Tsuntsaye na ganima suna da jerin halaye na zahiri waɗanda ke sanya su kyawawan mafarauta na iska, wanda ke sanya su a saman sarkar abinci. Godiya ga jin ganinsu, baki, farauta da sauran halaye na ban mamaki, mafarauta ne marasa jajircewa idan ana maganar kama ganima. Don koyo game da halaye da misalan waɗannan tsuntsaye masu ƙarfi, muna gayyatar ku ku ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin.
Tsuntsaye na ganima ko Raptors
Akwai dubban nau'ikan tsuntsaye, amma ɗayan mafi kyawun rukunin tsuntsayen da aka sani shine tsuntsayen ganima. A cikin wannan rukunin, wanda kuma ake kira tsuntsayen ganima ko tsuntsayen ganima, an haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halaye masu ban sha'awa da kyawawan kyawawan halaye. Tsuntsun ganima ko raptor shine wanda yake kama ganima a matsayin abinci, yana amfani da baki da kaifinsa. Dukansu na karshen da bakinsu yawanci suna da yawa ko ƙasa da girma, masu ƙarfi kuma sun dace da yayyaga da/ko huda nama.
Kalmar "raptor" ta fito ne daga kalmar Latin "rapere", wanda ke nufin, "kama" ko "ɗauka da karfi". Yawancin nau'in tsuntsaye ana iya la'akari da su gaba ɗaya ko gaba ɗaya mafarauta, duk da haka, a ilimin ilimin ilmin ilmin ilmin halitta kalmar "tsuntsun ganima" ba wai kawai ana amfani da ita ga tsuntsayen da ke farautar dabbobi ba, har ma sun haɗa da waɗanda suke ciyar da ƙananan kwari.
Babban Fasali
Tsuntsaye na ganima, raptors ko ganima suna da siffofi na gama gari, irin su wani yanayi na ban mamaki wanda suke gano abin da suke ganimar da shi da kuma farata masu ƙarfi masu dogayen kusoshi da tsoka mai ƙarfi. Yawan baki yana lanƙwasa, mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Yawancin lokaci suna nuna wani babban launi, kodayake kawunansu ya fi girma ko kaɗan da manyan idanu. Godiya ga duk waɗannan halayen an ba su da kyan gani mai ban mamaki.
Gabaɗaya, abincinsu ya ƙunshi ganima mai rai, wanda ya bambanta gwargwadon girman tsuntsun da ya kama su. Misali, wani karamin tsuntsu mai ganima kamar kestrel yana iya kama masu shayarwa masu girman kai, kanana tsuntsaye da kwari, yayin da mikiya ta zinare za ta iya kama kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kanana da manya, wadanda takan kawar da farantansu da baki masu karfi, suna yankawa da yage namansu. tare da sauƙi mai girma.
Nau'in Tsuntsayen Ganawa
Dangane da fa'idodin gasa da aka bayar ta yanayin halayensu na zahiri da daidaitawa da wadatar abinci a cikin muhallinsu, tsuntsayen ganima yawanci suna nuna halaye na yau da kullun ko na dare:
tsuntsaye na yau da kullun
Wannan rukuni na tsuntsaye yana da bambancin bambancin fiye da na dare. A matsayin wani ɓangare na su, mafi shahararrun su ne gaggafa, wanda ake la'akari da mafi yawan tsuntsayen farauta kuma ana iya samuwa a cikin dukkanin halittu. A gare shi an ƙara falcons da kestrels, a matsayin tsuntsaye mafi sauri a duniya. Wani nau'i na musamman na tsuntsaye na yau da kullum na ganima shine tsuntsaye necrophagous, wanda abincinsu ya ƙunshi gawa tun lokacin da wannan samfurin ba ya kashe ganima. Tsuntsaye ne masu girman nauyi da girmansu, irin su ungulu da kwando.
tsuntsayen dare
A matsayin ɓangare na wannan rukuni sune strigids (owls) da titonids (owls). An gane su don samun abubuwan daidaitawa waɗanda ke inganta jin su kuma suna rage hayaniyar fikafikan su lokacin tashi. Wadannan tsuntsaye suna farauta da dare, lokacin da ji yana da mahimmanci fiye da na gani. Fuskarsu tana zagaye da baki gajere ne, wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita sautin da abin ganima ke fitarwa, ta yadda za su iya jin duk wani karamin motsi.
