La tsarin gine-ginen zamani ya jaddada aiki, sauƙi da ma'ana, ƙirƙirar sababbin nau'ikan maganganu tare da ban sha'awa daban-daban da sababbin abubuwa. Wani sabon salo na wannan lokacin, wanda al'ummomi suka yi maraba da kuma wanda zaku iya ganowa a ƙasa a cikin wannan labarin.
Gine-gine na zamani
Zamani tsarin gine-gine ne na duniya da motsin ƙira wanda ya fito a cikin XNUMXs a matsayin martani ga saurin masana'antu da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da ke faruwa.
Bayan tsari da ka'idodin duniya na wannan fasaha, tsarin gine-ginen zamani ya yi amfani da sababbin kayan aiki da fasaha na zamani, yana ƙin tsohuwar, al'adun gargajiya da na tarihi da kuma salon, amma fiye da duk kayan ado mai yawa. Wannan sabon kayan ado ya haifar da gine-gine na zamani, wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar layi mai tsabta, siffofi masu sauƙi na geometric, nau'i mai siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar girman, girman girman girman girman, girman girman girman girman girman girman girman girman girman girman girman girman da girman girman.
An yi la'akari da sifofin da aka fallasa su da kyau ga dukkan al'ummomi da al'adu, saboda ba tsarin gine-gine ba ne, kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da salon farfadowa, akasin haka, sabon abu ne, gwaji da kadan.
Haihuwar gine-ginen zamani ya zo a lokacin da sana’a, duk abin da ake yi da hannu, ake maye gurbinsu da masana’antu, komai na inji. Masu gine-ginen zamani sun yi aiki don sake ƙirƙira siffofin gine-gine da suka fi mayar da hankali kan yadda mutane suke rayuwa ba abin da suka sami kyau ba.
Menene gine-ginen zamani?
Gine-ginen zamani wani salon gini ne wanda ke jaddada aiki da ingantaccen tsari akan kayan ado. Ana la'akari da tashi daga ƙarin ƙayatattun gidaje da ƙawance irin su Sarauniya Anne, Victorian, ko salon Revival na Gothic.
Gine-ginen zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi layukan kaifi, tsaftataccen layi. Duk da haka, akwai nau'ikan gine-gine na zamani daban-daban. Daga 1930 zuwa 1970, za a iya ganin salo na zamani, Mawallafi, Masu Ginawa, da Tsakanin Ƙarni, don suna kawai.
tarihin gine-ginen zamani
Yunkurin zamani ba na ɗan lokaci ba ne kuma ya ƙunshi nau'o'i da yawa waɗanda suka cika shekaru sittin. Wannan zai iya sa ya zama ɗan wahala don samun ainihin wurin farawa na salon. Haihuwar cibiyoyin ƙira na zamani akan ra'ayin cewa nau'in ya kamata ya bi aiki kuma babban mawallafi da ma'anar wannan magana shine masanin gine-gine Louis Sullivan wanda ya tsara gine-gine don bikin baje kolin duniya na Chicago na 1893. Tunanin ya zama a cikin mantra da tushe na asali na zamani. gine-gine.
Kyawun zane na zamani ya yi nisa a wajajen shekara ta 1930 kuma ya zama sananne da International Modernism or International Style, kalmar da ta samo asali daga baje kolin gine-gine na Philip Johnson a 1932. Gabaɗaya, haɓakar gine-ginen zamani ya ƙare a tsakiyar karni. , amma salon zane har yanzu yana rinjayar gine-gine har zuwa ƙarshensa.
Duk da cewa ci gaban zamani a cikin gine-gine ya samo asali ne a tsakanin shekarun 1920 zuwa 1950, asalinsa ya samo asali ne tun zamanin wayewa da kuma fadada shi zuwa ci gaban fasaha.
