar amfani da sababbin fasahar fasaha da likitancin da duniya "ci gaba" ke amfani da su.
Kamar yadda kiyaye fatara a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar yadda "banbancin al'adu" ba daidai ba ne, haka ma rashin da'a ne a kiyaye duk wani aiki na addini kawai saboda ana la'akari da shi daga cikin halayen bambancin al'adu. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ayyana wasu ayyukan addini da rashin da'a, da suka hada da kaciya, auren mata fiye da daya, auren kananan yara, da sadaukarwa.
Tare da haɓakar haɗin gwiwar duniya, ƙasashen da aka kafa tarihi sun fuskanci matsi mai ban mamaki. A wannan zamani na ci gaban fasaha, bayanai da jari suna ƙetare iyakokin ƙasa da sake fasalin dangantaka tsakanin kasuwanni, ƙasashe, da mutane. Musamman, ci gaban kafofin watsa labaru ya yi tasiri sosai ga mutane da al'ummomin duniya.
Idan akwai wata fa'ida, wannan buɗaɗɗen yana yin mummunan tasiri ga asalin al'ummomin. Idan aka yi la’akari da saurin yaɗuwar bayanai a duniya, ma’anar al’adu, ɗabi’un al’adu da salon rayuwa na cikin haɗarin da za a iya fitar da su. A sakamakon haka, matakin tantance kai na mutum da al'umma na iya fara rauni.
Wasu mutane, musamman waɗanda ke da ƙwaƙƙwaran akidar addini, sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa yana da amfani ga dukan mutane da dukan bil'adama su kula da wani samfurin al'umma da wasu sassa na wannan samfurin. A halin yanzu, sadarwa tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban na ƙara yin ƙarfi. Da yawan ɗalibai suna zabar yin karatu a ƙasashen waje don sanin bambancin al'adu da kansu. Manufarsa ita ce faɗaɗa tunaninsa da haɓaka halayensa ta hanyar ilimin rayuwa a wasu nahiyoyi.
Misali, a cewar Fengling, Chen, Du Yanyun, da Yu Ma, suna jayayya cewa an gina ilimi a kasar Sin da farko, kamar yadda aka saba, bisa cikakken fassarar haddar kayayyaki da na injina. Tsarin ilimin gargajiya na kasar Sin ya dogara ne kan sha'awar dalibai su fahimci wasu muhimman abubuwan da ke ciki.
A cikin ajujuwa, malaman kasar Sin masu daukar ilimi ne kuma alamar iko, dalibai a kasar Sin gaba daya suna girmama malamansu sosai. A daya bangaren kuma, a tsarin ilimi na kasar Amurka, daliban Amurka suna kallon malaman jami'a a matsayin takwarorinsu. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙarfafa jayayya da malamai.
Tattaunawa kyauta da buɗe ido kan batutuwa iri-iri iri-iri ne na yawancin kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka. Muhawarar ita ce babban bambanci tsakanin tsarin ilimi na kasar Sin da Amurka. Amma ba za mu iya cewa babu shakka wanne ya fi kyau ba, domin kowace al’ada tana da fa’ida da halaye nata. Wadannan bambance-bambance da bambancin al'adu ne suka sa duniyarmu ta kasance mai launi iri-iri.
Daliban da ke karatu a ƙasashen waje, muddin suka haɗa kyawawan al'adun al'adu guda biyu a cikin ci gaban su, suna samun fa'ida mai fa'ida ga ayyukansu gabaɗaya. Musamman, idan aka yi la’akari da yadda ake tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arzikin duniya a halin yanzu, mutanen da suka rungumi kwarewar al’adu daban-daban.
Gadon al'adu
Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da bambancin al'adu, wanda UNESCO ta amince da shi a shekara ta 2001, takarda ce ta doka wacce ta amince da bambancin al'adu a matsayin "gadon jama'a na yau da kullum" kuma yana daukar kariyarsa a matsayin wani abin da ba za a iya kaucewa ba kuma mai da'a, wanda ke tafiya tare da girmamawa ga yanayin mutum.
Baya ga ayyana ka'idojin da aka amince da su a shekarar 2003 a taron Geneva na taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kungiyar Watsa Labarai (WSIS), Yarjejeniyar UNESCO kan Kariya da Ci Gaban Bambance-bambancen Kalaman Al'adu, da aka amince da ita a watan Oktoban 2005, ita ma doka ce. daurin kayan aiki wanda ya gane cewa:
- yanayi na musamman na kayan al'adu, ayyuka da ayyuka shine tushen asali, dabi'u da abun ciki na ma'ana;
- Duk da yake kayayyaki na al'adu, ayyuka da ayyuka suna da mahimmancin tattalin arziki, ba kawai kayan masarufi ba ne waɗanda za a iya kula da su azaman ciniki.