Misalai na Tsuntsayen ganima
Ga sharhin wasu sanannun tsuntsayen ganima waɗanda ke da halaye na musamman:
Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun kuma mafi yawan tsuntsayen ganima da aka rarraba a duniya. Ana iya samun shi a Arewacin Amurka da Tsakiyar Amurka, Eurasia, da Arewacin Afirka. Ana iya samun wasu mutane masu mahimmanci a cikin Burtaniya, Japan, Vancouver da Bahar Rum. Kasancewar mikiya ta zinariya a tsakiyar Turai ya ragu saboda ayyukan ɗan adam.
Mikiya Owl (Bubo bubo)
Babban tsuntsu na ganima da za a iya samu a yankuna daban-daban na Asiya, Afirka da Turai. Yawanci yana samuwa a arewa maso yammacin Turai da kuma yankunan da ke cikin Tekun Bahar Rum kamar Iberian Peninsula. Tana mamaye wurare daban-daban, kasancewa akai-akai a cikin dazuzzuka, dajin hamada da tundra. Tsayinsa ya kai kusan santimita 80, kuma tsawon fikafikansa kusan mita biyu ne. Ƙararren ƙira, ƙirar marmara ya rufe jikinsa da fuka-fukansa a matsayin "kunne". Tun da kiwo na mujiya mikiya na Eurasian yana da sauƙin sauƙi, ana amfani da shi a cikin falconry.
Eurasian Vulture (Torgos tracheliotus)
Tsuntsaye ne na ganima mai girman girma da ya mamaye Afirka kuma ana iya gane shi da wuyansa mara fuka-fuki da launin ruwan hoda mai kama da turkey. Yana da baki mai ƙarfi, wanda ya fi girma da ƙarfi fiye da na sauran nau'ikan ungulu, wanda ke ba da damar wannan dabbar ta wartsake da huda fata da tsokar dabbobin da suka mutu.
Common Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)
Eurasian Sparrowhawk tsuntsu ne na ganima wanda ana iya samunsa akai-akai a ko'ina cikin Eurasia, daga Spain zuwa Japan, kuma ana bambanta shi da launin shuɗi-launin toka tare da lemu a bayansa. Ko da yake yana da ƙananan girman, yana da kyawawan halaye don farauta.
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
Babu shakka, yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun tsuntsayen ganima, tun da ana iya samunsa a duk faɗin duniya kuma samfurori na manya suna nuna launin toka-blue baya mai baƙar fata. Shi ne tsuntsu da mafi girman gudu da aka sani, yana iya wuce kilomita 300 a kowace awa. Matan wannan nau'in sun fi maza girma kuma abincinsu ya ƙunshi dabbobi masu rarrafe, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da kwari.
Mujiya na Turai (Athene noctua)
Tsuntsu ne wanda tsayinsa bai kai santimita 25 ba kuma ana iya samunsa a wasu yankuna na Afirka da Turai. Ana gane ƴar mujiya da idanunta masu rawaya, fikafikan fikafikanta, kamar sauran sassan jikinsa masu launin shuɗi da fari.
Barn Owl (Tyto alba)
Wannan tsuntsu na ganima yana zaune a nahiyoyi biyar, musamman a yankunan karkara, filayen da ke da matsakaicin ciyayi da filayen noma. Tsuntsaye ne mai matsakaicin girma da halaye na dare. Zanewar fuskar mujiya na sito yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga saurin jin sa na ban mamaki. Yana da nau'in duniya wanda zai iya kaiwa kusan santimita 40 a tsayi. Babban fasalinsa shine kyakkyawan launi mai kyau tare da tabo masu dige sashin ciki.
Na kowa Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)
Wannan tsuntsun ganima ne mai matsakaicin girman kai mai launin toka-launin ruwan kasa da fuka-fukan russet mai faci. Ana iya samun kestrel na gama-gari a yawancin Turai, Asiya da Afirka, inda yakan zauna a cikin ƙananan kurmi da share ƙasa.
Na kowa Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
Tsuntsaye ne mai kama da falcon ko sparrowhawk, amma yana da alaƙa da gaggafa. Goshawk na gama gari na iya kaiwa girman santimita 100 zuwa 150 a tsayi kuma yana baje kolin sautin baƙar fata ko launin ruwan kasa da farin ciki tare da ratsan duhu. Gajerun fuka-fukansa suna da amfani don tafiya ta yankuna masu tsaunuka da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Eurasia da Amurka.
Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)
Tsuntsaye ne mai girman girma da launin baƙar fata, mai farin fuka-fukai a wuya da kuma a kan fukafukai. Ba shi da gashin fuka-fukai a kansa, wanda yawanci ja ne, ko da yake yana iya canza launinsa daidai da yanayin tunaninsa. Yana zaune a Kudancin Amirka, musamman a cikin tsaunin Andes.
Buzzard gama gari (Buteo buteo)
Buzzard tsuntsu ne mai matsakaicin girman ganima daga tsakiyar Turai. Yana da ƙanƙantaccen nau'in sigar jiki da shuɗi wanda launukansa ke jere daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin fari. Ana samun su akai-akai a cikin ciyayi, wuraren zafi da filaye a tsakiyar Turai.
ungulu mai gemu (Gypaetes barbatus)
Ita ce ungulu da aka bambanta da sauran tsuntsayen ganima. Sunanta ya samo asali ne daga dabi’ar da take yi na daga kasusuwa da harsashi da jifa da duwatsu domin karya su a ci abinci. Yana cikin haɗarin ɓacewa a Turai, inda har yanzu ana iya gani a tsaunin Cantabrian, Pyrenees da Alps. Hakanan zaka iya samun shi a Arewacin Afirka, Afirka ta Kudu da Girka.
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
Wannan tsuntsu mai matsakaicin girman ganima ne wanda ke rayuwa a duk nahiyoyin duniya in ban da Antarctica, kodayake a Kudancin Amurka tsuntsu ne mai ƙaura wanda ba ya gina gida.
Mujiya Short-Eared (Asio flammeus)
Wannan shi ne ɗayan mujiya da aka fi rarrabawa a duniya, tare da kasancewar dacewa a cikin Antarctic Circle da Kudancin Amirka, ko a cikin Arctic Circle da Arewa Temperate Region. Yana da fulawa mai launin ruwan kasa a sashinsa na sama wanda ya zama farilla a kasan dabbar da kuma wasu kunnuwan gajerun kunnuwa guda biyu a kwallafsan fuskarsa da manyan idanuwa.
Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
'Yan asali zuwa Arewacin Amurka kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na tsari na accipitiformes. Yana da girma ko ƙasa da girman girma, yana iya kaiwa mita 2 na tsawon fuka-fuki. Babban maharbi ne a yankunan da yake zaune, wanda zai iya kama daga fadama da dazuzzuka zuwa wuraren hamada. Yana yawan satar ganima daga dodanniya (Pandion haliaetus), wanda yake bata rai da kuma tsangwama. Wannan tsuntsu ne mai ban mamaki saboda girmansa da farar hular da ke kan kansa wanda ke siffanta shi.
Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja)
Yana daya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gaggafa da ke wanzuwa, tsayinsa ya kai mita daya, yana da fikafikan fikafikan da ya wuce mita biyu da farata da ke iya tsawanta fiye da santimita 15. Yana da wani ɓangare na odar accipitiformes kuma yana zaune a cikin gandun daji na Neotropics, daga kudancin Mexico zuwa arewacin Argentina. Nuni sosai ba kawai saboda girman girmansa ba, har ma saboda girman sa, wanda ke yin bristles a cikin yankin kai lokacin da yake fuskantar barazana, yana kwaikwayon wani nau'in kambi.
Giant Picargo (Haliaeetus pelagicus)
Tsuntsu ne na ganima da ke zaune a yankunan teku, tafkuna ko koguna a Japan, Koriya, China da wasu sassan Rasha. Shi ne mafi nauyi raptor tun yana iya yin nauyi fiye da 9 kilogiram. Tsawon fuka-fukansa ya zarce mita 2 kuma tsawonsa ya wuce mita daya, wanda hakan ya sanya shi tare da gakiya, daya daga cikin manyan tsuntsaye a duniya. Da yake shi ne tsuntsun ganima na ruwa, yana ciyar da abinci musamman kan kifi kifi, wanda yake da katon baki wanda ya dace da yanke fatar kifin.
Barn Owl (Strix hylophila)
Irin wannan tsuntsu na ganima yana zaune dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka na Brazil, Paraguay da Argentina. Tsuntsaye ne mai wuyar fahimta, a lokuta da yawa, yana da sauƙin saurarensa fiye da kiyaye shi. Matsakaici, tsayinsa kusan santimita 40, yana baje kolin zane mai ban sha'awa tare da haske da ratsan duhu waɗanda ke rufe jikinsa da faifai baƙar fata a fuskarsa.
