Rayuwar Mayans an tsara ta ta sararin sararin samaniya da motsin jikunan sama. The Mayan astronomy yana nufin haɗa kuzarin duniya tare da kuzarin sararin samaniya. Nazari da binciken da Mayans suka yi akan taurari na ci gaba da baiwa masana kimiyya da na kasa mamaki a yau.
Mayan astronomy
Mayan sun yi nazarin sararin samaniya da motsin sararin samaniya tare da taimakon hasken rana, don haka sun gina wuraren kallo waɗanda buɗewarsu ke jagorantar kewayawar taurari. Kasancewarsu manyan masanan taurari da ƙwararrun ƴan lissafi, sun kama lissafinsu da bincikensu a cikin “codices” waɗanda uku ne kawai suka rage tun lokacin da aka lalatar da yawancin su a lokacin mamayar Spain. Dangane da abin da suka gani, sun ƙirƙiri kalanda da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna da sarƙaƙƙiya kuma masu ma'ana sosai.
Godiya ga wannan ilimin sun sami damar ƙidayar lokaci don tantance duka matakan wata, matsayi na rana a lokacin kusufi, solstices da equinoxes, da kuma zagayowar yanayi. Sun yi amfani da wannan lissafin don tsara ranakun bukukuwan da suka fi muhimmanci. Abubuwan da ya lura sun kasance da farko a Venus, amma kuma a Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, da Pleiades, daga abin da suka ce Maya na duniya ya samo asali.
Hanyar Milky Way tana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Tauraron Mayan. Bisa ga tatsuniya na Mayan, hanyar Milky Way ita ce hanyar da rayuka ke bi yayin da suke tafiya daga zurfin karkashin kasa zuwa sama. Bisa la’akari da lissafinsu na falaki, la’akari da matsayin duniyoyin, sun gano mahadar husuma da Milky Way.
Sun kira wannan wurin Itace Tsarkakakkiya saboda siffarta. Wannan ya sa su ga cewa lokacin da rana ta haɗa wannan Itace Tsarkaka tana wakiltar buɗewa zuwa matakin haɓaka wayewar ruhaniya, wani girma. Haɗin ƙarshe ya faru ne a lokacin bazara na 2012, wato, Disamba ashirin da ɗaya, wannan kwanan wata ita ce ranar farko ta sabon zagayowar shekaru dubu biyar da ɗari biyu.
Mayan Cosmogony
Bisa ga imani na Mayan, akwai sammai goma sha uku da aka jera su a cikin ƙasa kuma waɗanda alloli goma sha uku ke mulki da ake kira Oxlahuntiku ko sarakuna goma sha uku na duniya. Duniya tana goyon bayan wani katon kada ko wani katon dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke shawagi a kan teku. Akwai duniyoyin da ke karkashin kasa guda tara, wadanda kuma suka yi layi, kuma gumaka tara suke mulki, Bolon Tiku, sarakunan zamani da kaddara tara, wadanda suke mulki a jere mara iyaka a kan “zagayowar” ko “mako” na dare tara.
Mayans suna ɗaukar lokaci a matsayin jerin zagayowar da ba su da farko ko ƙarewa, waɗanda bala'o'i ko bala'i ke katsewa waɗanda ke wakiltar komawa cikin rudani na farko. Wadannan zagayowar, da kuma duniya ba za su taba ƙarewa ba, domin Mayans kuma sun yi imani da palingenesis, sake haifuwa na cyclical ko sabuntawa na sararin samaniya. Waɗannan zagayowar halaka da sake haifuwa an fallasa su a cikin hasashen da aka samu a cikin littattafan da suka haɗa da Chilam Balam.
A cikin Chilam Balam akwai tsinkaya, alal misali, wanda ke ba da labarin tawaye na alloli tara ga gumakan sama goma sha uku, satar babban maciji, rugujewar sararin sama da nutsewar duniya. Har ila yau, a cikin Chilam Balam, an ce a cikin 1541 dzul, baƙi, sun zo.
Har zuwa lokacin, an auna “lokacin alherin rana, na ɓangarorin da taurari suka yi, daga inda alloli suke tunaninmu”, amma dzules suka zo suka kawo ƙarshen komai. "Sun koyar da tsoro, sun bushe furanni, suna tsotsewa har sai sun kashe furen wasu don su rayu": sun zo "don jefa Rana."
Ga Mayans, sararin samaniya ya kasu kashi uku kuma waɗannan matakan sun kasu kashi huɗu. A mataki mafi girma shi ne dome na sama, wanda gumaka guda huɗu ke goyon bayansa da ake kira bacab, a wannan matakin babban abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya suna faruwa, musamman hanyar rana ta yau da kullun a cikin rana. Rayuwar mutane tana faruwa ne a mataki na gaba a duniya, wanda babban fili ne mai murabba'i tare da kowane kusurwar da aka nufa zuwa babban wurin da Pauahtun ke goyan bayan, allahn yanayi mai ninki huɗu.
Mafi ƙanƙanta matakin shine Xibalbá, wanda shine duniyar ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda alloli na rashin lafiya da mutuwa ke mulki: Hun Camé da Vucub Camé. A can ne a kowace rana rana bayan zagayawa cikin kubba ta sama, ta kan yi wani gagarumin yaki da gumaka na zahiri da sauran halittun da suke karkashin kasa har sai da ta yi galaba a kansu, sannan ta ci gaba da tafiya ta sama.
Kalanda na Turai da Kalanda na Mayan
Kalandar Julian, wanda Sarkin Roma Julius Kaisar ya zartar a shekara ta arba'in da shida kafin Kristi, ya raba shekara zuwa watanni goma sha biyu tare da kusan kwana talatin kowannensu ya kai 365, tare da shekarar tsalle da 366, don haka shekarar kalanda zata ƙunshi kwanaki 365,25. . Amma shekarar hasken rana tana da kwanaki 365,2422, don haka shekarar 1582 ta sami babban bambanci tsakanin lokacin sanyi da Kirsimeti da kuma lokacin bazara da kuma Easter.
Don magance wannan sabani, Paparoma Gregory XIII, tare da shawarar masanin falakin Italiya Luis Lilio, ya kafa abin da aka sani da kalandar Gregorian, ya kawar da kwanakin tsakanin 1582 da 1700 ga Oktoba, 1800 kuma ta haka kuma ya maido da shekarun tsalle zuwa kalandar. . Ya kuma yi hasarar kwana uku kowane ƙarni huɗu ta hanyar zartar da cewa ƙarni ne kawai shekarun tsalle idan an raba su da ɗari huɗu. Don haka, alal misali, 1900, 1600, da 2000 ba shekarun tsalle ba ne, amma XNUMX da XNUMX ne.
A halin yanzu kwanakin kafin shekara ta arba'in da shida a. C. ya koma kalandar Julian. Wannan ita ce kalandar Julian proleptic. Ƙididdigar ilmin taurari sun dawo da sifilin shekara, kuma shekarun da suka gabace wannan shekarar lambobin mara kyau ne. Wannan saduwar taurari ce. Babu sifilin shekara a cikin soyayyar tarihi. A cikin ƙawancen tarihi, shekara ɗaya BC na biye da shekara ta ɗaya bayan Almasihu, alal misali, shekara ta -3113 (Ƙawancen Astronomical) daidai yake da 3114 BC (Ƙawance na tarihi).