Sanarwar ta ce "ana kara matsin lamba kan kasashen da su ba da hakkinsu na yin amfani da manufofinsu na al'adu da kowane bangare na fannin al'adu a yayin shawarwarin yarjejeniyar cinikayyar kasa da kasa." A halin yanzu, kasashe mambobi 116, da kuma Tarayyar Turai, sun amince da Yarjejeniyar (sai dai Amurka, Australia da Isra'ila).
Wannan kayan aikin doka mara ɗauri wanda aka ƙera don daidaita kasuwancin duniya ya zama madaidaicin nuni na zaɓin manufofin Turai. A cikin 2009, Kotun Shari'a ta Al'ummomin Turai ta goyi bayan hangen nesa mai zurfi na al'adu, fiye da kayan al'adu ta hanyar kariyar fina-finai ko manufar inganta bambancin harshe da aka sani a baya.
Har ila yau, yana da kyau a tuna da Yarjejeniyar Kare Abubuwan Al'adu marasa Ma'auni, wanda ƙasashe 20 suka amince da shi a ranar 2007 ga Yuni, 78, wanda ya kafa: Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ba za a iya gani ba, waɗanda ake yada daga wannan tsara zuwa wani, suna ci gaba da sake haifar da al'ummomi da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. kiyayewa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi a cikin hulɗar yanayi da tarihi, kuma yana ba su fahimtar ainihi da kuma dindindin, don haka suna ba da ladabi ga bambancin al'adu da kerawa na ɗan adam.
Sanarwar Montreal ta 2007 da Tarayyar Turai kuma suna haɓaka bambancin al'adu. Tunanin gadon al'adu da yawa da aka raba ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ba su bambanta da juna ba. Baya ga bambancin harshe, akwai bambancin addini da al'adu. Musamman, shirin Agenda 21 na Ci gaban Al'adu shi ne takarda mai daraja ta farko a duniya wacce ta tabbatar da aniyar hukumomin kananan hukumomi da na birni don bunkasa al'adu da inganta kiyaye halayen bambancin al'adu.
Kariyar bambancin al'adu
Kariyar halayen bambancin al'adu na iya samun ma'anoni da dama:
- Ma'auni da za a buga: wato, ra'ayin kare bambancin al'adu ta hanyar ayyukan da ke goyon bayan 'yan tsirarun al'adu marasa tsaro;
- Kariyar ƴan tsirarun al'adu a cikin haɗarin bacewa;
- Wasu lokuta lokacin magana game da "kare al'ada" suna nufin manufar "keɓancewar al'adu". Wannan yana haifar da alaƙa tsakanin ra'ayin zamantakewa na al'ada da ra'ayin da ke cikin kasuwancinsa. Keɓancewar al'adu yana jaddada keɓancewar kayayyaki da sabis na al'adu, gami da waɗanda Tarayyar Turai ta amince da su a cikin Sanarwar Bambancin Al'adu.
Manufar ita ce a kare abin da ake kira 'commodification', wanda ake ganin yana cutar da al'adun 'marasa kyau', don tallafawa ci gaban su ta hanyar tallafi, tallafi, da dai sauransu, wanda aka fi sani da 'kariyar al'adu'. Ana iya danganta irin wannan kariyar ga tanadin "yancin al'adu" da aka yi ƙoƙari a cikin 1990s a Turai.
daidaiton al'adu
An gabatar da halaye na bambancin al'adu a matsayin gaba da daidaiton al'adu. Wasu, ciki har da UNESCO, suna fargabar cewa ana shigar da daidaiton al'adu. Suna bayar da hujjoji masu zuwa don tabbatar da wannan hujja:
- Bacewar yawancin yarukan da yaruka, misali a Faransa, waɗanda ba su da matsayin doka ko kariyar jiha (Basque, Breton, Corsican, Occitan, Catalan, Alsatian, Flemish da sauransu).
- karuwar mamaye al'adun kasar Amurka ta hanyar rarraba kayayyakinta ta hanyar fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin, kade-kade, tufafi da abinci, wadanda ake tallata su ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na sauti da na bidiyo, kayan cin abinci na duniya baki daya. (pizzerias, gidajen cin abinci, abinci mai sauri, da sauransu).
Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa da ke aiki don kare al'ummomi da al'adu waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, musamman Survival International da UNESCO. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Bambance-bambancen Al'adu, wadda UNESCO ta amince da ita kuma kasashe 185 masu halarta suka amince da ita a shekarar 2001, ita ce kayan aikin duniya na farko da aka karfafa don karewa da inganta bambancin al'adu da tattaunawa tsakanin al'adu.