Duk da haka, tarihinsa yawanci yakan kasu kashi uku, na farko, na zamani da kuma marigayi, a cikin su ne aka kirkiro mafi shaharar taken gine-gine. Bari mu san wasu muhimman bangarori na zamani:
Karni sha takwas
Ilimin zamani ya rinjayi wayewar kai ko kuma kamar yadda aka san zamanin Dalili, wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu. Ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi, komawa zuwa Descartes, wanda ra'ayinsa na duniya shine na inji, wanda ke aiki da dokokin injiniya. Zamani ya ɗauki ra'ayoyin ra'ayi kuma ya kafa daidaito a cikin ƙira da daidaita yanayin gine-gine zuwa masana'antu.
Ɗaya daga cikin maƙasudin gine-ginen zamani na Le Corbusier a cikin 1921, ya bayyana cewa "gida shine na'ura da za a zauna a ciki", yana nufin cewa ginin dole ne ya kasance yana da tsabtar nau'i na na'ura mai kyau kuma ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin guda. . guda. Tunanin "kyakkyawan inji" wanda ya samo asali daga Descartes ya bayyana daya daga cikin tsakiyar tunanin zamani.
Marigayi karni na sha tara
Adolf Loos na farko na zamani kuma yana da tasiri mai yawa akan zamani, rubutunsa da aka buga a 1908 ya haifar da taken, "Ado laifi ne", yana nufin cewa yawancin ado ya kasance asarar kudi, aiki da kayan aiki, kare kariya. kullum tattalin arzikin gini.
A gare shi, a matsayinsa na ɗan zamani, sauƙi ya fi daraja kuma kayan ado ba su da ma'ana, matsayi ko daraja a cikin al'ummar zamani. Wannan tsaftataccen ɗabi'a ya bayyana a cikin duk gine-ginen gine-gine na zamani, wanda aka kwatanta da sauƙi da kuma kawar da kayan ado.
Bayan layin Loos, masu gine-ginen zamani sun ɗauki kayan ado a matsayin alamar abubuwan da suka gabata, na gargajiya da na tarihi, kuma sun raba shi, suna ba da hanya da kuma shahara ga tsaftataccen tsari mai santsi kuma ba tare da ado ba.
A farkon karni na XNUMX
An dauke shi uban zamani. louis sullivan ya kirkiro wani sanannen taken a cikin 1918, "forma bin aiki", wanda shine babban tasiri ga masu gine-ginen zamani kamar su. Mies van der Rohe. Taken Sullivan ya bayyana cewa manufar ƙirar ginin ita ce samar da ingantacciyar aiki kuma ƙira ya kamata ya kasance daga ciki. Don taƙaitawa, tsarin gine-gine na zamani ya ba da fifiko ga aiki da aiki shine tushen tsari.
Zamanin Bahaushe
Tasirin zamani a kan gine-gine ya samo asali ne daga Bauhaus, makarantar gine-gine da zane na Jamus wanda aka kafa a 1919 ta Walter Gropius tare da Mies, Marcel Breuer, Wassily Kandinsky, da Paul Klee. Bauhaus ya haɗa fasaha da fasaha, fasaha tare da samar da masana'antu, don haka ya sake farfado da zane don dacewa da rayuwar yau da kullum.
Karni na XNUMX
Daga kin amincewa da kayan ado don neman aiki, don neman mafita ga matsalolin zamantakewa, gine-ginen zamani ya rinjayi tsarin gine-gine tun kafin yakin duniya na biyu. Koyaya, mahimman ka'idoji irin su adawa da tarihi, matsayi, ci gaba, da ɗabi'a na zamantakewa waɗanda aka fassara zuwa babban tsammanin sau da yawa sun kasa biyan ainihin buƙatu da buƙatun iyalai da al'ummomi.
A cikin XNUMXs, an bayyana gine-ginen zamani sun mutu kuma an rushe gine-ginen zamani da yawa. Amma, har wa yau, gine-gine na zamani kamar Gidan Kensal na gine-ginen Ingila Maxwell Fry, sun kasance sanannen samfura na hanyoyin magance gidajen jama'a wasu shekaru tamanin bayan gina su.