Al'adar zamani da kalanda sun kasance masu wanzuwa a cikin al'ummar Mayan, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin al'amari na alloli, da sun ƙirƙira kalanda kuma daga baya sun ba da ita ga ɗan adam don tsara duk wani aiki a cikin al'umma . A zamanin gargajiya, an yi amfani da kalanda da yawa, kamar su Lunar, Venusian, rana biyu, Haab, Tzolk'in da Dogon Count.
Kalandar ba wai kawai tana gaya mana game da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ilimin kimiyya ba amma kuma game da al'adun addini da imaninsu. Maganar takamaiman kwanan wata a cikin lokacin sararin samaniya, gami da bayanai game da lokacin wata, al'amuran sararin sama da Ubangijin dare wanda ya yi mulki a daidai lokacin.
A cikin cosmogram na Codex Madrid an lura da yadda kalanda ke da alaƙa da halittar rai. A tsakiyar akwai alloli guda biyu waɗanda ke wakiltar Allahn wata da Rana (duality na allahntaka). Ga Mayans, lokaci da kansa shine makamashi mai tsarki, wanda ke da alhakin ma'auni na duniya, inda duk abin ya samo asali kuma inda duk abin da ke gudana (Craveri, 2013). Lokaci shine asalin tushen sararin sararin samaniya, don haka kalanda kuma yana da tsarki, kamar yadda yake da alhakin kuma mai ɗaukar lokaci.
Wannan yana ba mu damar tabbatar da cewa kalandar wata gada ce da aka gina don tarihin tarihi tsakanin lokacin maza da lokacin sararin samaniya. Ga yadda aka ba da labarin halittar duniya a cikin Chilam Balam na Chumayel:
“Nopuc Tun, Babban Limamin Solar, ya ba da labarin cewa, lokacin da duniya ba ta farka a baya ba, an haifi watan kuma ya fara tafiya shi kaɗai. An haifi watan, sunan yini kuma aka haife shi kuma ya halicci sama da ƙasa, mataki-mataki: ruwa, ƙasa, duwatsu da bishiyoyi. Kuma ya halicci abubuwan teku da ƙasa.
A cikin tunanin Mayan, lokaci ya tashi kafin duniya da kuma gaban mutane. An haifi lokaci, ba alloli ne suka halicce shi ba, kamar yadda sauran abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa suka kasance. Wannan bambance-bambancen yana nuna cewa lokacin kansa na allahntaka ne, tun da ba wanda ya halicce shi, sai dai yana yin kansa.
Kalandar kuma tana da aikin duba ko tsinkaya, kuma limaman budaddiyar jama'a suna amfani da su wajen gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. An yanke shawara mafi mahimmanci bisa ga kuzari mai kyau ko kuma ba na Tzolk'in ba, don haka tasirin kalanda a cikin rayuwar jama'a ba shi da tabbas: bikin auren aure, gina gida ko abin tunawa a ciki. girmamawa ga mai mulki, don shuka da girbi ko lokacin da yaro ya zo duniya, an yi amfani da kalanda mai tsarki.
Ƙirƙirar kalandar tana gudanar da lokacin farar hula na maza, shine wanda ke tsara ayyukan zamantakewa. Haab, yana gabatowa shekara mai zafi na kwanaki ɗari uku da sittin da biyar, yana da alaƙa da zagayowar yanayi, da lokacin bushewa da lokacin damina. Don haka, ta wannan tsarin kalandar, firistoci sun tsara ayyukan noma da suka dogara da makamashin Rana don kammala nasu zagayowar. Wannan yana nuna zagayowar haihuwa, girma da mutuwa, wanda hakan ke nuna alamar rayuwa da canji (Craveri, 2013).
The aiki yi da wani yakin kalanda da aka iyakance zuwa na aikin da administrative dalilai, ta hanyar abin da ya fi dacewa tarihi kwanakin an tunãtarwa. Wani misali na wannan shi ne Stela A na Copán, inda ranar hawan Yesu zuwa sama zuwa ikon mulkin da aka kwarzana. Ta hanyar interweaving na yi sigina na abubuwan tarihin, na gama memory na al'umma ne ya halitta.
Kalandar farar hula ta nuna duk wani taron jama'a da ya kamata a yi, ko dai ibada ce na girmama alloli, bukukuwan girmama sarakunan birni, tunawa da yaƙe-yaƙen da aka yi a zamanin da kakanninsu suka shuɗe ko kuma wasu na gari. bukukuwa. Amma sama da duka yana da amfani don tsara ayyukan noma a cikin zagayowar shekara.
Bambanci tsakanin kalandar al'ada da kalandar farar hula shine cewa na karshen baya aiki akan yuwuwar bisa ga tsarin allahntaka ko astral, amma yana nuna ainihin farkon da ƙarshen takamaiman kwanakin. Gyara su zai dogara ne akan abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin sama—waɗanda ke shafar sauye-sauyen muhalli—da kuma ra’ayi da muradun ’yan mulki.
Kalandar da Mayans suka kirkira ya kasance mai inganci sosai. An haɓaka kalandar Mayan a Mesoamerica kuma tana da kwanaki ɗari biyu da sittin. A cikin wannan kalandar, an ba kowace rana suna, kamar yadda muke ba kowace rana ta mako suna. Akwai suna na ɗaya daga cikin kwanaki ashirin kuma kowace rana an ba da wata alama ta musamman. An kirga kwanaki daga daya zuwa sha uku, kasancewar akwai kwanaki ashirin kuma adadin ya kai har goma sha uku, da ya kai kwana na goma sha uku, washegari aka cika daya.
A cikin Mesoamerica an yi amfani da kalanda mai tsarki na kirga kwanaki ɗari biyu da sittin tsawon ƙarni da yawa, mai yiwuwa an yi amfani da shi tun kafin ƙirƙirar rubutu.
Sunayen ranar Mayan da ma'anarsu mai yiwuwa su ne: Imix (Water Lily), Chuwen (Frog), Ik (Wind), Eb (Kwankwan Kai), Ak'bal (Dare), Ben (Masar Masara), K'an (Masara), Ix (Jaguar), Chicchan (Snake). Maza (Eagle), Kimi (Kan Mutuwa), Kib (Shell), Manik (Hand), Kaban (Duniya), Lamat (Venus), Etz'nab (Flint), Muluk (Ruwa), Kawak (Storm Cloud), Lafiya. (Kare), Ahaw (Sir).
Mayakan sun kuma yi aiki da kimanin shekara ta hasken rana wadda ta ɗauki kwanaki ɗari uku da sittin da biyar a kowace shekara. Domin ba su san amfani da ɓangarorin ba, ragowar kwata na yini a kowace shekara ya sa kalandar su ta bambanta daga ainihin shekarar hasken rana. A cikin wannan shekara ta kwanaki dari uku da sittin da biyar akwai watanni goma sha takwas tare da kidaya adadin daga sifili zuwa goma sha tara, ta yadda adadin ya tashi daga sifili (sunan wata na farko) zuwa pohp goma sha tara, sannan a ci gaba da sifiri. wo (sunan wata na biyu).
Sunayen watannin da ma'anarsu mai yiwuwa da za a iya fitar da su sune: Pohp (Mat), Yax (Green), Wo (?), Zak (Fara), Sip (??), Keh (Red), Sotz (Jemage). ), Mak (??), Sek (??), K'ank'in (??), Xul (Kare), Muwan (Mujiya), Yaxk'in (New Sun), Pax (??), Mol ( Ruwa), K'ayab (Kunƙuri), Chen (Baƙar fata), Kumk'u (??). Zuwa watanni goma sha takwas na yau da kullun, Mayan sun ƙara wata na musamman na kwanaki biyar mai suna Wayeb wanda ya ƙunshi kwanaki biyar waɗanda ba su da suna.