Ci gaba mai dorewa na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta duniya daban-daban (wanda aka sani da SUS DIV), daidai da sanarwar UNESCO, yana da nufin gano dangantakar dake tsakanin bambancin al'adu da ci gaba mai dorewa.
Thomas Bauer bai ga wani yanayi na haɓaka bambancin al'adu a duniya ba; a sakamakon tsare-tsare na fahimtar juna da zaman lafiya a duniya, yana ganin hasarar bambance-bambancen al'adu, harsuna da salon rayuwa a matsayin abin da ya fi daukar hankali. Tun a cikin 1920s, Stefan Zweig ya ji "ƙarin firgita na duniya mai kauri." Ya ga dalilin sama da duka a cikin "hanyoyin sarrafa bil'adama ... da aka shigo da su daga Amurka da ke ba da jin dadi ba tare da buƙatar ƙoƙari ba."
Standardization na fashions, raye-raye, salon gyara gashi, fina-finai, wasanni da kuma nau'i na nisha a rayuwar yau da kullum, ta hanyar da muka zama "mallaka rayuwar ku (a Amurka)", zama Manuniya. Hakazalika, tun kafin yakin duniya na farko, Walter Rathenau ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙwarewar na'ura da keɓancewa na duniyar na'ura ya yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin tunanin mutane ta yadda kowane fanni na rayuwa ke ƙara ƙayyadad da daidaito.
bambancin al'adu
Akwai bambance-bambance da dama a cikin halayen bambancin al'adu duk da daidaitattun al'adu. Ana nazarin ra'ayi na muhalli don fahimtar gaskiyar waɗannan bambance-bambance. Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam, Marvin Harris, ya bayyana haka:
Ra'ayin muhalli ya nuna cewa yanayin yanayi, abinci da samar da ruwa; da kasancewar ko rashin makiya masu barazana suna tasiri ga juyin halitta na al'adu daban-daban da ke taimakawa mutane su dace da yanayin. Marvin Harris ya ce yadda mutane ke samar da abinci da sauran abubuwan bukatu sun bayyana asali da kuma ci gaban al’adun gargajiya”. An yi bayanin halayen bambancin al'adu da abubuwansa a ƙasa:
Harshe
Masana ilimin ɗan adam sun bayyana kansu game da nau'o'i daban-daban da alamomi ta hanyar hulɗar zamantakewa duk da kasancewar su Homo sapiens. Ana magana da Larabci a cikin Sanskrit na Larabawa da Indiya kuma akwai bambanci sosai tsakanin haruffansu. Harshen Sinanci da Ingilishi a Ingila suna da haruffa daban-daban kuma yana da wuya a yi tunanin cewa masu amfani da waɗannan harsuna suna magana da harshe gama gari lokaci guda.
Lokutan suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen canza buƙatun zamantakewa da mu'amalar jama'a da ke magana da harsuna daban-daban. Misali, a Pakistan Indiya, ana magana da Hindi ko Urdu, amma shekaru dubu da suka wuce, babu alamar wannan yare a wurin.
Dress
Don kare mutane daga yanayin jiki da yanayin yanayi, ana yin amfani da tufafi a duk al'adu. Tun daga farko, al'adu daban-daban suna rayuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na yanayi da yanayin jiki, saboda haka akwai tufafi iri-iri. Bugu da ƙari, al'adu da imani na addini suma suna shafar salon sutura ta fuskar launi da ƙira.
A Indiya da Pakistan, saboda yanayin zafi da kuma akidar Musulunci, ana sanya tufafin auduga masu sauki, wanda ya rufe dukkan jiki. Shalwar da riga na maza, Shalwar suit mai rufin kai (Dopatto) mata ne ke sanyawa, yayin da a kasar Switzerland saboda tsananin sanyi, mutane kan sanya manyan tufafin ulu da suka hada da riga, wando da hula ko ulun hula.
tsarin iyali
A cewar masana ilimin ɗan adam, tsarin iyali ya dogara da tushen tattalin arziki kamar wadatar abinci da sauran buƙatun halittu. Yawancin tushe, girman girman iyali. Misali, tsoffin kabilu da al'ummomin noman makiyaya suna da tsarin iyali mai tsawo a matsayin wani bangare na al'ada, yayin da a cikin birane da masana'antu na zamani, tsarin iyali guda shine tsarin iyali na jama'a.