Turawa Scops Owl (Otus scops)
Ana samun wannan tsuntsu a ko'ina cikin Turai, Asiya da Afirka. Owl na Eurasian Scops yana zaune dazuzzuka da yankuna kusa da koguna, kodayake ana iya lura da shi a cikin birane da kewayen birni. Yana da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i mai tsayi a cikin Iberian Peninsula. Saboda haka, ana la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tsuntsayen ganima da aka sani.
Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus)
Wannan nau'in iri ne da ke mamaye arewacin Turai, ana iya lura da shi a yankunan Balkans, Pyrenees da Alps, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in mujiya na tsaunuka da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu kyau. Girmansa yana da kusan santimita 25, don haka ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tsuntsayen ganima. An san shi da samun babban kai mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki kuma tare da ratsan baki a matsayin "ganin gira" wanda ke kewaye da fuskarsa.
Sauran Tsuntsayen ganima
A cikin jeri mai zuwa za mu ambaci wasu nau'in tsuntsayen ganima da ake iya samu a sassa daban-daban na duniya:
Guilas
- Eagle Goshawk na Afirka (Aquila spilogaster)
- Mikiya Bonelli (Aquila fasciata)
- Bold Eagle (Aquila audax)
- Cape Eagle (Aquila verreauxii)
- Moluccan Eagle (Aquila gurneyi)
- Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)
- Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)
- Iberian Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)
- Eagle Spotted (Clanga dangi)
- Mikiya ta Indiya (Clanga hastata)
- Eagle Spotted (Clanga pomarina)
- Raptor Eagle (Aquila rapax)
Mujiya
- Owl ko Brown Tawny Owl (Strix virgata / Ciccaba virgata)
- Mujiya Dogon kunne (Asio otus)
- Farin Kaho Owl (Lophostrix cristata)
- Babban Kaho Owl ko Mujiya Mikiya ta Amurka (Bubo virginianus)
- Cape Owl (Bubo capensis)
- Mujiya Bared (Bubo shelleyi)
- Mujiya Hamada (Bubo ascalaphus)
- Owl na Philippine (Bubo philippensis)
- Milky Owl ko Verreaux's Owl (Bubo lacteus)
- Mujiya Magellanic ko Babban Kaho Owl (Bubo magellanicus)
- Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis)
- Babban Owl (Asio capensis)
- Nduk Owl, Owl na Guinea ko Owl na Fraser (Bubo poensis)
- Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus)
- Bengal Eagle Owl (Bubo bengalensis)
- Malayan Eagle Owl (Bubo sumatranus)
- Mujiya mara kyau ko Ashy Owl (Bubo cinerascens)
kestrels
- Ostiraliya Kestrel (Falco cenchroides)
- Madagascar Kestrel (Falco newtoni)
- Mauritius Kestrel (Falco punctatus)
- Seychelles Kestrel (Falco araeus)
- Kestrel mai baƙar fata ko Kestrel na Dickinson (Falco dickinsoni)
- Slaty ko Grey Kestrel (Falco ardosiaceus)
- Malagasy Kestrel (Falco zoniventris)
- Farin Ido Kestrel (Falco rupicoloides)
- Kestrel mai launin ja (Falco vespertinus)
- Karamin Kestrel (Falco naumanni)
- Fox Kestrel (Falco alopex)
falcons
- Falco berigora (Falco berigora)
- Borni Falcon (Falco biarmicus)
- Eleanor's falcon (Falco eleonorae)
- Taita Falcon (Falco fasciinucha)
- Maori Falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae)
- Falcon Falcon ko Pale Falcon (Falco mexicanus)
- Bat Falcon (Falco rufigularis)
- Jar-breasted Falcon ko Babban Baƙar fata Falcon (Falco deiroleucus)
- Plumed Falcon (Falco femoralis)
- Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)
- Tagarote Falcon (Falco pelegrinoides)
- Yaggar falcon (Falco jugger)
'yan mujiya
- Mujiya Collared (Glaucidium brodiei)
- Owl na Amazon (Glaucidium hardyi)
- Andean Owl (Glaucidium jardinii)
- Cinnamon Owlet (Aegolius harrisii)
- Owl na Amurka ta Tsakiya (Glaucidium griseiceps)
- Ƙananan ko Alpine Owl (Glaucidium passernum)