Mayakan kuma sun yi amfani da glyphs na musamman waɗanda ke nuna lokutan lokaci. A Kin wakilci rana; Winans suna wakiltar tsawon kwanaki ashirin, kamar abin da muke kira wata; Tun yana daidai da shekara guda na kwanaki dari uku da sittin da kuma K'atun wanda shine tsawon shekaru ashirin na kwana dari uku da sittin kowanne. Ƙarshen K'atun wani lokaci ne na musamman da Mayan suka yi bikin. Yana da kwatankwacinsa a duniyar zamani zuwa lokacin da muke kira shekaru goma.
Mayan kuma sun ƙidaya lokutan shekaru 400 da ake kira Baktuns. Mayawan sun yi amfani da waɗannan lokutan lokuta a cikin ƙidayar rana ta musamman da ake kira dogon ƙidayar.
A yau ana rubuta kwanan wata Dogon Ƙidaya kamar haka: 9.14.12.2.17. Wannan yana wakiltar baktun tara, katun goma sha huɗu, tuns goma sha biyu, winals biyu, da k'ins goma sha bakwai.
Peculiarities na Mayan Astronomy
Kalandar rana ta Mayan ta kasance daidai fiye da wacce muke amfani da ita a yau. Dukkanin biranen zamanin na gargajiya sun karkata ne dangane da motsin dome na sama. An gina gine-gine da yawa don dalilai na shaida al'amuran sama daga Duniya.
Wannan shi ne yadda Castle na Chichén Itzá, inda aka ga saukowar Kukulkan, wani macijin da inuwar da aka halitta a ƙarshen ginin a lokacin hutu.
Matakai huɗu na ginin duka ɗari uku da sittin da biyar, kowane mataki yana wakiltar ranar shekara. A cikin Dresden Codex da kuma a cikin stelae da yawa akwai lissafin lokacin wata, hasken rana, hawan Venusian da tebur na lokaci-lokaci na husufin.
Mayakan sun ƙaddara tsari da ranakun abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi ta amfani da tsarin kalandar mai sarƙaƙƙiya. A wajen Mayan kuwa, farkon shekara ita ce rana ta ketare giza-gizai, wato ranar XNUMX ga watan Yuli, ta yi kwanaki dari uku da sittin da biyar; daga cikin wadannan dari uku da sittin da hudu an karkasa su zuwa mako ashirin da takwas kowanne yana da kwanaki goma sha uku kuma shekara ta fara a rana dari uku da sittin da biyar.
Bugu da kari zuwa sama, ɗari uku da sittin kwanaki aka kasu kashi goma sha takwas watanni cewa kowane yana da kwana ashirin. A makonni da watanni shige sequentially kuma da kansa daga juna. Duk da haka, da suka da yaushe fara a daidai wannan rana, cewa shi ne, da zarar kowane mutum ɗari biyu da sittin kwanaki, wani adadi da ke ninkin biyu da goma sha uku (for mako) da ashirin (ga wata). A Mayan kalandar, ko da yake sosai hadaddun, shi ne mafi m da aka sani har bayyanar da Gregorian kalanda a cikin XNUMXth karni.
Tauraron Mayan ya sami cikakkiyar fahimta. Ba kamar masanan taurari na Turai ba, ilmin taurari na Mayan ya mayar da hankali kan sha'awarsa ga nazarin motsin rana sama da latitude. Kowace shekara, rana tana tafiya zuwa wurin da za ta yi zafi, ko kuma tazarar digiri 23-1/3 a arewa, kuma kudancin wannan latitude yawancin garuruwan Mayan suna wurin, ma'ana sun sami damar ganin rana kai tsaye a saman su don haka. idan dai yana sama da latitude ɗinsu, wanda shine sau biyu a shekara.
Tunda babu inuwa a tsakar rana, astronomy na Mayan zai iya tantance waɗannan kwanakin cikin sauƙi. Lura na hanyar wucewa ta zenith yana yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin wurare masu zafi kuma ba a san su ba ga masu cin nasara na Spain waɗanda suka sauko a tsibirin Yucatan a karni na sha shida. Mayans suna da wani allah wanda yake wakiltar wannan matsayi na rana, wanda ake kira allahn tsalle.
Mayan sun kasance manyan malaman sararin samaniya, suna lissafin motsin taurari da auna lokaci. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da ƙungiyoyin taurari a cikin Mayan astronomy sun kasance daidai fiye da na Turai na lokacin kafin cin nasarar Mutanen Espanya. Copán, Palenque da Quiriguá sun kasance muhimman cibiyoyi da aka sadaukar don ilimin taurari. A cikin karni na 365 a Copán, sun sami damar tantance ainihin shekarar da suka danganta tsawon kwanaki 2420, lissafin yanzu yana sanya shekarar a cikin kwanaki 365,2422.
Ana samun rubutun da ya dace da waɗannan lissafin akan Altar Q, wanda ke nuna kwanan watan da ya dace da shekara ta 776 AD A kan Stela M, tushe na matakan haikalin 26 na Copán, kwanan wata 9.16.5.0.0 ya samo, wanda ya dace da shi. 756 AD mafi dacewa shine ƙaddarar motsi na Venus, samun matsakaicin kwanaki ɗari biyar da tamanin da huɗu na lokacin synodic.
A cikin kusan karni na XNUMX, Mayans sun yi ƙididdiga iri ɗaya akan tsawon shekara. A cikin Copan, don ƙayyade tsawon shekara mai zafi, Maya sunyi amfani da tsarin wata da gyare-gyare daga katun goma sha biyar.
Copan Stela A ya ƙunshi tsarin zagayowar wata ɗari biyu da talatin da biyar a cikin shekaru goma sha tara, kwatankwacin wanda aka kwatanta a cikin tebirin husufin wata na Dresden Codex. Kamar yadda tsarin wata ya nuna, wata 149 daidai yake da kwanaki 4400, wata 235 kuwa daidai da shekaru 19, don haka wata daya daidai da 29, wata 53020134 daidai yake da 235 kwana goma sha tara. Don haka shekara zata yi daidai da 6.939,597315 ko kwanaki 365,241964.
Venus
A cikin ilmin taurarin Mayan Venus ita ce abin da ya fi sha'awa, ta zarce rana. Masanin taurarin Mayan yayi nazarin motsin Venus a hankali yayin da yake tafiya cikin yanayi. Godiya ga waɗannan abubuwan lura sun gano cewa Duniya da Venus sun ɗauki kwanaki 584 don daidaitawa a wuri ɗaya game da rana. Sun kuma gano cewa yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 2.922 kafin Duniya, Rana, Venus, da taurari su daidaita.
A cikin ilmin taurari na Mayan sun lura cewa ba a iya ganin Venus daga doron ƙasa a lokacin da ake ɗaukar siffar Venus a matsayin ƙasa da haɗin gwiwa, lokacin da ta wuce tsakanin duniya da Rana. Venus ta ɓace na ɗan gajeren lokaci na kimanin kwanaki takwas. Sa'an nan Venus ya sake bayyana a cikin sararin sama tare da Rana yayin da yake barin ƙananan haɗin gwiwa. Wannan matsayi, saboda yana tasowa tare da rana, ana kiransa heliacal ortho kuma ga Mayan astronomy shine matsayi mafi mahimmanci na Venus.