Bugu da ƙari, haɗin gwiwar fasaha da ƙira wanda ya kasance ma'auni na masu zamani ya ba mu sababbin ayyuka da ci gaba, irin su babban bene.
Halayen gine-ginen zamani
Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, akwai nau'ikan gine-gine na zamani da yawa, tare da ma'anar halaye. Daga cikin na kowa da kowa da ake iya gani a kusan dukkanin gine-ginen gine-ginen zamani sun haɗa da:
- Tsabtace a cikin layi: waɗannan gine-ginen ba su da kayan ado kuma yana da mahimmanci cewa suna da daidaituwa, sauƙi da santsi.
- Faɗin rufin rufin: Gidajen zamani suna jaddada ƙananan gine-ginen kwance tare da manyan rufin rufin.
- Ganuwar gilashi da manyan tagogi: tabbas za ku lura da kyakkyawan amfani da gilashin, wanda ke ba da damar hasken halitta mai yawa a ciki.
- Buɗe, Tsare-tsare Tsare-tsare Mai Kyau: Mayar da hankali kan tsari akan aiki, masu gine-ginen zamani sun nemi haɗawa da manyan tsare-tsaren bene masu fa'ida, tare da wuraren cin abinci da wuraren zama waɗanda ke gudana cikin juna.
- Kayayyakin masana'antu na zamani da na gargajiya: Wasu daga cikin na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ƙarfe, shingen cinder, ƙarfe, da gilashi. An yi amfani da ƙarin kayan al'ada irin su itace, bulo da dutse mafi sauƙi don nuna kyawawan dabi'u.
- Suna kula da dangantaka da yankunan waje: sun yi la'akari sosai da wuraren gine-gine da kuma yadda gine-ginen zai shafi yanayin yanayin da ke kewaye da su.
- Zane-zane na Asymmetrical: Masu gine-ginen zamani sun yi amfani da su kuma sun haɗa manyan sifofi masu laushi, ƙirƙirar tsararrun tsararru na asymmetrical waɗanda ba su da ƙarin kayan ado.
Gaskiya Masu Ban sha'awa Game da Gine-ginen Zamani
Tabbas wannan salon ya yadu a duniya musamman bayan yakin. Wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa na gine-ginen zamani na zamani sun haɗa da:
- Babban jigon shine cire kayan ado.
Salon farko na gine-ginen zamani har yanzu suna da wasu amfani da kayan ado, haka lamarin yake Frank Lloyd Wright, wanda zai haɗa tagogin gilashin fasaha, tare da nufin cewa ba za a buƙaci ƙarin kayan fasaha ba. Duk da haka, bayan haka, tsarin gine-gine na zamani yana da nazari ba mai walƙiya ba.
- Gine-ginen zamani ya bambanta da na zamani.
Akwai babban rudani cewa gine-ginen zamani da na zamani iri daya ne, amma ba haka yake ba. Gine-ginen zamani ya samu kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar fasahar fasaha da aka sani da zamani kuma ya dade har zuwa 1960.
Akasin haka, gine-gine na zamani ya ƙunshi duk abin da gine-ginen ya kasance bayan shekaru sittin, har zuwa yanzu. A takaice, gine-gine na zamani yana nuna salon yau, wanda ya zama daban-daban.
- An yi la'akari da gidajen zamani suna da sanyi sosai don rayuwar yau da kullun.
Gidajen zamani sun kasance masu juyin juya hali saboda sun rungumi ra'ayin sararin samaniya mai gudana, yayin da kuma sun ƙi ƙetare da wuce haddi. A tsawon lokaci, duk da haka, yawancin gine-ginen sun kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi mai tsanani na sararin samaniya da rashin abubuwa, suna ganin shi a matsayin sanyi da kuma rashin mutum.