Addini
Addini wani sashe ne na al'ada saboda goyon bayan da suke da shi don rage haɗarin bala'o'in yanayi wani bangare ne na dabi'ar ɗan adam. Addini shine, samun taimako na ruhaniya ta hanyar kulla alaka da mahalicci (Allah). Don haka, kowace al’ada dabam-dabam tana da addini da imani.
Misali, a cikin al’adun addinin Musulunci, mutum a cikin al’umma ya yi imani da hadin kan Allah da annabcin Annabi Muhammad da cewa babu kamarsa. A Indiya, ana bautar gumaka da gumaka daban-daban. Ana zaton Rama manzon Allah ne. A Japan, Mahatma Buddha an yi imani da cewa shine fansar 'yan adam kuma ana kiransa don taimako da jagora.
Zamantakewa
Dukkan al'adu suna amfani da ilimi don isar da al'adu ga tsararraki masu zuwa tare da daidaita daidaikun mutane a cikin al'umma da nau'in al'adunsu, amma wannan nau'i ya bambanta a kowace al'ada. A cewar Mead: " Horon al'adu yana koya wa mutane zalunci ko mika wuya ko gasa da murabus." Bambance-bambancen ilimi, gogewa da lura suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanya tasirin ya bambanta.
Al'ada
Kowace al'ada saboda bukukuwan da aka yi na daidaikunta da imani suna da hanyar gudanar da bukukuwan addini, wanda yanayi da al'umma suka shafa. Alal misali, aure muhimmin tushen nishaɗi ne kuma al’adu iri-iri ne da ya danganci al’adu dabam-dabam.
Ka'idojin zamantakewa
Ka'idojin zamantakewa sun takura ta hanyar dabi'u, al'adu da imani na al'ada kuma an tsara su daban saboda tsari daban-daban da tsammanin al'adu daban-daban. Yin sallama wata al'ada ce ta zamantakewar Musulunci, yayin da ake amfani da safiya wajen isar da ma'ana guda a al'adun Turawa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'ummar musulmi, rashin shan giya al'ada ce, yayin da a al'adun Turawa akasin haka. Tuki a hannun hagu ya halatta a Burtaniya, amma a Saudiyya haramun ne.
ibada da bukukuwa
Bukukuwa da bukukuwa wani muhimmin tushe ne na yada al'adu da kuma kawo sauki ga al'umma saboda sha'awar shiga cikin su yana buga tasirin al'ada a cikin zukatan mutane. Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban saboda imani game da yanayi da abubuwan da suka faru na dabi'a, addinai daban-daban suna da bukukuwa da bukukuwan da suka bambanta kuma suna ƙayyade ta hanyoyi da dama na al'adun rukuni na mutane.
adabi da fasaha
Adabi da fasaha wani muhimmin tushe ne don tunawa da al'amuran al'ada da na soyayya da ke faruwa a cikin al'ada da kuma isar da su ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Sana'a nuni ne na girman kai da fasaha na daidaikun mutane a cikin al'umma, amma kowace al'ada tana da gogewa da lura daban-daban.
wasanni da nishadi
Wasanni da ayyukan nishaɗi suna sa mutane su kasance cikin al'umma mai koshin lafiya da motsin rai kuma suna cikin al'ada. Duk da haka, saboda irin wannan hali na daidaikun mutane a cikin al'umma da kuma bambancin yanayi, al'adu daban-daban suna da wasanni da wasanni daban-daban.
A Pakistan, baya ga Kabaddi, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan kurket da baje koli, dawaki, sinima, talabijin da gidan wasan kwaikwayo sun shahara. A al'adar Larabawa, ana yin tseren dawakai, tseren rakumi da harbin kibiya, yayin da a al'adun Turai, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, tseren mota, wasan motsa jiki, kulake da sinima sun fi zama wasanni da nishaɗi.
Ayyukan tattalin arziki
Tushen tattalin arziki da yanayin yanayi sun tsara ayyukan tattalin arziki na al'adar al'umma. Ayyukan daidaikun mutane sun dace da tattalin arzikin al'umma. Al'ummar da ta dogara da tattalin arzikin noma ana kiranta al'ummar noma. Al'ummar da ta dogara da tattalin arzikin masana'antu ana kiranta al'ummar masana'antu.
Tsarin Siyasa
Duk inda mutum ya kasance (daga al'ummar makiyaya zuwa masana'antu), tsarin siyasa ya kasance wani bangare na al'adunsa. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe sun mutu dominsa. Duk da haka, tsarin siyasa, yayin da yake cikin matakai na juyin halitta, ya bambanta da tsari daga al'adu daban-daban. A Saudiyya sarauta ce, a Libiya mulkin kama-karya; a Biritaniya da Amurka tsarin mulkin demokradiyya yana aiki.
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