- Owl na Costa Rica (Glaucidium costaricanum)
- Blewitt's Owlet (Athene blewitti / Heteroglaux blewitti)
- Owl na Guatemala (Glaucidium cobanense)
- Gnome Owl (Glaucidium gnoma)
- Jungle Owl (Glaucidium raditum)
- Saguaro Owl ko Pygmy Owl (Micrathene whitneyi)
- Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia)
- Cape Owl (Glaucidium capense)
- Mafi qarancin mujiya (Glaucidium minutissimum)
- Pearly Owl (Glaucidium perlatum)
- Owl mai jan nono (Glaucidium tephronotum)
Sauran Tsuntsayen ganima
- Falcon Falcon (Falco cuvierii)
- Australiya Hawk (Falco longipennis)
- Eurasian Falcon (Falco subbuteo)
- Gabashin Falcon (Falco severus)
- Turumti Falcon (Falco chicquera)
- Alcotán Unicolor ko Opaque ko Slate Falcon (Falco concolor)
- Savannah Aura (Cathartes burrovianus)
- Jungle Aura (Cathartes melambrotus)
- Choliba Scops Owl (Megascops choliba)
- Guatemala Scops Owl (Megascops guatemalae)
- Pacific Scops Owl (Megascops cooperi)
- Vulture na Red-kan Amurka (Cathartes aura)
- Rusty Buzzard ko Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis)
- Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)
- Black Vulture na Amurka (Coragyps atratus)
- Ƙananan Caburé ko Caburé Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum)
- Tawny Owl Sparrowhawk (Surnia ulula)
- Chuncho (Glaucidium nana)
- California Condor (Gymnogyps california)
- Royal Condor (Sarcoramphus baba)
- Merlin (Falco columbarius)
- Gyrfalcon ko Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)
- Babban Kaho ko Nacurutu (Bubo virginianus nacurutu)
- Mujiya Spectacled (Pulsatrix perspicillata)
- Mujiya Dogon kunne (Asio ko Pseudoscops clamator)
- Kururuwa Picargo (Haliaeetus vocifer)
- Sakatare (Sagittarius serpentarius)
- Siguapa, Ciguapa ko Blackish Owl (Asio stygius)
Yanayin kiyayewa
Duk da cewa tsuntsayen da a halin yanzu suna da kariyar doka, hakan ba haka yake ba a kowane lokaci, tun shekarun baya an dauke su dabbobi masu cutarwa, ko dai saboda irin tasirin da suke da shi ga nau’in da mutum ya haifa ko kuma ga wadanda suke ganima daga cikinsu. shi ya sa aka kasafta su a matsayin kwari.
A Turai, lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yana nufin sasantawa a cikin farautar raptors kuma, daga baya, daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, an fara kare wannan rukuni na tsuntsaye, wanda za a iya tabbatar da shi a cikin 'yan karuwa a yawan jama'arsu a shekarun 1970. A Spain, tsuntsayen ganima suna da kariya ta doka tun 1966.
Saboda salon rayuwarsu na cin abinci, sau da yawa a saman sarkar abinci, tsuntsayen ganima suna fuskantar yanayi daban-daban na kiyayewa. Gurbacewa ya haifar da raguwa mai tsanani a wasu nau'in. Yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari irin su DDT a kowane mataki, da kuma shanyewar da kwayoyin halittarsu ke iya samu, ya sa harsashin kwai na waɗannan tsuntsayen suna yin siriri.
Hakazalika, raguwar mazauninta sakamakon tasirin da dan Adam ke yi a muhallinsa da kuma yawan bacewar ganima irin su zomaye, sakamakon cututtuka kamar kwayar cutar ciwon huhu da ciwon huhu da kuma myxomatosis, ya haifar da raguwa mai tsanani a cikin wasu yawan tsuntsayen ganima. , ya kai kusan kashi 80% na yankunan da mikiya ta Iberian ba ta mamaye ba.
Falconry
Ayyukan farauta tare da amfani da tsuntsayen ganima ana kiransa falconry, wanda ya fara fiye da shekaru dubu hudu da suka wuce. Ko da yake yana da yawa a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, ya ɓace a ƙarni na XNUMX. A halin yanzu, daya daga cikin manyan masu tallata shi kuma wanda ya dage kan ceto shi ne Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙwararrun raptor a duniya.
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