Bayan tashi Venus ta sami mafi tsananin haske. Daga nan za ta yi sauri zuwa yamma nesa da Rana a cikin motsi na baya. Daga baya kuma za a iya ci gaba da lura da shi a cikin alfijir har tsawon kwanaki dari biyu da sittin har sai ya kai ga gabbansa. A wannan lokacin Venus za ta kasance a kishiyar Rana daga Duniya, ta zama dusashe, har sai ta nutse a ƙarƙashin sararin sama, sai dai ta bayyana a kishiyar Rana a matsakaicin kwanaki hamsin.
Venus sai ta tashi a matsayin tauraro na yamma kuma ta kasance a cikin sararin sama na kusan kwanaki XNUMX har sai ta wuce ta gabas ta tsawon tsayinta kuma ta kai ga mafi kyawunta kafin ta sake kaiwa ga haɗin kai, ta fara sake zagayowar.
Mayan astronomy yana da Venus a ƙarƙashin kulawa akai-akai kuma sun ɗauki matsayinsa da gaske don yanke manyan yanke shawara. An nuna cewa Mayas sun shirya yaƙe-yaƙe bisa ga wuraren da Venus da Jupiter suka tsaya. An yi sadaukarwa na ɗan adam bayan haɗin gwiwa mafi girma lokacin da Venus ta kasance a mafi ƙarancin girmanta, saboda suna jin tsoron tashin heliacal na farko bayan haɗin gwiwa mara kyau.
A cikin kalandar Mayan da ke bayyana a cikin Dresden Code tsarin zagayowar Venus ya cika daki-daki. A cikin ilmin taurari na Mayan, sun ƙididdige jeri biyar na kwanaki ɗari biyar da tamanin da huɗu, wato, kwanaki 2.920 waɗanda ke kusa da shekaru takwas ko kuma, abin da yake daidai, maimaita biyar na zagayowar Venus.
Venus ita ce Quetzacóatl, Ubangijin Dawn, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Teotihuacán frescoes, da kuma a cikin Dresden Codex, wanda aka lura da glyph a kan kan Allah mai saukowa. Yawancin ƙwararrun masana sun yarda cewa a cikin Dresden Codex akwai shaida cewa an san lokutan da ba a taɓa gani ba na taurari a cikin Mayan astronomy. Idan haka ne, wannan yana nuna cewa an san motsin heliocentric a cikin Tsarin Rana.
An san Venus a cikin Mayan astronomy da Nok Ek (babban tauraro) kuma an san shi da Xux Ek (tauraron wap). Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Venus, wato lokacin da ke wucewa tsakanin sassa biyu na duniya a gaba ko bayan Rana, daga mahangar duniya) yana da jujjuyawar da ta bambanta daga kwanaki 580 zuwa 588 (kwanaki 583.92). . Lissafin da Mayans suka yi ya sanya shi a cikin kwanaki 584 a matsakaici. Ma'ana, wannan yana nufin ana maimaita daidaitawar da ke tsakanin Rana, Duniya da Venus kowane kwana ɗari biyar da tamanin da huɗu.
A cikin ilmin taurari na Mayan, an yi gyare-gyare ga lissafinsu na shekaru da yawa, don haka an cimma daidaito sosai, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin Dresden Codex.
Nazarin Venus shine mabuɗin tsarin lissafin Mayan da ilimin taurari. Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Venus ya kasance nuni ga duk kalanda. A cikin dangantakar Venus-Sun na kwanaki 2.920, shekaru biyar na Venus sun yi daidai da shekaru takwas na hasken rana na kwanaki 365. Lambar goma sha uku tana da alaƙa da ƙidaya ta Venus. Sha uku shine mako mai tsarki, jimillar biyar ne da takwas wanda ya yi daidai da dangantakar Venus da Rana, wanda kuma aka ninka da ashirin shine kalandar kwanaki dari biyu da sittin.
Lamba ashirin a cikin tsarin lambobi na Mayan yana da alaƙa da juyin juya halin Venus, sau ashirin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Venus da Rana yana ba da daidai juyin juya halin synodic ɗari na Venus. Teburan Venus da aka nuna a cikin Dresden Codex sun nuna sassa huɗu da ke magana game da bayyanar da bacewar Venus, da kuma haɗin kai na mafi girma da na ƙasa. Hakanan ana nuna kalandar Venus a cikin guda uku daban-daban, kowanne na juyin juya halin synodic sittin da biyar ko kuma yayi daidai da shekaru dari da hudu na kalanda na kwanaki dari uku da sittin da biyar.
Zagayen zagayowar Venus ta cikin dome na sama an yi rubuce-rubuce sosai a ilimin taurarin Mayan. Zagayowar ita ce shekaru dari biyu da arba'in da uku a cikinta duniyar ta yi matakai hudu. Na ƙarshe ya faru ne a ranar 2012 ga Yuni, 1040. Akwai bayanai guda biyu, wanda ya yi daidai da shekara ta 1145 a Cotzumalhuapa, Guatemala da ɗayan, a XNUMX da aka zana a cikin Haikali na Owl a Chichén Itzá.
Rana
Har ila yau, ilimin taurari na Mayan ya ba da muhimmanci ga Rana, Mayans suna kallon rana sosai a duk shekara yayin da take tafiya a sararin sama. A Chichen Itza, a gabar tekun Yucatan, da faɗuwar rana, wani macijin taurari ya tashi a gefen matakalar dala mai suna El Castillo a ranar bazara da faɗuwar daidai gwargwado. Wannan yana nuni da cewa Mayan sun lura ba wai iyakar rana ba a lokacin faɗuwar rana, har ma da ma'aunin daidaita lokacin da rana ta bayyana ta fito gabas ko yamma.
La Luna
Watan kuma ya kasance a cikin rubutun kalanda na Mayan astronomy. Ƙididdigar wata ta kasance a kan kwanaki ashirin da tara ko talatin. Bayan samun bayanan da suka dace akan ranar bisa ga kalandar Mayan, an lura cewa rubutun Mayan na yau da kullun sun ƙunshi lissafin wata.
Lokacin kewayawar wata yana kusa da kwanaki 29,5, don haka ta hanyar musanya ƙidayarsa tsakanin waɗannan lambobi biyu, wata kuma ya haɗu da kyau a cikin jerin kalanda. Iliminsu na wata yana da ban sha'awa domin sun kuma yi hasashen kusufi, almanac don hasashensu yana ƙunshe a cikin Dresden Codex.
A halin yanzu duration na orbital tsawon watã ne 29,53059 kwanaki, ko da yake akwai sabani saboda gaskiyar cewa babu wani uniformity a fili ƙungiyoyi na Sun kuma Moon. A Mayans bai san yin amfani da lamba kasarun adadi. Bayan dogon lokaci na lissafi suka sami wani m dangantaka, uku watanni kusan bada 59 kwana. shida amaryar wata kusan ba 177 kwanaki. goma sha bakwai watanni kusan ba 502 kwanaki. ashirin da daya watanni kusan ba 620 kwanaki.