Wannan canji a cikin hangen nesa ya kawo ƙarin kayayyaki na zamani, wanda ya yi aiki don haɗa kayan ado da launi. A cikin gidaje na zamani, zaku iya samun shirin bene mai buɗe ido ba tare da barin keɓantawa ba.
- Kimanin shekaru sittin na tasiri
Gine-ginen zamani ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1900 kuma ya ƙare a kusan shekarun XNUMX lokacin da ƙarin ƙirar zamani suka fito. Ka'idojin gine-gine na zamani sun haɗa da nau'i na biye da aiki, layi mai tsabta, da rashin kayan ado.
Tasirinsa ya kai kimanin shekaru sittin, har zuwa lokaci, ka'idodin zamani sun zama masu sanyi ga rayuwar yau da kullum, watakila saboda yawan sararin samaniya da kuma yanayin yanayin gine-gine.
Siffofin musamman na gine-ginen zamani
Baya ga ka'idodin gine-ginen zamani, wanda masanin gine-ginen Amurka ya taƙaita louis sullivan a cikin jimlar tsari yana biye da aiki, salon ƙira yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙaya na musamman da za a iya gane su:
- Haɗaɗɗen amfani da sifofin cubic da cylindrical a cikin hanyar asymmetric.
- Lebur rufin.
- Rashin kayan ado ko gyare-gyare yana ba da tsabta, tsayayyen siffa idan aka kwatanta da a baya da aka yi wa ado sosai.
- An yi amfani da ƙarfe, gilashi, da kankare a matsayin kayan gini, suna ba wa gine-ginen zamani kallon masana'antu ko amfani, rayuwa daidai da bayanin majagaba na zamani Le Corbusier: gida inji ne na rayuwa.
- An yi amfani da m da tsaka tsaki launuka kamar fari, cream, m ko launin toka, zama wani alama na zamani gine.
masu gine-ginen zamani
Ko da yake Le Corbusier ana daukarsa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin gine-gine na karni na 1911, watakila shi ne wanda aka fi sani da zamani, domin wani maginin shi ne farkon wanda ya fara aiwatar da ka'idojin zane na zamani a aikace. Walter Gropius, wanda ya kafa makarantar zanen Bauhaus da ake girmamawa, ya fara aikin gine-gine na zamani kamar bangon labulen gilashi a ginin Fagus Factory a XNUMX.
A ƙarshen 1920s, zamani ya sami gindin zama a Turai kuma ya fara yaduwa zuwa Amurka. Ko da yake Frank Lloyd Wright ya ƙi a haɗa shi da duk wani motsi na ƙira, imaninsa cewa ya kamata gine-gine su zauna cikin jituwa da kewayen su, wanda ya kwatanta shi ta wurin hotonsa. Ruwan faɗuwa, ya zama wani bangare mai matukar tasiri na harkar zamani.
halayen zamani
Duk da cewa ya mamaye fiye da shekaru sittin, a tsawon lokaci zamani yana da abokan gaba. Postmodernism, wani martani ne ga tsarin zamani na zamani, wanda ya haifar da canji a cikin imani ga mutane da yawa kuskuren cewa mafita ɗaya zai iya dacewa da kowa.
Ganin cewa tunanin zamani yana jaddada alkibla, tsari, daidaituwa, da kwanciyar hankali, tunanin bayan zamani yana mai da hankali kan rarrabuwar kawuna, da yawa, da matsi.
Ra'ayoyin jam'i da bambance-bambance sun taso tare da manufar ci gaban duniya kuma ba a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin hanya madaidaiciya ba, amma a matsayin hanyar sadarwa na haɗin gwiwa da sake haɗuwa, yana tasiri da dama na fasaha da fasaha, ciki har da gine-gine. Tun daga karni na XNUMXst, postmodernism ya rabu zuwa sassa daban-daban na gine-gine, ciki har da:
- Hi-tech architecture.
- Neoclassicism.
- Deconstructivism.
Duk da haka, babu wani salon gine-gine guda ɗaya a yau, don tabbatar da cewa yawancin da aka fallasa da kuma gabatar da su ta hanyar zamani na zamani yana ba da damar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da halitta. Wanda aka sani kawai a matsayin na zamani, gine-gine a yau ya ƙunshi salo iri-iri iri-iri, wasu na ra'ayi sosai, galibi masu sassaka a sigar.
Ayyuka kamar Frank Gehry's Walt Disney Concert Hall da Philip Nikandrov's Evolution Tower suna amfani da fasaha na zamani da sabbin kayan gini don ƙirƙirar gine-ginen da suka yi daidai da ayyukan fasaha.
Yawancin gine-ginen da ake ciki yanzu an tsara su ta hanyar shahararrun masu gine-gine a cikin karni na karshe, duk da haka, sababbin nau'o'in halitta ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da hukumomi na kasa da kasa sun fara haɓaka da kuma ɗauka. Duk wannan ya kara da mahimmancin girma da aka ba wa ƙira mai dorewa, makomar gine-ginen da alama tana cike da sabbin abubuwa da masu hangen nesa.
Gine-gine masu alama na wannan salon
Tsarin gine-gine na zamani shine makarantar zane da ta yi nasara tun daga farkon karni na XNUMX har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu, mummunan yaki mai ban tsoro wanda ya canza komai, ciki har da nau'in gine-gine, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan gine-ginen da suka zama dole a zamanin post. yaki
Wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu gaba daya suna bukatar aiki da aiki don sake gina garuruwan daga karce, da yawa sun rushe a lokacin ta hanyar fada akai-akai. Mafi rinjayen zane-zane da gine-gine na zamani a wancan lokacin sun ba da dama ga sabon salon gine-ginen da ke kokarin biyan bukatun 'yan kasa, wanda ya haifar da gine-ginen zamani.
Wannan salon ya dogara ne da amfani da sabbin fasahohin gine-gine da kayayyaki irin su siminti, karafa, da gilashi, wadanda suka shahara musamman a tsakanin gine-ginen gwamnati da cibiyoyin ilimi, har zuwa shekarun XNUMX.
Bayan wannan mataki ta fara fuskantar gasa mai karfi daga wasu sabbin makarantu kamar na zamani da zamani. Duk da haka, tsarin gine-gine na zamani ya bar baya da zaɓi mai yawa na shahararrun gine-ginen da ke nuna mafi kyawun wannan salon:
Gidan Fallingwater
Wannan ginin da aka gina a Mill Run, Pennsylvania, Amurka a shekara ta 1935, sanannen mai suna Frank Lloyd Wright ne ya tsara shi. Gidan da aka keɓe ya samu wahayi daga gine-ginen Jafananci, wanda ya shahara don amfani da cantilevers, kuma an haɗa shi sosai a cikin yanayin yanayin da ke kewaye. An ƙirƙiri wannan ginin a matsayin mafakar ƙarshen mako ga dangin Kaufmann.
Bayan gina gidan, da sauri ya lalace, yana gabatar da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ɗigogi da yawa da fashe a cikin saman filaye saboda rashin isasshen ƙarfi. Ko da yake an sake gyara shi sau da yawa, an mayar da shi gidan tarihi a shekara ta 2002.
Gidan gilashi
Philip Johnson ne ya tsara shi kuma aka gina shi a New Canaan, Connecticut, United States, a kusa da 1949, gini ne da ke baje kolin kamanni da fa'ida na gilashi. Bugu da kari, ya yi gwaji da girma da siffofi na geometric wadanda ba shakka sun sanya ginin ya zama daya daga cikin alamomin yankin da kuma alamar gine-ginen zamani.