A cikin rubutun da ke kan matakala na House C na fadar Palenque, akwai wani rubutu daga 603 AD wanda ya ƙara adadin kwanaki 4.193, daidai da kusan wata ɗari da arba'in da biyu, don ma'anar lokacin kewayawar wata. kwanaki 29,528. Palenque ya haɓaka adadin watanni tamanin da ɗaya daidai da kwanaki 2.392, ta yadda wata ɗaya ya yi daidai da 29.533086.
Ƙididdigar da Copán ya ɓullo da ita ta ba da damar a haɗa watanni zuwa rukuni na shida, canjin da aka yi a shekara ta 692 AD wanda aka yi gabaɗaya a Motagua, Petén da Usumacinta. Rukunin watanni shida sun zama rabin shekarar wata ta halitta ta kwanaki 254 ko 355. Kowane ƙidayar wata yana farawa da sabon wata. Mayan sun yi amfani da ƙidayar shekarun wata na halitta sosai a cikin ƙididdiga masu yawa na falaki.
A cikin AD 756 Copán ya gabatar da wani muhimmin canji. A kan Stela M, an lura da watanni biyar don kwanan wata lokacin da sauran garuruwan suka rubuta shida. Wannan yana wakiltar sauyi daga shekarar wata na wata goma sha biyu zuwa tsarin husufin wata yana farawa kowace rabin shekara, don haka dole ne a yi amfani da rukunin watanni biyar maimakon shida.
Dresden Codex ya ba da tebur na watanni biyar da shida shirya yadda kowane rukuni ya fara da ƙare kusa da haɗin gwiwa. Teburin ya ƙunshi tsawon shekaru talatin da uku. An yi la'akari da yiwuwar cewa a kusa da 756 AD ilimin kusufi ya ba da damar gina tebur na wata.
da husuma
Ecliptic shine layi mai lankwasa wanda Rana ke kewaya duniya, a zahirin motsinta kamar yadda ake gani daga doron kasa. A cikin ilmin taurari na Mayan, ana wakilta ecptic a matsayin maciji mai kai biyu. Hanyar Rana a cikin sararin sama wanda ke da alamar taurari na tsayayyen taurari. Anan zaka iya samun wata da taurari saboda an haɗa su, kamar Duniya, da rana. Taurari na taurari kuma ana kiran su zodiac.
A cikin taurari na Mayan astronomy akwai kunama, wanda za a iya daidaita shi da ƙungiyar taurari na Scorpio, don samar da kunama an yi amfani da farawar Libra. Mayans suna gabatar da Gemini a matsayin alade ko peccary. Wasu sauran taurarin taurarin taurarin da aka gano su ne jaguar, aƙalla maciji, jemage, kunkuru, dodo, dodo, wanda a cikin tatsuniyar Mayan ya kasance shark ko dodo na teku. Ana ganin Pleiades a matsayin wutsiya na rattlesnake kuma ana kiranta "Tz'ab".
masu kira
Pleiades rukuni ne na taurari waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga duk Mesoamerica. Tare da ido tsirara za su iya lura da bayyanarsa da bacewarsa tare da sha'awa ta musamman saboda an yanke shawarar fara wasu ayyukan noma. Mayawan suna kiran su tzab "wutsiya ta maciji", saboda samuwar kungiyarsu.
Fitowar farko a sararin samaniyar wannan ma’auni na falaqi ya nuna farkon lokacin damina da kuma hijirar tsuntsaye don haka ke kayyade yawan ko karanci. Don haka, alal misali, mafarauta za su iya koyo game da ƙaura na ganimarsu bisa sauye-sauyen yanayi.
Hanyar madara
A cikin ilimin taurari na Mayan sun san Milky Way da sunan Wakah Chan, inda Wakah ke nufin "daidai" da Chan "maciji". Ita kuma Milky Way an wakiltata a matsayin bishiyar Ceiba mai tsayi, tsayi da girma mai suna The World Tree. Lokacin da Sagittarius ya kasance a saman sararin sama, Bishiyar Duniya ta tsaya a tsaye, sannan ta tashi sama da sararin sama kuma ta tashi zuwa arewa. Itacen Duniya ya kasance a zenith a lokacin, lokacin da Sagittarius ke sama da sararin sama kuma ya ketare meridian.
Wakah Chan yana da tushe a cikin tatsuniyarsa ta halitta, haka nan a tunaninsa na asalin halittu; zagayowar Milky Way sun kasance axis, duka don auna lokaci, da kuma murnar kiyaye rayuwa; ta wata hanya ya kasance kamfas na kamanninsa da kiyayewarsa a Duniya.
Wasikun Eclipses
Teburan da aka samu a shafi na hamsin da ɗaya da shafi na hamsin da takwas na Dresden Codex sun ba da rahoton duk wata husufin rana da da yawa daga cikin husufin wata ba tare da bayyana waɗanda za a gansu a yankin da Mayakan suka mamaye ba. Teburan codex sun ɗauki kusan shekaru talatin da uku, wato, kusan ɗari huɗu da biyar lunations. An tsara waɗannan allunan musamman don sake amfani da su kuma sun ƙunshi tsarin gyara lokaci-lokaci.
Teburan da ke magana game da husufin da aka samu a cikin Dresden Codex sun fara ne daga ƙarni na XNUMX kuma godiya ga ƙirarsu ana iya amfani da su har zuwa ƙarni na XNUMX. Teburin kuma yana da alaƙa da kusufin rana da al'amuran wata ga zagayowar Venus da yuwuwar Mercury da sauran abubuwan al'amuran sama da na yanayi.
A shafuffuka hamsin da ɗaya da hamsin da takwas na Dresden Codex an jera rukunoni ɗari huɗu da biyar a jere waɗanda aka haɗa su zuwa ƙungiyoyi sittin da tara, waɗanda sittin daga cikinsu sun ƙunshi lunations shida kowanne da tara na lunations biyar. Hauka na farko sun haura zuwa kwana dari da saba'in da bakwai ko dari da saba'in da tara, saboda haduwar watannin kwanaki talatin tsakanin na ashirin da tara). A cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe na kowace ƙungiya an yi kusufin Rana.
Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi dan kasar Burtaniya John Eric Sidney Thompson ya nuna cewa ranakun farko da karshen teburin kusufi mai yiyuwa ne 10.12.16.14.8, wato 1083 AD da 16.14.10.0.8, wanda zai zama 1116 AD, saboda haka, zai iya yiwuwa. zama kwanan wata zuwa sigar farko ta Dresden Codex a kusa da karni na XNUMX.
Mayan astronomy, a cewar Noriega, ya sami damar isa kan dabaru guda biyar don hasashen kusufin, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Dresden Codex. Irin wadannan hanyoyin su ne:
Dalili na farko zai kasance El Saros, zagaye na maimaita kusufin Rana da Wata a cikin shekaru goma sha takwas da kwana goma ko goma sha ɗaya, wanda aka sani a tsohuwar duniya kuma ana danganta shi ga Kaldiyawa. Wannan zagayowar ya yi daidai da lunations ɗari biyu da ashirin da uku a cikin tsawon kwanaki 6585.32 kuma an rubuta shi a shafi mai lamba hamsin da biyu, sashe B na Dresden Codex kuma yana bayyana a da'irar huɗu na "Sun Stone".
Ƙididdigar ta biyu tana nufin zagayowar canjin kusufi na Rana da Wata da ke faruwa a cikin shekaru talatin na kwana ɗari uku da sittin 360 kowanne. Wannan lokacin yayi daidai da lunations 158.5 da ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki 4680 kuma an rubuta shi a shafi na hamsin da takwas na Dresden Codex. A cikin wannan adadin kwanaki, juyin-juya-hali guda shida na Venus, lunations 158.5 da husufin rana da wata bakwai a jere suna faruwa a wuri guda.
Ƙididdigar ta uku ta dogara ne a kan wasu zagayowar Rana da Wata da ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki 7280 kuma waɗanda suka yi daidai da lunions 246.5, wanda kuma aka nuna a shafi na hamsin da takwas na Dresden Codex. Ƙididdigar ta huɗu tana nufin zagayowar maimaitawar kusufi mai tsawon lokacin lunshi 450 kuma ita ce jimillar waɗanda suka gabata biyu. An yi rikodin wannan sake zagayowar a cikin kwanaki 11,958 a cikin Dresden Codex.
A ƙarshe, tsari na biyar ya dogara ne akan zagayowar Saros sau uku, wanda aka kafa a tsawon lokaci na lunions ɗari shida da sittin da tara, wanda aka lura a da'irar na biyu na Dutsen Rana. da Maya. A cikin Codex na Madrid an danganta yadda kusufi ke shafar zagayowar ruwan sama da fari a fagen noma. Almanacs masu kama da tebur na Dresden Codex suna bayyana a shafi na goma da shafi na goma sha uku.
Sauran Abubuwan Lura
Shagulgula da bukukuwa na Mayan astronomy sun sami babban tasiri daga sassa daban-daban na sama. A cikin matani daban-daban da rubuce-rubucen da ake da su, an sami nassoshi ga Venus, Moon, Rana, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Scorpio, Orion da Milky Way. Ba a sani ba da gaske cewa Mayan sun lura da wasu taurari, wasu masu bincike sun musanta cewa sun sami damar yin lissafin motsi na sauran taurari kuma har ma sun musanta cewa wasu daga cikin tebur na Dresden Codex suna nufin Mars.
Wasu suna tunani dabam bisa nassosin Codex na alamomin duniya da kuma yanayin da suka bayyana a cikin rubutun. Hasali ma, saboda kusancinsa da Rana, Mercury yana da wahala a gani, duk da cewa sauran wayewar kai sun sami damar yin hakan. Masanin tarihi na Jamus Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann ya gano a cikin Dresden Codex dangantakar haɗin gwiwar juyin juya hali na Mercury a cikin adadin kwanaki ɗari da hamsin da biyar tare da kalanda mai tsarki, ta lamba 11.960 a shafuffuka na 24, 25 da 52 na Dresden Codex Dresden.
Wannan lambar kuma ma'ana ga count na hudu ɗari da biyar amaryar wata. A shafi na hamsin da tara akwai wani count cewa wakiltar sau biyar da lambar 11.960. Saboda haka Mercury ta lissafin danganta wa] annan tare da wadanda na sauran duniyoyi. Förstemann kansa nuna cewa nassoshi Mars Ana nuna a kan shafukan 24, 38, 41, 43, 59 da 64 na Dresden kundin.
Bugu da kari, a shafi na hamsin da tara manyan lambobi sun bayyana: 1.426.360 da 1.386.580 wadanda bambancinsu na 39.780 yayi daidai da juyin juya hali na synodic hamsin da daya na Mars, kowanne cikin kwanaki dari bakwai da tamanin.
Kwanaki ɗari uku da casa'in da tara na juyin juya halin Jupiter da ɗari uku da saba'in da takwas na Saturn an kawo su sau da yawa a cikin asusun Dresden Codex. A shafi na saba'in akwai lissafin adadin kwanaki 4914 daidai da dawowar Saturn goma sha uku. A shafi na saba'in da biyu shine lissafin wannan duniyar da kwanaki 378. An nuna wasu nassoshi daga shafi na hamsin da biyu zuwa shafi na hamsin da takwas na Codex.
Dangane da kallon taurari da taurari, akwai karancin isassun bayanai. An sani, duk da haka, cewa Pleiades, da aka sani da Tzab (rattlesnake) an kiyaye su bisa ga daban-daban data kasance records. An san ƙungiyar taurarin Gemini da suna kunkuru. A cikin codeces akwai wakilai da yawa na Tauraron Polar.
Lallai an lura da ƙungiyar taurarin Cassiopeia kamar yadda ake ɗaukarta jagorar masu tafiya. Hakika, an lura da Milky Way, da kuma taurarin Orion da Great Bear, da kuma taurarin Rigel, Betelgeuse da Sirius, wanda ake iya gani a ido tsirara.
Mayan codeces
Ƙididdigar Mayan saiti ne na zanen gado ko litattafan rubutu da aka rubuta cikin rubutun Mayan ta marubutan wayewar Mayan kafin Colombia. An ba wa waɗannan kundin sunayen sunayen garuruwan da ake ajiye su a yanzu: Dresden, Madrid, Paris, da Mexico. Dresden Codex gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar mafi mahimmanci daga cikin huɗun.
A lokacin mamayar da Sipaniya suka yi wa Yucatán a ƙarni na 1562, an sami littattafan makamantansu da yawa waɗanda mayaƙa da firistoci suka lalata su da yawa daga baya. Don haka, Bishop Diego de Landa ne ya ba da umarnin lalata dukan littattafan da ke Yucatan a watan Yuli XNUMX. Waɗannan ka’idodin, da kuma rubuce-rubuce masu yawa a kan abubuwan tarihi da sulke waɗanda har yanzu ana adana su a yau, sun haɗa da rubutaccen tarihin wayewar Mayan.
A daya bangaren kuma, mai yiyuwa ne nau'in jigogin da suka yi magana da su sun sha bamban sosai da jigogin da aka adana a cikin dutse da gine-gine; Tare da lalata shi, an yi hasarar yiwuwar hasashe na mahimman wuraren rayuwar Mayan. Lambobi huɗu ne kawai suka tsira: Dresden Codex, Codex Madrid, Codex na Paris, da Grolier Codex (gutu).
Dresden Codex
Dresden Codex shine mafi ci gaba daga cikin lambobi huɗu da ake da su. Wannan kalandar kalandar ce da ake gabatar da dukan kwanakin shekara da alloli da suke da alaƙa da su. Yana da cikakken bayani game da kalanda na Mayan da tsarin lambobi. An rubuta codex ɗin a kan doguwar takarda mai ban sha'awa wanda aka naɗe kamar accordion don yin littafi na zanen gado talatin da tara.
An kiyasta cewa marubuta da yawa sun rubuta shi, biyar ko takwas bisa ga ƙwararrun da suka bincika, jim kaɗan kafin cin nasara na Spain. Ya sake bayyana a Turai inda ɗakin karatu na Kotun Sarauta na Saxony ya samo shi a cikin 1739. An ajiye shi a cikin Laburaren Jiha da Jami'ar Saxony a Dresden.
Codex na Madrid
Codex na Madrid yana hulɗar da horoscope da tebur na taurari. A cewar tarihi, Hernán Cortes da kansa ne ya aika da shi zuwa gidan sarauta na Spain. Yana da shafuka ɗari da goma sha biyu, waɗanda suka rabu gida biyu, waɗanda aka sani da Codex Troano da Codex Cortesiano. An sake haɗa sassan biyu a cikin 1888. An ajiye shi a cikin Museo de América a Madrid, Spain.
Codex na Paris
Léon de Rosny ya samo codex na Paris a cikin Laburaren Ƙasa na Faransa a shekara ta 1859 da Léon de Rosny ya yi a cikin yanayi mai ban tausayi. Har yanzu ana adana shi a cikin Asusun Mexica (Fonds Mexicain) na National Library of Faransa kuma ana kiyaye shi da kishi ba tare da nunin jama'a ba, duk da haka yana yiwuwa a yi nazarin godiya ga kwafin takardar. Codex na Paris ya ƙunshi shafuka goma sha ɗaya, waɗanda an goge bayanan gaba ɗaya daga biyu kuma an adana glyphs na tsakiya daga sauran amma an goge waɗanda ke gefe.
A cewar aikin Bruce Love mai suna "The Paris Codex: Manual for a Mayan Priest" da aka buga a 1994, takensa yana nufin al'amuran al'ada, daidai da alloli da bukukuwan su, annabce-annabce, kalanda na bukukuwa da zodiac zuwa kashi dari uku da sittin. kwana hudu.
Grolier Codex
Grolier Codex yanzu ana kiransa da Mayan Codex na Mexico, ya fito a cikin 1970s lokacin da masana suka rigaya sun sani, tun karni na 2016, game da wanzuwar ukun da suka gabata. An fara tambayar sahihancin wannan codex na Mayan na huɗu. Farfesa Stephen Houston na Jami'ar Brown da tawagarsa ba su tabbatar da shi ba har sai XNUMX.
Wannan guntu ne mai shafi goma sha ɗaya da aka yi imanin an same shi a cikin wani kogo a tsaunin Chiapas a shekara ta 1965. Shafukansa ba su da rikitarwa sosai fiye da na sauran codes. Kowanne yana da wani allah yana fuskantar hagu. Ana yiwa saman kowane shafi alama da lamba, yayin da ƙasan hagu da alama yana da jerin kwanakin. An ajiye shi a cikin National Museum of Anthropology City a Mexico City wanda ba ya baje kolin ga jama'a, amma ana iya samun hotuna akan intanet.
mayan stelae
Mayan stelae abubuwan tarihi ne waɗanda masu fasaha suka sassaƙa daga wayewar Mayan na Mesoamerica. Wadannan selae duwatsu ne masu tsayi, sau da yawa sun fi kauri, waɗanda aka sassaka kuma an sanya su a tsaye, an sassaka su a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin ƙananan sauƙi, amma kuma muna samun wasu a cikin babban taimako, har ma da wasu rubuce-rubucen da fararen. Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa su da duwatsu masu da'ira da ake kira bagadi, ko da yake ainihin aikin su ba shi da tabbas.
Duwatsun da Mayawan suka kafa da yawa suna da dogon lokaci da aka zana su kuma yawanci suna amfani da silsila mai ƙarin bayani da ke ɗauke da bayanai dangane da wata, kamar adadin kwanakin da ke cikin ƙayyadadden lokacin wata, tsayin lun. da adadin lunations a cikin jerin shida. Wasu sun haɗa da ƙidaya kwanaki ɗari takwas da sha tara waɗanda za a iya danganta su da ƙidayar kwanaki a cikin zagayowar da ke da alaƙa da Jupiter.
An rubuta wasu abubuwan da suka faru na falaki, alal misali, gargaɗin kusufin a Quiriguá Stela E – 9.17.0.0.0. An ga wani ɓangare na kusufin rana a Mesoamerica bayan kwana biyu a ranar 17.17.0.0.2, wato ranar Juma'a, 771 ga Janairu, XNUMX.
Masu sa ido a cikin Mayan Astronomy
Masu lura da taurarin Mayan sun kasance sama da kowane irin nau'in magana, wurin addu'a da haikali. Ga Mayas, yin rikodin motsi na abubuwan sama hanya ce ta bayyana nufin alloli. Ta hanyar nazarin motsi na taurari, Mayans sun sami damar haɓaka kalandar su kuma daidaitawar jikin sararin samaniya tare da gine-gine ya kasance gargadi cewa muhimmin kwanan wata yana gabatowa.
Muhimmancin da rawar da take da shi a cikin Mesoamerica an nuna shi a cikin gine-gine da kuma, musamman ma a yankin Mayan astronomy, kallon sararin sama. Gine-ginen gine-ginen da ke da alaƙa da tsattsauran ra'ayi da tsarukan jama'a, ban da jadada ci gaban ilimin ƙwararrun magina na al'umma, sun haɗa da nunin ikon mai mulki. Waɗannan gine-gine an daidaita su da gangan bisa ma'auni na sararin samaniya da kuma nazarin yanayin yanayi na baya.
Mayan sun gina gine-gine a cikin nau'i na dala kuma ana amfani da dandamali don gudanar da ayyukan siyasa da na addini amma kuma sun kasance alamomi ko wuraren nuni da ke nuna fitowar alfijir da faɗuwar rana, da kuma motsin taurari kamar wata da Venus. Kamar yadda masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ya ƙware a cikin Mayan archaeology da falaki Orlando Casares Contreras ya bayyana:
«Wani batu don lura da motsin Rana na iya zama ƙofar haikali, alfarda. Ana hasashe fitilu da inuwa da motsin Rana, Venus ko Wata ke yi akan bango, matakala, tudu, hanyoyi har ma da zanen bango na daruruwan gine-ginen Mayan. Tare da waɗannan alamun ephemeral wannan tsohuwar wayewar ta sanya lokaci a bayyane da gano lokacin shuka da girbi.
Jesús Galindo, masanin ilimin sararin samaniya a Jami'ar National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), ya bayyana "Hanyoyin haske a kan gine-gine ba su nuna wani abu a sararin sama ba, su ne al'amuran da za su nuna alama ga maza cewa wasu muhimman kwanan wata suna gabatowa; ta haka suka tsara ayyukansu da rayuwarsu ta tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da addini”.
A matsayin misali na wannan tabbatarwa, Jesús Galindo ya ce wasan kwaikwayo na haske da inuwa da aka yi hasashe kan gine-ginen wurare daban-daban a Mesoamerica an gano su a ranakun ishirin da tara na Afrilu da na goma sha uku ga Agusta. Ko da yake babu wani abin da ya dace da hasken rana da aka rubuta a waɗannan kwanaki, rana tana daidaitawa a cikin sassa daban-daban. Ayyukan wadannan ranaku shine raba shekara ta kwana dari uku da sittin da biyar gida biyu.
Ya nuna cewa ana iya ganin irin wannan shari'ar a cikin babban Haikali na Jaguars na Babban Kotun Kwallan Chichen Itza da tsakiyar taga na Caracol (Mai lura) na wannan birni na Mayan na Yucatan; Gine-gine na Five Floors na Edzná, a Campeche da, a waje da yankin Mayan, Pyramid na Rana, a Teotihuacán, Jihar Mexico.
Ga Galindo Trejo, an zuba jarin gine-ginen sararin samaniya tare da alamar al'ada, tun lokacin da aka daidaita, an nuna cewa suna da alaka da ka'idodin kalandar kuma sun dace da nufin alloli. Wani irin agogon sararin samaniya ne. Ƙari ga haka, sarkin da ya ba da umarnin a yi gine-ginen ya bayyana a gaban mutanensa yana nuna cewa ginin da kansa ya sami tagomashin alloli.
An yi nazarin nazarin taurarin Mayan da ido tsirara ko tare da wasu kayan aikin da ba a san su ba a yanzu. Wani abu makamancin haka ya faru da wasu wayewa. Sai a karni na XNUMX, tare da Galileo Galilei, aka fara amfani da na'urar hangen nesa don kallon sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, mutanen Mesoamerica suna da masu lura da taurari kamar abin da ake kira "tsarin sararin sama". Irin wannan lamari ne na rukunin E na Uaxactún ko abin da ake kira "Caracol" na Chichén Itzá. An bayyana wanzuwar wuraren kallo a cikin lambobi daban-daban na Mayan.
Daga cikin daban-daban fuskantarwa, akwai da yawa sosai a ko'ina cikin Mesoamerica da kuma a cikin Mayan yankin musamman, wadanda ke nuna zuwa ga heliacal faɗuwar rana a kan Oktoba 1986 da Fabrairu 2012, a fili misali wanda shi ne Preclassic site na El Mirador (Guatemala).) , Gidan E na Fadar Palenque (Chiapas), Babban Haikali na Jaguars na Babban Kotun Wasanni na Chichén Itzá, a cikin Observatory na El Caracol, kuma a cikin Casa Colorada na Chichén Itzá (Aveni da Hartung, 2016; Sprajc) da Sánchez Nava, XNUMX; Galindo Trejo, XNUMX).
Kwanaki na farko, Oktoba ashirin da tara, ita ce kwana hamsin da biyu har sai Rana ta kai matsananciyar matsayi a kudu, a lokacin damina. Da zarar an yi wannan taron, dole ne a cika sauran kwanaki hamsin da biyu kafin ranar XNUMX ga Fabrairu.
Daga wannan ranar ta ƙarshe zuwa ranar ashirin da tara ga Oktoba, daidai kwana ɗari biyu da sittin ke wucewa. Don haka, masu gine-ginen Mayan da masanan sararin samaniya sun yi amfani da lokacin hunturu a matsayin jigon yanayi don ƙidaya kwanakin, suna tsara shi tsakanin waɗannan kwanakin.
Ana iya lura da abubuwan lura tare da daidaitawar wata a cikin ilimin taurari na Mayan a tsibirin Cozumel, ana la'akari da "tollan", wato, cibiyar aikin hajji na Yucatan Peninsula a lokacin Epiclassic da Postclassic daga shekara ta 900 zuwa shekara ta 1519 AD, (Patell, 2016). A kan wannan tsibirin, gine-ginen San Gervasio, Grupo Manitas; Rukuni Sittin da Hudu Tsakiya; Ƙungiyar Ramonal; Buena Vista da The Expedition.
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan gine-gine yana nuna yanayin yanayin wata, wanda ke mamaye alamar faɗuwar wata. Ya kai lungu da sako na arewa kusa da daminar lokacin sanyi, kuma zuwa lokacin rani ya kai kudancinta. Ga Mayans na ƙasashen duniya, bacewar wata a gabas yana nuna lokacin aikin hajji zuwa wuri mai tsarki na Ixchel.
A daban-daban gine-gine na San Gervasio za ka iya ganin fuskantarwa ga dabi'u isa da Sun a watan Yuni da Disamba solstices. A cikin garin El Mirador (Guatemala), an kuma sami tsarin daidaitawa dangane da faɗuwar faɗuwar rana (Sprajc, Morales Aguilar da Hansen, 2009).
Ko da yake, watakila mafi dacewa misali shine na El Caracol Observatory a Chichen Itza. Wannan ginin madauwari da aka gina a kan dandali guda biyu yana da jerin tagogi, na sama uku da madaidaicin dandali biyun suna nuni da matsayin Rana a sararin sama a cikin muhimman ranaku: solstices da equinoxes, ban da matsayinsa. ya kai Venus a iyakarta a sararin samaniya (Galindo Trejo, 2006).
Akwai shaidu da yawa cewa Copan, a Honduras, ya kasance cibiyar mahimmanci ga ilimin taurari na Mayan. Daga bayanai akan Stela A akwai yuwuwar tantance kalandar da madaidaicin shekara ta 731. A kan Stela M ana samun kusufin a karon farko tare da tsarin watanni a rukuni na biyar da shida, shekara ta 756. A cikin 763, An sadaukar da Haikali ashirin da biyu ga Venus tare da gyare-gyare na lokacin synodic, kuma Temple goma sha ɗaya mai yiwuwa an sadaukar da shi ga teburan husufi.
Ƙididdigar Copan (AD 731) na tsawon ainihin shekara shine kwanaki 365,2420 (ƙimar yanzu ita ce 365.2422, don haka akwai bambanci kawai na dubu goma-dubu na rana). Copán, palenque da Quiriguá sune wuraren da aka ƙayyade tsawon lokacin lokacin zafi. Lunation ɗin da Copán ya ƙaddara (AD 699) shine kwanaki 29,53020 (ƙididdigar halin yanzu shine kwanaki 29) kuma na Palenque shine kwanaki 53059.
Dangane da juyin juya hali na Venus, lissafin Copan (763 AD) tare da gyara kasa da kwana ɗaya a kowace shekara dubu shida, ya kasance 583.92, daidai da ƙimar yanzu.
A Mexico ta dā, an yi taruka don daidaita bayanan da aka ƙayyade don kalanda kuma wataƙila don tattauna abubuwan lura da taurari daban-daban. An tabbatar da wannan a cikin Xochicalco da Copan. Copán Altar Q wani shingen dutse ne da aka ajiye a gaban dala 16 na Haikali tare da sassaka sassaka. An sassaƙa ƙididdiga goma sha shida, wanda ke tunawa da taron masana ilmin taurari da aka yi a ƙarni na XNUMX.
Ana ganin alkaluman mutane akan Altar T a cikin irin wannan tsari. A cikin matakalar da ke kaiwa zuwa Haikali na farko na Acropolis, a Copán kuma shine rubutun Mayan mafi tsayi wanda ya ƙunshi hieroglyphs ɗari goma sha biyar.
Wurin zenith na Rana wani abu ne na al'amuran taurari waɗanda ke da alaƙa da daidaitawar gine-gine. Tulum's Temple Five shine kyakkyawan misali na wannan kuma yayi aiki don haɗa haikalin tare da allahntakar rana. Alamar Kin da Ixchel a cikin zane-zane na bango har yanzu ana kiyaye su a ciki. Gina P a cikin Monte Alban (Oaxaca) wani wurin kallo ne na zenithal: A ƙarƙashin babban matakala akwai ɗaki mai duhu tare da ƙaramin buɗewa wanda kawai ke barin hasken rana daga Afrilu 17 zuwa 25 ga Agusta.
Wadannan ranakun suna tsara Rana idan ta kai kololuwarta da tsakar rana a lokacin bazara kuma su biyun sun rabu cikin lokaci daga wannan lamari da kwanaki sittin da biyar. Wannan saboda al'adun Zapotec sun raba kalandar kwanaki dari biyu da sittin zuwa kwanaki hudu na kwanaki sittin da biyar, wanda ake kira "cocijo" (Galindo Trejo, 2006).
Wani misali na tsarin tsarin gine-gine zuwa zenith na hasken rana yana samuwa a cikin Pyramid na Magician a Uxmal, tsarin na waje na ginin yana fuskantar ranakun Mayu ashirin da biyu da Yuni ashirin da biyu, wanda ya dace da mashigin rana. ta hanyar zenith a latitude na Uxmal (Aveni da Hartung, 1986)
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