Wannan gidan da aka yi niyya a matsayin wurin hutu na karshen mako kuma an yi shi ne da gilashi da karfe. Duk da haka, ta kuma sha wahala daga matsalar "rufin rufin" kamar gidan Fallingwater.
villa savoye
Aiki na Le Corbusier, a Paris, Faransa a kusa da 1931, an gina shi a matsayin wurin hutawa da mafakar iyali ga Savoys, a Poissy, wani yanki a bayan Paris.
Tsarinsa yana nuna maki biyar da Le Corbusier ya fayyace kuma ya yi nasara na dogon lokaci, waɗanda suka haɗa da: buɗe shirin, ginshiƙan siminti da aka ƙarfafa, tagogin kwance, lambun rufin da facade na kyauta. Gidan villa ya sami matsalolin gini kuma dangin, bayan sun yi amfani da shi na ɗan lokaci, suka yi watsi da shi bayan ƴan shekaru. Yanzu yana cikin jerin "Gidajen Jama'a" kuma an mayar da shi gidan kayan gargajiya.
Guggenheim Museum
Don Frank Lloyd Wright, a New York, Amurka, (1959) ya yi zane tare da manufar gine-ginen halitta, wanda ya hango ɗan adam yana da alaƙa da muhalli.
An gina gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin sifar mazugi kuma ya ƙunshi manyan ɗakunan tarihi da tarin fasaha masu yawa. Ciki shine ƙirar karkace, yana ɗaukar ku akan tafiya mara iyaka tana narkar da duk cikas tsakanin sarari. Siffofin geometric masu tsauri waɗanda suka mamaye gine-ginen zamani suna yin tunani a hankali, bisa ga mai ginin, ga wasu tunani, yanayi da ji, waɗanda ya ga haikalin ruhu a cikin Guggenheim.
Barcelona Pavilion
Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe ya ƙera a Barcelona, Spain, abin da aka sani da farko a matsayin rumfar Jamus don baje kolin 1929 na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a wannan birni wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren Jamusanci na baje kolin.
Zane, wanda motsin Bauhaus ya yi tasiri, yana da bangon bango da rufin da ba a taɓa gani ba kuma ko da yake ba shi da ɗan ƙaranci, maginin ya yi tsayin daka don amfani da kayan marmari kamar ja onyx, marmara da kuma travertine. Yana nuna almara Barcelona kujera , daya daga cikin kayan alatu, wanda aka kera musamman don ginin.
Wurin Ice Rink
David S. Ingalls Skating Rink a New Have, Connecticut, Amurka kuma ana kiranta da Yale Whale, dangane da Jami'ar Yale, inda ya sauke karatu. ero saarin da yadda abin yake.
Ƙirar tana ɗauke da sa hannu na musamman na gine-gine na Saarinen, wanda sau da yawa yakan yi amfani da bakuna. Wurin wasan hockey yana da rufin da ba a kwance ba wanda ke samun goyan bayan babban baka na siminti mai tsayin mita 90.
Villa Dirickz
Tsara ta Marcel Leborgne ne adam wata, a Brussels, Belgium, an gina wannan muhimmin ginin gine-gine na zamani a cikin 1933. Yana da abubuwa masu ban mamaki, aikin gilashi da farar siminti, kuma an kewaye shi da ganye. A halin yanzu yana da gidaje masu kayatarwa da kayan aiki kamar wurin ajiyar giya da silima.
Leborgne masanin gine-gine ne daga Belgium, mahalli kuma uban gine-ginen zamani a ƙasarsa. The Villa Dirickz An tsara shi don Mista Dirickz, babban masanin masana'antu wanda ya dauki sha'awar fasaha. Duk da haka, bayan shekaru an manta wannan ginin har sai mai gabatarwa Alexander Camron ya saya a shekarar 2007 kuma ya sadaukar da kansa wajen gyara ta.
Idan kuna son wannan labarin, kada ku yi shakka a tuntuɓi wasu hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo: